Children in the Legal System : Cases and Materials

by Davis, Samuel M.

• ISBN13: 9781587785214
• ISBN10: 1587785218
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-09-01
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

CHILDREN IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM focuses on what has been accomplished through legislation and judicial action since the Juvenile Justice Standards were published. General coverage of the juvenile justice system reflects the significant changes and new trends in this field. Highlights include: bull; Cases that deal with subjects ranging from nocturnal juvenile curfews and school newspaper regulation to child abuse and medical decision making bull; Discussion of permanent foster care bull; Expanded coverage of custody and visitation bull; Challenging conceptual treatment of the decision making capacity and authority of minor children bull; An examination of adolescence as a legal category Recognizing that there is still no "standardized" law school offering on legal issues about children, this edition continues a design that permits individual teachers to follow an eclectic approach in ordering their course.

Table of Contents

Foreword	v
Note on Editing	vii
Table of Cases	xxvii
Table of Authors	xliii
Allocating Power Over Children: Parental Rights and State Authority	1	(100)
The Constitutional Parameters of Parental Authority	1	(59)
Meyer v. Nebraska	2	(3)
Pierce v. Society of Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary	5	(2)
Some Reflections on Meyer and Pierce	7	(1)
Bilingual Education	8	(2)
Prince v. Massachusetts	10	(6)
Prince v. Massachusetts in Perspective	16	(1)
Child Labor Laws and Parental Authority	16	(1)
The Child's Interest	17	(1)
Police Power and Parens Patriae Authority	17	(1)
Wisconsin v. Yoder	18	(11)
Notes	29	(1)
Yoder and Prince	29	(1)
An Amish Exception to Child Labor Laws	30	(2)
Parents' Authority Over the Education of Their Children	32	(1)
Compulsory School Attendance Laws	32	(1)
Home Schooling	33	(4)
Charter Schools	37	(1)
Special Accommodations and Vouchers---The Establishment Clause	38	(1)
Brown v. Hot, Sexy and Safer Productions	39	(3)
Mozert v. Hawkins County Board of Education	42	(6)
Note on Parents' Efforts to Influence Curriculum	48	(1)
Parental Objections to Sex Education/Family Life Programs	48	(2)
Textbook and Other School Program Challenges	50	(1)
Troxel v. Granville	51	(6)
Notes on Troxel v. Granville	57	(1)
Grandparents' Visitation Rights---The Background	57	(1)
The Judicial and Legislative Response to Troxel	58	(1)
Literature on Troxel	59	(1)
Parental Rights: The Case of Unmarried Fathers	60	(41)
The Supreme Court and Fathers' Rights	60	(1)
Stanley v. Illinois	60	(5)
Some Implications of Stanley	65	(1)
Stanley and Adoption	66	(1)
Lehr v. Robertson	67	(12)
The Precedents for Lehr	79	(1)
Quilloin v. Walcott	79	(2)
Caban v. Mohammed	81	(2)
Notes	83	(1)
Substantive or Procedural Rights	83	(1)
The ``Biological Connection''	83	(1)
Parental Rights in a Fiduciary Framework	84	(1)
Michael H. v. Gerald D.	84	(4)
Notes	88	(1)
Adoption Placement and Fathers' Rights	88	(1)
In re B.G.C.	88	(4)
Notes	92	(1)
Petition of Doe	93	(1)
Robert O. v. Russell K.	94	(1)
Adoption of Kelsey S.	95	(1)
The Constitutional Status of Illegitimate Children	96	(5)
Children as Legal Persons	101	(144)
Introduction	101	(2)
Paternalistic Policies of Restriction and Protection	103	(27)
Limited Accountability in Contracting	103	(1)
Dodson v. Shrader	103	(4)
Dodson and the Infancy Doctrine	107	(1)
The Infancy Doctrine and the Improvidence of Youth	107	(1)
Voidability by the Minor	107	(1)
The ``Necessaries'' Doctrine	107	(1)
Entertainment Industry Contracts	108	(1)
Minors' Tort Liability: A Different Response	108	(1)
Restatement 2d of Torts (1977) § 283	108	(2)
Note	110	(1)
Restriction on Free Mobility: Curfews	110	(1)
Schliefer v. City of Charlottesville	110	(10)
Curfews and Related Restrictions	120	(1)
Judicial Responses to Curfew Ordinances	120	(1)
Justifying the Curfew Restriction	121	(1)
Parents and Curfew Ordinances	121	(1)
Aladdin's Castle, Inc. v. City of Mesquite	122	(2)
The Right to Vote and the Age of Majority	124	(1)
The Case for 18--Year--Old Voting	125	(2)
Elizabeth Scott, The Changing Legal Construction of Adolescence	127	(3)
Minors' Right of Free Expression Under the First Amendment	130	(26)
The Traditional Approach	130	(1)
Ginsberg v. New York	130	(7)
Obscenity and Minors	137	(1)
The Standard in Ginsberg	137	(1)
The Harm of Pornography	138	(1)
Federal Pornography Commission Reports	138	(1)
Youthful Incapacity for Choice---Justice Stewart's Concurrence	139	(1)
The Role of Parents	139	(1)
American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Virginia	139	(2)
Regulation of Broadcasting---F.C.C. v. Pacifica Foundation	141	(1)
Minors' Access to Pornography on Television---United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.	141	(1)
Child Pornography	142	(1)
Federal Regulation of Minors' Access to Internet Pornography	143	(1)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union	143	(1)
United States v. American Library Association	144	(3)
Children as Persons Under the First Amendment	147	(1)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	147	(7)
Notes on Tinker	154	(1)
Children as Rights--Bearing Persons	154	(1)
Tinker and Parents' Rights	155	(1)
The Limits of School Authority after Tinker	156	(1)
Children's Participation in Decisionmaking in Legal Contexts	156	(65)
An Argument for Participation	156	(1)
Wisconsin v. Yoder	156	(1)
Wisconsin v. Yoder: The Douglas Dissent	156	(1)
Children and Self-Determination	156	(1)
Practical Issues in Providing a Voice for Children	157	(1)
Minors' Consent to Medical Treatment	157	(1)
Walter Wadlington, Minors and Health Care: The Age of Medical Consent	158	(3)
Note	161	(1)
Virginia Code, § 54.1--2969	161	(1)
Arkansas Code, 20-9--602	162	(1)
In re E.G.	162	(8)
Notes	170	(1)
Parham v. J. R.	170	(16)
Psychiatric Hospitalization of Minors	186	(1)
A Medical Decision with Constitutional Dimensions	186	(1)
Psychiatric Disorders in Children	186	(1)
Lois Weithorn, Mental Hospitalization of Troublesome Youth: An Analysis of Skyrocketing Admission Rates	186	(2)
Physical Illness v. Psychiatric Disorder	188	(1)
The Least Restrictive Alternative Requirement	188	(1)
The Psychiatrist as Neutral Fact Finder	188	(1)
Virginia Code §§ 16.1-336 et seq.	189	(5)
Notes	194	(1)
Comparing Two Statutory Approaches	194	(1)
The Legal Standard for Involuntary Commitment	194	(1)
The Attorney's Role	195	(1)
Adolescent Reproductive Autonomy	195	(1)
Bellotti v. Baird	195	(11)
Bellotti v. Baird and Adolescent Abortion	206	(1)
Abortion as a Medical Procedure	206	(1)
``Maturity'' Under Abortion Law	207	(2)
The Dilemma of Immaturity	209	(1)
Minor's Refusal to Consent	209	(1)
The Supreme Court and Adolescent Abortion	210	(1)
Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth	210	(1)
H.L. v. Matheson	211	(2)
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health	213	(1)
Hodgson v. Minnesota	213	(1)
Minor's Abortion Rights under State Constitutions	214	(1)
Carey v. Population Services International	215	(4)
Adolescent Access to Contraceptives	219	(1)
Whose Interest is Protected?	219	(1)
Abortion and Contraception	219	(1)
Minor Consent Statutes and Teenage Pregnancy	219	(1)
Condom Distribution Programs	220	(1)
Emancipation: Adolescents as Legal Adults	221	(8)
Accent Service Co., Inc. v. Ebsen	221	(3)
Note	224	(1)
California Family Code §§ 7001 et seq. Emancipation of Minors Law	225	(3)
Note	228	(1)
Adolescence: A Separate Legal Category?	229	(16)
Elizabeth Scott, Legal Construction of Adolescence	229	(2)
Gary B. Melton, Toward ``Personhood'' for Adolescents	231	(5)
Notes	236	(1)
Hartigan v. Zbaraz Brief for Amicus Curiae---American Psychological Association	236	(2)
Notes	238	(1)
Criticism of Social Science Advocacy In the Zbaraz Brief	238	(1)
Adolescent Self-Determination and Abortion	239	(1)
The Informed Consent Framework	239	(1)
Decisionmaking Capacity in Other Contexts---The Case of Criminal Responsibility	239	(1)
Elizabeth Scott, N. D. Reppucci, & Jennifer Woolard, Evaluating Adolescent Decisionmaking in Legal Contexts	240	(2)
Franklin Zimring, The Changing Legal World of Adolescence	242	(3)
Children's Rights and School Authority	245	(117)
Introduction	245	(1)
The First Amendment in the Public School	246	(62)
Free Expression	246	(1)
West Virginia State Bd. of Education v. Barnette	246	(5)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District	251	(1)
Notes on Free Expression in Schools	252	(1)
The First Amendment in Schools---From Restricting State Authority to Protecting Individual Rights	252	(1)
Censorship of Library Books and Internet Access	253	(1)
Interpreting Tinker	253	(1)
Hair, Dress and Conduct Codes	254	(1)
School Uniform Requirements	255	(1)
Regulation of Speech to Deter Violence and Maintain Order	256	(2)
Regulation of Speech to Reduce Racial Conflict	258	(1)
Fraternities and Sororities	259	(1)
Bethel School Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser	259	(8)
Notes	267	(3)
School Newspapers and the First Amendment	270	(1)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier	270	(11)
Hazelwood and Student Expression	281	(3)
Underground Newspapers	284	(1)
Home-Based Student Websites	285	(1)
Yeo v. Town of Lexington	286	(6)
Note on Statutory Protection of Student Speech	292	(1)
California Education Code § 48907	292	(1)
Note	292	(1)
Issues of Religious Expression	293	(1)
Good News Club v. Milford Central School	293	(10)
The Establishment Clause in the Public Schools	303	(1)
The Equal Access Act and Board of Education v. Mergens	303	(2)
Establishment Clause Violations in the Public School Setting	305	(1)
School Authority to Restrict Students' Religious Expression	306	(2)
Constitutional Issues in School Discipline	308	(31)
Procedural Due Process	308	(1)
Goss v. Lopez	308	(6)
Due Process Rights in School	314	(1)
Due Process and Academic Performance	315	(2)
Corporal Punishment	317	(1)
Ingraham v. Wright	317	(14)
Note: Corporal Punishment	331	(1)
Corporal Punishment and Due Process	331	(1)
Punishment in Juvenile Correctional Facilities	332	(1)
Baker v. Owen	332	(2)
Criticism of Corporal Punishment and the Legal Trend	334	(3)
Note: School Violence and Zero Tolerance Policies	337	(2)
The Fourth Amendment and Public School	339	(23)
New Jersey v. T.L.O.	339	(14)
Notes	353	(2)
Discussion Problem---Girard School	355	(1)
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton	355	(2)
Notes	357	(1)
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls	357	(2)
Drug Sniffing Dogs in the Classroom? A Special Issue	359	(2)
Note	361	(1)
Custody	362	(145)
In the Best Interests of the Child?	362	(29)
Ireland v. Smith	362	(6)
Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act, Section 402 et seq.	368	(2)
California Family Code § 3120	370	(1)
Palmore v. Sidoti	370	(2)
Note	372	(1)
In re Marriage of Short	372	(4)
Note	376	(1)
Bottoms v. Bottoms	376	(8)
Notes	384	(1)
Troxel v. Granville	384	(1)
Painter v. Bannister	384	(6)
Notes	390	(1)
The Concept of Psychological Parenthood	391	(20)
Bennett v. Jeffreys	391	(7)
Note	398	(1)
Bennett v. Marrow	398	(2)
Notes	400	(1)
Guardianship of Phillip B.	401	(9)
Note	410	(1)
Using Past Caretaking Roles to Allocation Responsibility in Custody Decisions	411	(8)
Elizabeth S. Scott, Pluralism, Parental Preference and Child Custody (1992)	411	(5)
West Virginia Code § 48--9--206, --207. Allocation of custodial responsibility	416	(2)
Note	418	(1)
Joint Custody	419	(5)
California Family Code § 3003 et seq.	419	(2)
In re Marriage of Hickey	421	(2)
Notes	423	(1)
Visitation	424	(8)
Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act, Section 407	424	(1)
Alison D. v. Virginia M.	424	(6)
Notes	430	(1)
California Family Code § 3101	430	(1)
Note	431	(1)
Stepparents, Custody and Visitation	431	(1)
Wrongful Denial of Visitation Time	431	(1)
Michigan Compiled Laws, 552.642. Makeup Visitation Policy	431	(1)
Limitations on a Child's Role and Preferences	432	(8)
Miller v. Miller	432	(7)
Notes	439	(1)
Disputes Over Removal or Relocation	440	(67)
Baures v. Lewis	440	(17)
Note	457	(2)
West Virginia Code § 48-9-403. Relocation of a Parent	459	(2)
In re Clausen	461	(10)
Notes	471	(1)
In re Amberley D.	471	(6)
Notes	477	(1)
The Parental Kidnaping Prevention Act	477	(2)
Thompson v. Thompson	479	(5)
Notes	484	(1)
Custodial Interference as a Crime	484	(1)
Friedrich v. Friedrich	485	(10)
Note	495	(1)
Walsh v. Walsh	495	(3)
International Child Abduction Remedies Act of 1988	498	(6)
Notes	504	(1)
International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act of 1993	505	(1)
Note	506	(1)
Intervention in the Family to Protect Children	507	(179)
The Child Protection Umbrella	507	(2)
California Welfare and Institutions Code § 300	507	(2)
Neglect, Dependency and Endangerment	509	(21)
In re B.K.	509	(4)
In re Jeannette S.	513	(5)
Note	518	(1)
In re Dubreuil	519	(11)
Special Problems of Child Abuse	530	(8)
State v. Wilkerson	530	(6)
Notes	536	(2)
The Special Case of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy	538	(18)
Reid v. Texas	543	(8)
Notes	551	(5)
Defining ``Abuse'' and Determining When and How to Intervene	556	(33)
Virginia Code, Child Abuse Reporting Act	556	(5)
Note	561	(2)
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. Social Services	563	(9)
Notes	572	(1)
McComb v. Wambaugh	572	(2)
Baltimore City Dept. Social Services v. Bouknight	574	(2)
Doe v. Holt	576	(3)
Notes	579	(1)
Johnson v. State	580	(8)
Notes	588	(1)
Special Evidentiary Problems	589	(41)
Steward v. State	589	(14)
Notes of Evidence of Child Abuse	603	(1)
Maryland v. Craig	603	(12)
Notes	615	(1)
Kentucky v. Stincer	615	(2)
18 USCA § 3509	617	(4)
Note	621	(1)
Virginia Code §§ 63.2-1521,1523	621	(3)
Admission at Trial of Hearsay Statements Made By A Child and the Confrontation Clause of the 6th Amendment	624	(3)
Virginia Code § 63.2-1522	627	(3)
``Medical Neglect'' and Its Special Treatment	630	(56)
Walter Wadlington, Medical Decision Making for and by Children: Tensions Between Parent, State and Child	630	(4)
In re Hofbauer	634	(5)
Notes	639	(1)
Custody of a Minor	639	(3)
In re Sampson	642	(13)
Notes	655	(1)
In re Sampson II	655	(1)
In re Sampson III	655	(1)
In re Green	656	(1)
Hermanson v. State	657	(9)
Notes	666	(1)
Walker v. Superior Court	666	(1)
Matter of Appeal in Cochise County	667	(1)
Commonwealth v. Twitchell	667	(1)
In re M.L.G.	667	(4)
Newmark v. Williams	671	(13)
In re E.G., a Minor	684	(1)
Note	684	(2)
Foster Care and its Changing Role	686	(49)
The Legal Framework	686	(10)
N. Y. Social Services Law, § 383	687	(1)
Virginia Code, Foster Care § 63.2-900 et seq.	687	(9)
Relationships Within the Foster Family	696	(31)
J.M.A. v. State	696	(3)
Note	699	(1)
Carroll v. Washington Township Zoning Commission	699	(1)
Group House of Port Washington v. Board of Zoning	699	(1)
Smith v. Organization of Foster Families for Equality and Reform	700	(14)
Notes	714	(1)
In re Michael B.	715	(12)
Permanent or Long Term Foster Placement	727	(8)
Virginia Code § 63.2-908	727	(1)
Note	728	(1)
Martin v. Pittsylvania County Department of Social Services	729	(6)
Termination of Parental Rights	735	(44)
Introductory Note	735	(1)
Requirements of Proof and Representation	735	(23)
Santosky v. Kramer	735	(14)
Notes	749	(1)
Standard of Proof in Action by a Parent	749	(1)
Constitutional Attacks Asserting Vagueness	749	(1)
M.L.B. v. S. L. J.	750	(1)
In re Guardianship of S.A.W.	750	(4)
Notes	754	(4)
Criteria for Intervention	758	(21)
Virginia Code § 16.1--283	758	(2)
In re M.N.L.	760	(2)
In re E.M.	762	(4)
In re S.R.	766	(4)
Note	770	(1)
In re M.L.G.	770	(1)
Note	770	(1)
In re A.C.	770	(7)
Note	777	(2)
Adoption of Minors	779	(78)
A New Look for An Old Institution	779	(2)
Who Can Adopt?: The Importance of State Laws and Their Construction	781	(29)
Lofton v. Secretary of Department of Children and Family Service	781	(20)
Adoption of Tammy	801	(8)
Notes	809	(1)
Foster Parents as Adopters	810	(1)
Requirements of Notice and Consent	810	(1)
The Supreme Court and Fathers' Rights	811	(1)
Adoptive Placement and Fathers' Rights	811	(1)
Placement	811	(30)
The Role and Duties of a Placement Agency	813	(1)
Virginia Code § 63.2-1200	813	(1)
California Family Code § 8700, 8702, 8706	813	(4)
Note	817	(1)
California Family Code § 8709	817	(1)
Mohr v. Commonwealth	817	(10)
Note	827	(1)
Interethnic Adoption Act	827	(1)
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield	828	(12)
Note	840	(1)
Adoption of Children with Special Needs	841	(2)
Virginia Code § 63.2-1300, §§ 63-2-238.1 et seq.	841	(2)
Access to Adoption Records	843	(6)
In re Roger B.	843	(5)
Notes	848	(1)
Locating Preadoption Siblings. Ky. Revised Statutes § 199.575	849	(1)
Civil Effects of Adoption	849	(2)
New York Domestic Relations Law, § 117	849	(2)
Note: Abrogation	851	(1)
Open Adoption	851	(6)
Michaud v. Wawruck	851	(5)
Note	856	(1)
The Juvenile Justice System: Changing Perspectives	857	(89)
A Look Back	857	(5)
The Juvenile Court and the Constitution: The Gault Case	862	(24)
In re Gault	862	(22)
Notes	884	(2)
Testing the Premises of Gault: Winship and McKeiver	886	(12)
Notes	887	(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	888	(7)
Notes	895	(2)
McKeiver: A ``Juvenile'' Case or a ``Jury Trial'' Case?	897	(1)
Beyond McKeiver	898	(3)
Participation of Counsel in the Juvenile Process	901	(45)
Scope of the Right to Counsel	901	(3)
State ex rel. J. M. v. Taylor	904	(4)
Notes	908	(1)
Texas Family Code § 51.09. Waiver of Rights; § 51.10. Right to Assistance of Attorney; Compensation	908	(2)
In re A.R.	910	(6)
Notes	916	(1)
The Role of Counsel	917	(1)
American Bar Association, Model Rules of Professional Conduct (2004), Rule 1.14(a)	918	(1)
Ellen Marrus, Best Interests Equals Zealous Advocacy: A Not So Radical View of Holistic Representation for Children Accused of Crime	919	(17)
Notes	936	(1)
State ex rel. D. D. H. v. Dostert	937	(7)
Problem	944	(2)
Delinquency: Differential Treatment of Juvenile and Adult Offenders	946	(243)
Reshaping Juvenile Justice in the Post-Gault World	946	(1)
Allocation of Jurisdiction Between Courts	947	(54)
Legislative Allocation of Jurisdiction	947	(1)
Illinois Compiled Statutes, Ch. 705, § 405/5-130	947	(3)
People v. J.S.	950	(4)
Notes	954	(1)
Prosecutorial Discretion	955	(1)
Arkansas Statutes Ann., § 9-27-318	955	(2)
Notes	957	(2)
Concurrent Jurisdiction	959	(1)
Georgia Code Ann., § 5-11-28	959	(1)
Notes	960	(1)
Judicial Transfer by the Juvenile Court	961	(1)
The Constitutional Implications	961	(1)
Kent v. United States: A Constitutional Decision?	961	(2)
The Statutory Criteria	963	(1)
California Welfare and Institutions Code §§ 606, 707	963	(6)
Notes	969	(1)
The Nature of a Transfer Hearing	970	(1)
Gen. Statutes of North Carolina, §§ 7B-2200, 2202, 2203	970	(2)
Some Recurring Issues	972	(1)
Right to Counsel	972	(2)
Notice	974	(1)
Presentation of Evidence	975	(1)
Rules of Evidence	975	(2)
Standard of Proof	977	(1)
Self Incrimination	978	(1)
Appeal	979	(1)
Statement of Reasons	980	(1)
Who Should be Waived? Assessing Statutory Criteria	980	(1)
In re K.A.P.	980	(4)
Oklahoma Statutes Ann., Title 10, § 7303-4.3	984	(1)
Notes	985	(2)
Reverse Certification	987	(1)
Purdon's Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann., Tit. 42., §§ 6302, 6322	987	(2)
Commonwealth v. Cotto	989	(7)
Notes	996	(2)
The Relation of Transfer to the Future of the Juvenile Court	998	(3)
Intake and Diversion	1001	(13)
Introduction	1001	(1)
N. D. Century Code § 27-20-10	1002	(1)
Note	1003	(1)
Rights at Intake	1004	(1)
In re Anthony S.	1004	(2)
Notes	1006	(1)
Who Gets Diverted?	1006	(1)
California Juvenile Court Practice, Chapter Two: Minor's Arrest and Intake, Intake Guidelines (A. Harris ed. Feb. 1995 Update), [§ 2.14] Juvenile Court Rules	1007	(2)
Notes	1009	(1)
Why Are We Diverting?	1010	(2)
Notes	1012	(1)
Diversion to What?	1012	(1)
Notes	1012	(2)
Pretrial Detention	1014	(58)
Introduction	1014	(1)
Statutory Limitations	1015	(1)
Schall v. Martin	1015	(13)
Notes	1028	(3)
Constitutional Issues	1031	(1)
Probable Cause to Detain	1031	(1)
Bell v. Superior Court	1031	(3)
Note	1034	(1)
Duration and Timing	1035	(1)
Presence of Counsel	1035	(1)
Bail	1035	(1)
State v. M.L. C.	1035	(7)
Notes	1042	(1)
Place of Detention	1043	(1)
D.B. v. Tewksbury	1043	(11)
Note	1054	(1)
Length of Detention and Right to Speedy Trial	1055	(1)
In re Thomas J.	1055	(14)
Notes	1069	(1)
New Mexico Children's Court Rules, Rule 10-226	1070	(2)
Note	1072	(1)
Arrest and Search and Seizure	1072	(31)
Taking into Custody	1072	(1)
The Law of Arrest and Juveniles	1072	(1)
Notes	1073	(6)
In re D.M.	1079	(6)
Notes	1085	(1)
Search and Seizure	1086	(1)
New Jersey v. T.L.O.	1086	(1)
Notes	1086	(1)
The Juvenile Justice Standards	1087	(1)
Discussion Problems	1088	(1)
Bomb Threat	1088	(1)
Girard School	1089	(1)
Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton	1089	(8)
Notes	1097	(3)
Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 Of Pottawatomie County v. Earls	1100	(1)
Note	1101	(1)
Third Party Consent to Search of Juvenile's Person or Belongings	1101	(1)
American Law Institute, Model Code of Pre-Arraignment Procedure § 240.2	1101	(1)
Notes	1101	(2)
Interrogation	1103	(23)
The Legacy of Miranda	1103	(2)
Fare v. Michael C.	1105	(6)
Notes	1111	(9)
Commonwealth v. Leon L.	1120	(5)
Notes	1125	(1)
Differences in Treatment---What Remains?	1126	(63)
Introduction	1126	(1)
Jury Trial	1126	(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania	1126	(1)
Notes	1126	(4)
Speedy and Public Trial	1130	(1)
Right to Speedy Trial	1130	(1)
Public Trial and Confidentiality	1130	(1)
In re J.S.	1130	(7)
Notes	1137	(5)
RLR v. State	1142	(4)
Notes	1146	(1)
Mental Capacity: Competency to Stand Trial and the Insanity Defense	1147	(1)
State in re Causey	1147	(1)
Notes	1147	(8)
Thomas Grisso, Laurence Steinberg, Jennifer Woolard, Elizabeth Cauffman, Elizabeth Scott, Sandra Graham, Fran Lexcen, N. Dickon Reppucci & Robert Schwartz, Juveniles' Competence to Stand Trial: A Comparison of Adolescents' and Adults' Capacities at Trial Defendants	1155	(2)
Note	1157	(3)
Disposition	1160	(1)
Theoretical Justification for Coercive Dispositions	1160	(2)
Traditional Dispositions	1162	(1)
North Dakota Century Code § 27-20-31	1162	(1)
In re Gregory S.	1163	(5)
Notes	1168	(2)
In re Frank V.	1170	(3)
Notes	1173	(1)
North Carolina General Statutes § 7B-2506	1173	(1)
Notes	1174	(2)
Severe Dispsitions	1176	(1)
Illinois Compiled Statutes Ann, Chapter 705, §405/5-810	1176	(1)
In re S.L.M.	1177	(8)
Notes	1185	(1)
Texas Family Code Ann. §§ 53.045, 54.04	1185	(3)
Note	1188	(1)
Index	1189