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Charles Temple is a banjo-picking storyteller and teacher educator at Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Co-author of many books in the field of reading and language arts, including All Children Read, Understanding Reading Problems, and The Beginnings of Writing, Temple has also published several books for children. Temple has worked over the years with teachers in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Central and South American who are using literacy and literature to better students’ lives.
Miriam Martinez is a teacher educator at the University of Texas at San Antonio who thoroughly enjoys getting lost in good books, including children’s books. A recipient of the International Reading Association’s Arbuthnot Award which honors outstanding university teachers of children’s literature, Dr. Martinez co-edited Book Talk and Beyond: Children and Teachers Respond to Literature and What a Character! Character Study as a Gateway to Literary Understanding, both published by IRA.
Junko Yokota is a professor and director of the Center for Teaching through Children’s Books at National-Louis University in Chicago. She spent the first ten years of her career as a classroom teacher and librarian. She has published articles and review columns in a wide variety of reading/language arts and children’s literature journals, chapters in professional books, and Kaleidoscope: A Multicultural Booklist for Grades K-8, published by the National Council of Teachers of English.
Preface
Part One: Understanding Literature and the Child Reader
1. Children’s Books in Children’s Hands
What Are Good Books for Children?
What Is Children’s Literature
Issue to Consider: Even Comic Books?
Qualities of Children’s Literature
Qualities of Outstanding Children’s Literature
Ask the Critic: Betsy Hearne
Children’s Books and Childhood
Children in the Middle Ages
Children in Puritan Times
Children in the Enlightenment
The “Golden Age of Children’s Literature”
Contemporary Children’s Books
Children’s Development and Responses to Literature
Experiencing Books in Early Childhood
Experiencing Books in the Preschool and Early Primary School Years
Learning to Read
Experiencing Books in the Primary Grades
Becoming Prolific Readers
Issue to Consider: Should We Consider Reading a “Skill”?
Ask the Critic: Leonard Marcus
Experiencing Books in the Upper Elementary and Middle Grades
Reading at This Age
Censorship and Children’s Literature
Resources for Children’s Books
Bringing Children and Books Together
Experiences for Further Learning
References
2. Literary Elements in Works for Children
The Artistry of Literary Elements
Genre: The “Rules of the Game”
The Genres of Children’s Literature
Settings: How Do Authors Create Times and Places?
Ask the Editor: Richard W. Jackson
Settings in Folktales and Fairy Tales
Settings in Realistic Fiction
Settings as Important Features in Themselves
Characterization: How Do People Emerge from the Page?
Characters Are Developed through Their Actions
Characters Are Developed through Their Relations with Others
Characters Are Developed through Their Sense of Themselves
Characters Are Developed through the Roles They Play in the Plot
Characters Are Displayed through the Author’s Description
Round Characters and Flat Characters
Rounded Characters Undergo Changes
Plots: How Do Stories Happen?
Plots and Conflicts
Plot Structures
Recurring Plots
Episodes: Stories with Stories
The “Real” Story versus the Story as Revealed
Themes: How Do Stories Convey Meaning?
Explicit and Implicit Themes
Reading against the Grain
Issue to Consider: Are Themes Really There?
The Stance of the Implied Reader
Identifying with Characters
Taking the Intended Moral Stance
Filling in the Gaps
Point of View
Stories in the First Person
Stories in the Third Person
Issue to Consider: Do Children Need to Know Formal Literary Terms?
Style
Words
Images
Metaphors
Sounds
Voice
Visual Literacy
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
3. Picture Books
What are Picture Books?
The Evolution of Picture Books
The Development of the Concept of the Picture Book
Changes in Printing Technology
Authors and Illustrators Who Have Defined the Field
Categories of Picture Books
Early Childhood Books
Wordless Books
Picture Books with Minimal Text
Beginning Readers’ Books
Picture Storybooks
Visual Literacy
Elements of Design
Appreciating the Artistic Craft of the Picture Book
Artistic Media
Artistic Style
How Picture Storybooks Work
Picture Book Design
Characterization
Perspective
Backgrounds
Color
Picture/Text Relationships
Criteria for Evaluating Picture Books
Awards for Picture Books
Issue to Consider: Should Teachers Take the Time to Teach Students How to Interpret and “Read” the Illustrations in Picture Books?
Creators of Picture Books
Eric Carle
Leo and Diane Dillon
Lois Ehlert
Kevin Henkes
Jerry Pinkney
Maurice Sendak
William Steig
Chris Van Allsburg
Ask the Author and Illustrator: Jon Scieszka and Lane Smith
Rosemary Wells
David Wiesner
Ed Young
Issue to Consider: Are Picture Books Being Designed More for Adult Buyers Than for Child Readers?
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
4. Literature Representing Diverse Perspectives
Diverse Perspectives in the United States
The Role of Schools in Presenting Multiple Perspectives
Literature’s Role for Influencing the Reader’s Perspective
What is Multicultural Literature?
The Value of Multicultural Literature
Identifying Multicultural Books
Culturally Generic Books
Culturally Specific Books
Evolution of Multicultural Literature
Issues Related to Multicultural Literature
Cultural Authenticity
Perspective: Insider or Outsider
Stereotyping and Other Unacceptable Depictions of Cultural Groups
Identification of Cultural Groups
Criteria for Evaluating and Selecting Multicultural Literature
Do the Author and Illustrator Present Authentic Perspectives?
Is the Culture Portrayed Multidimensionally?
Issue to Consider: How Much Artistic License Should Be Given to Illustrators as They Create Images of a Culture?
Are Cultural Details Naturally Integrated?
Are Details Accurate and Is the Interpretation Current?
Is Language Used Authentically?
Is the Collection Balanced?
Awards for Multicultural Literature
The Coretta Scott King Award
The Pura Belpré Award
Tomás Rivera Mexican American Children’s Book Award
The Américas Book Award for Children’s and Young Adult Literature
The Asian Pacific American Literary Award
The American Indian Youth Literature Award
The Jane Addams Children’s Book Award
Major Authors and Illustrators of Multicultural Literature
Alma Flor Ada
Ask the Author: Alma Flor Ada
Joseph Bruchac
Ashley Bryan
Virginia Hamilton
Ask the Author: Julius Lester
Walter Dean Myers
Allen Say
Gary Soto
Laurence Yep
Literature Portraying Other Diverse Perspectives
Literature Portraying Gender Equity and Gender Roles
Same-Sex Partners and Families with Same-Sex Parents
Literature Portraying Social Diversity
Literature about People with Exceptionalities
Educators’ Roles in Presenting Multiple and Diverse Perspectives
Understanding Diverse Perspectives through Adult Literature
Understanding Diverse Perspectives through Professional Literature
Helping Children Gain Diverse Perspectives
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
5. International Literature
What is International Literature?
Literature That Originates Outside of the United States
Literature about Other Countries, Written and Published in the United States
Evolution of International Literature
Issues Related to International Literature
Criteria for Evaluating International Literature
Intended Audience
Translation
Awards for International Literature
The Hans Christian Andersen Award
Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award
Mildred Batchelder Award
The White Ravens Awards
Other International Book Awards
Outstanding International Books for Children
Major Authors and Illustrators of International Literature
Experiences for Further Learning
Ask the Author: Beverley Naidoo
Recommended Books
Resources
References
Part Two: Exploring the Genres of Children’s Literature
6. Poetry for Children
What Is Poetry?
Issue to Consider: Should We Distinguish between “Poems” and Rhymes”?
Categories of Poetry for Children
Mother Goose Rhymes and Other Rhymes of the Nursery
Why Do We Call Them “Mother Goose” Rhymes?
Jump-Rope and Counting-Out Rhymes
Folk Songs Popular among Children
Lyric or Expressive Poems
Narrative Poems
Nonsense Verse
Form Poems: Limericks
Form Poems: Haiku
Dialogue Poems
Free Verse
Poetry Collections
Novels in Verse
The Evolution of Children’s Poetry
Early Poetry for Children
More Sympathetic Voices
Contemporary Poetry for Children
The Many Voices of Children’s Poetry
Elements of Poetry
Sounds
Images
Comparisons
Forms
Insight
Children’s Preferences in Poetry
How Can We Expand Children’s Taste in Poetry?
Issue to Consider: How Do We Keep Children’s Liking for Poetry Alive?
Major Children’s Poets and Their Works
Nikki Grimes
Ask the Poet: Nikki Grimes
Naomi Shihab Nye
Ask the Poet: Naomi Shihab Nye
Paul Janeczko
Janet Wong
Douglas Florian
Jack Prelutsky
Shel Silverstein
Lee Bennett Hopkins
The National Council of Teachers of English Award for Poetry for Children
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
7. Traditional Literature
What is Traditional Literature?
The Value of Traditional Literature
How Traditional Literature Works
Settings in Traditional Literature
Characters in Traditional Literature
Contrasts in Folk Tales
Plots in Traditional Literature
Motifs
The Role of the Reader in Traditional Literature
Visual Depictions of Traditional Literature
The Evolution of Traditional Literature
The Oral Tradition
Stories and Culture: Mythos and Logos
Retellers of National Folk Tales
Ask the Librarian: Margaret Read MacDonald
Charles Perrault
The Brothers Grimm
Joseph Jacobs
Hans Christian Andersen
Folklore and Folk Tales in America
Types of Folk Literature
Cumulative Tales
Animal Tales and Trickster Tales
Humorous Tales
Tall Tales
Ghost Stories
Fairy Tales
Issue to Consider: Are Tales of Stereotyped Strong Men and Wilting Women Still Worth Sharing with Today’s Children?
Realistic Tales
Legends
Epics and Ballads
Fables
Myths
Pour Quoi Tales
Religious Stories
Literary Tales
Traditional Literature from Many Cultures
Classical Myths from Greece and Rome
Traditional Tales from the British Isles
German Traditional Tales
Jewish Folktales
Scandinavian Traditional Tales
French Traditional Tales
Russian Folktales
Folklore from North America
Ask the Author: Joseph Bruchac
Ask the Author: Patricia C. McKissack
Hispanic Folklore
Middle Eastern Folklore
African Folklore
Asian Folklore
Folklore across Cultures
Derivative Folk Literature
Criteria for Evaluating Traditional Literature
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
8. Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction
Modern Fantasy and Science Fiction Defined
Definition of Modern Fantasy
Definition of Science Fiction
Distinction between Fantasy and Science Fiction
The Evolution of Modern Fantasy
Categories of Modern Fantasy
Personified Animals
Personified Toys
Outlandish Characters and Situations
Magical Powers
Embellished Fairy Tales
Extraordinary Worlds
Supernatural Elements
Time Slips
High Fantasy
How Fantasy Works
Setting
Character
Plot
Theme
Issue to Consider: Can Reading Fantasy Be Inappropriate for Children?
Criteria for Evaluating Modern Fantasy
Major Writers of Fantasy and Their Works
Lloyd Alexander
Susan Cooper
Bruce Coville
Ask the Author: Bruce Coville
Roald Dahl
Cornelia Funke
Brian Jacques
Diana Wynne Jones
Philip Pullman
J. K. Rowling
Jane Yolen
Ask the Author: Jane Yolen
Other Notable Writers of Modern Fantasy
The Evolution of Science Fiction
Categories of Science Fiction
Projecting Scientific Principles
Utopian and Dystopian Societies
Surviving Environmental Catastrophes
Science Fantasies
How Science Fiction Works
Criteria for Evaluating Science Fiction
Awards for Fantasy and Science Fiction
Major Writers of Science Fiction and Their Works
Peter Dickinson
Robert A. Heinlein
Madeleine L’Engle
William Sleator
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books: Fantasy
Recommended Books: Science Fiction
Resources
References
9. Contemporary Realistic Fiction
What Is Contemporary Realistic Fiction?
The Value of Contemporary Realistic Fiction
The Evolution of Realistic Fiction
The Nineteenth Century
The Twentieth Century
From New Realism to Diverse Perspectives
Issue to Consider: Are Contemporary Books Too Realistic?
Categories of Realistic Fiction
Books about Self-Discovery and Growing Up
Books about Families and Family Diversity
Books about Interpersonal Relations
Books about School
Books about Sports
Books about Nature and Animals
Books about Adventure and Survival
Books about Romance and Sexuality
Books about Mental, Physical, Emotional, and Other Challenges
Books about Moral Dilemmas and Moral Responsibility
Books about Social Diversity and Society
Books about Aging, Death, and Dying
Mystery and Suspense Books
Humorous Books
Series Books
Books with Multicultural and International Themes
Books That Are Magical Realism
How Contemporary Realistic Fiction Works
Setting
Plot
Theme
Character
Point of View
Criteria for Evaluating Realistic Fiction
Major Writers of Realistic Fiction and Their Works
Avi
Judy Blume
Beverly Cleary
Ask the Author: Sharon Creech
E. L. Konigsburg
Phyllis Reynolds Naylor
Katherine Paterson
Gary Paulson
Cynthia Rylant
Cynthia Voigt
Vera Williams
Jacqueline Woodson
Charlotte Zolotow
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
10. Historical Fiction
What is Historical Fiction?
Time Periods Emphasized in Historical Fiction
Value of Historical Fiction
Issue to Consider: Does Historical Fiction Have a Place in the Study of History?
The Evolution of Historical Fiction
Style
Historical Perspective
Subject Matter
Picture Books
Ask the Author: Richard Peck
Historical Fiction Series
Categories of Historical Fiction
Fictionalized Memoirs
Fictionalized Family History
Fiction Based on Research
How Historical Fiction Works
Setting
Plot
Characters
Ask the Author: Katherine Paterson
Theme
Criteria for Evaluating Historical Fiction
Major Writers of Historical Fiction and Their Works
Christopher Paul Curtis
Karen Cushman
Karen Hesse
Uri Orlev
Linda Sue Park
Richard Peck
Mildred Taylor
Awards for Historical Fiction
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
11. Informational Books and Biography by Evelyn B. Freeman
What Are Informational Books?
The Evolution of Informational Books
Issue to Consider: Is It Acceptable to Fictionalize Informational Books?
Categories of Informational Books
Concept Books
History
Understanding Peoples and Cultures
Nature
The Arts
Discovering How Things Work
Sports, Recreation, and How-to Books
Series Books
How Informational Books Work
Major Writers of Informational Books and Their Works
George Ancona
Joanna Cole
Gail Gibbons
James Cross Giblin
Steve Jenkins
Kathryn Lasky
Patricia Lauber
Ask the Author: James Cross Giblin
Milton Meltzer
Jim Murphy
Laurence Pringle
Seymour Simon
Criteria for Evaluating Informational Books
What is Biography?
The Evolution of Biography
Categories of Biography
Partial Biographies
Complete Biographies
Collective Biographies
Autobiographies and Memoirs
Picture Book Biographies
Biographies: The Lives of All Kinds of People
How Biographies Work
Major Writers of Biographies and Their Works
David Adler
Russell Freedman
Jean Fritz
Diane Stanley
Criteria for Evaluating Biographies
Awards for Informational Books and Biographies
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
Part Three: Creating the Literature-Based Classroom
12. Literary Meaning-Making and Children’s Responses to Literature
Response to Literature
A Model of Literary Meaning-Making
Research on Children’s Responses to Literature
Diverse Perspectives on Reader Response
Developmental Perspective on Reader Response
Social Perspective on Reader Response
Cultural Perspective on Reader Response
Ask the Author: Pat Mora
Textual Perspective on Reader Response
Issue to Consider: Should Teachers Encourage Students to Focus on Author’s Craft during Literature Discussion?
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
13. Inviting Children into Literature: Classroom Libraries, Read-Alouds, and Storytelling
The Classroom Library
Designing the Classroom Library Center
Stocking the Classroom Library with Books
Issue to Consider: Do Computerized Reading Management Systems Have a Place in a Literacy Program?
Reading Aloud to Children
Teacher-Librarian Partnership: Information Literacy Standards
Research on Read-Aloud Programs
The Read-Aloud Experience
Stories and Storytelling
Storytelling: The Tenacious Art
Ask the Author: Jim Aylesworth
Common Story Types: Personal Tales to Tall Tales
Learning Stories to Tell
Ask the Author: W. Nikola-Lisa
Other Dimensions of the Literature-Rich Classroom
DEAR Time
Author Visits
Teaching Ideas
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
14. Encouraging Response to Literature
Talking in Response to Literature
Issue to Consider: Should the Teacher Participate in Children’s Literature Circle Conversations?
Creating an Opportunity for “Grand Conversations”
Organizing Literature Circles
Ask the Educator: Pat Scharer
Teacher-Librarian Partnership: The Nuts and Bolts
Roles of the Teacher in Literary Discussions
Ask the Educator: Roxanne Henkin
Instructional Strategies to Foster Grand Conversations
Writing in Response to Literature
Free Response Journals
Prompted Response Journals
Literary Journals
Dialogue Journals
Fostering Response through Visual Sign Systems
Invitations to Respond through Art
Promoting Response through Graphic Organizers
Responding through Drama
Story Theater
Readers Theater
Creative Dramatics
Responding to Poetry
Making Songs and Poems a Part of the School Day
Encouraging Responses to Poetry
Choral Reading and Reciting
Inviting Children to Write Poetry
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
15. Literary and Content Units
Literary Units
The Power of Literary Units
Ask the Educator: Nancy Roser
Developing Different Types of Literary Units
Organizing Literary Units
Literature Across the Curriculum
Need for Children’s Literature in the Content Areas
Issue to Consider: Should Historical Fiction Have a Place in Social Studies Instruction?
Organizing Literature-Based Content Units
Teacher-Librarian Partnership: Partnerships for Literacy
Experiences for Further Learning
Recommended Books
Resources
References
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