China

by Fairbank, John King

• ISBN13: 9780674018280
• ISBN10: 0674018281
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-04-30
• Publisher: Belknap Pr

Summary

John King Fairbank was the West's doyen on China, and this book is the full and final expression of his lifelong engagement with this vast ancient civilization. It remains a masterwork without parallel. The distinguished historian Merle Goldman brings the book up to date, covering reforms in the post-Mao period through the early years of the twenty-first century, including the leadership of Hu Jintao. She also provides an epilogue discussing the changes in contemporary China that will shape the nation in the years to come.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Enlarged Edition	xv
Preface to the Original Edition	xvii
Introduction: Approaches to Understanding China's History	1	(1)
The Variety of Historical Perspectives	1	(3)
Geography: The Contrast of North and South	4	(10)
Humankind in Nature	14	(3)
The Village: Family and Lineage	17	(6)
Inner Asia and China: The Steppe and the Sown	23	(4)
PART ONE Rise and Decline of the Imperial Autocracy	27	(136)
Origins: The Discoveries of Archaeology	29	(17)
Paleolithic China	29	(2)
Neolithic China	31	(2)
Excavation of Shang and Xia	33	(4)
The Rise of Central Authority	37	(2)
Western Zhou	39	(1)
Implications of the New Archaeological Record	40	(6)
The First Unification: Imperial Confucianism	46	(26)
The Utility of Dynasties	46	(3)
Princes and Philosophers	49	(2)
The Confucian Code	51	(2)
Daoism	53	(1)
Unification by Qin	54	(3)
Consolidation and Expansion under the Han	57	(5)
Imperial Confucianism	62	(2)
Correlative Cosmology	64	(2)
Emperor and Scholars	66	(6)
Reunification in the Buddhist Age	72	(16)
Disunion	72	(1)
The Buddhist Teaching	73	(3)
Sui-Tang Reunification	76	(3)
Buddhism and the State	79	(2)
Decline of the Tang Dynasty	81	(2)
Social Change: The Tang-Song Transition	83	(5)
China's Greatest Age: Northern and Southern Song	88	(20)
Efflorescence of Material Growth	88	(5)
Education and the Examination System	93	(3)
The Creation of Neo-Confucianism	96	(5)
Formation of Gentry Society	101	(7)
The Paradox of Song China and Inner Asia	108	(20)
The Symbiosis of Wen and Wu	108	(4)
The Rise of Non-Chinese Rule over China	112	(7)
China in the Mongol Empire	119	(7)
Interpreting the Song Era	126	(2)
Government in the Ming Dynasty	128	(15)
Legacies of the Hongwu Emperor	128	(4)
Fiscal Problems	132	(5)
China Turns Inward	137	(3)
Factional Politics	140	(3)
The Qing Success Story	143	(20)
The Manchu Conquest	143	(3)
Institutional Adaptation	146	(5)
The Jesuit Interlude	151	(1)
Growth of Qing Control in Inner Asia	152	(2)
The Attempted Integration of Polity and Culture	154	(9)
PART TWO Late Imperial China, 1600-1911	163	(92)
The Paradox of Growth without Development	167	(20)
The Rise in Population	167	(3)
Diminishing Returns of Farm Labor	170	(3)
The Subjection of Women	173	(3)
Domestic Trade and Commercial Organization	176	(3)
Merchant-Official Symbiosis	179	(4)
Limitations of the Law	183	(4)
Frontier Unrest and the Opening of China	187	(19)
The Weakness of State Leadership	187	(2)
The White Lotus Rebellion, 1796-1804	189	(2)
Maritime China: Origins of the Overseas Chinese	191	(4)
European Trading Companies and the Canton Trade	195	(2)
Rebellion on the Turkestan Frontier, 1826-1835	197	(1)
Opium and the Struggle for a New Order at Guangzhou, 1834-1842	198	(3)
Inauguration of the Treaty Century after 1842	201	(5)
Rebellion and Restoration	206	(11)
The Great Taiping Rebellion, 1851-1864	206	(3)
Civil War	209	(3)
The Qing Restoration of the 1860s	212	(2)
Suppression of Other Rebellions	214	(3)
Early Modernization and the Decline of Qing Power	217	(18)
Self-Strengthening and Its Failure	217	(4)
The Christian-Confucian Struggle	221	(3)
The Reform Movement	224	(6)
The Boxer Rising, 1898-1901	230	(2)
Demoralization	232	(3)
The Republican Revolution, 1901-1916	235	(20)
A New Domestic Balance of Power	235	(1)
Suppressing Rebellion by Militarization	236	(2)
Elite Activism in the Public Sphere	238	(2)
The Japanese Influence	240	(1)
The Qing Reform Effort	241	(3)
Constitutionalism and Self-Government	244	(3)
Insoluble Systemic Problems	247	(3)
The Revolution of 1911 and Yuan Shikai's Dictatorship	250	(5)
PART THREE The Republic of China, 1912-1949	255	(88)
The Quest for a Chinese Civil Society	257	(22)
The Limits of Chinese Liberalism	257	(3)
The Limits of Christian Reformism	260	(2)
The Tardy Rise of a Political Press	262	(1)
Academic Development	263	(3)
The New Culture Movement	266	(1)
The May Fourth Movement	267	(2)
Rise of the Chinese Bourgeoisie	269	(6)
Origins of the Chinese Communist Party	275	(4)
The Nationalist Revolution and the Nanjing Government	279	(15)
Sun Yatsen and the United Front	279	(4)
The Accession to Power of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek)	283	(3)
The Nature of the Nanjing Government	286	(3)
Systemic Weaknesses	289	(5)
The Second Coming of the Chinese Communist Party	294	(18)
Problems of Life on the Land	294	(5)
Rural Reconstruction	299	(2)
The Rise of Mao Zedong	301	(4)
The Long March, 1934-1935	305	(2)
The Role of Zhou Enlai	307	(3)
The Second United Front	310	(2)
China's War of Resistance, 1937-1945	312	(19)
Nationalist Difficulties	312	(4)
Mao's Sinification of Marxism	316	(5)
Mao Zedong Though	321	(2)
The Rectification Campaign of 1942-1944	323	(3)
American Support of Coalition Government	326	(5)
The Civil War and the Nationalists on Taiwan	331	(12)
Why the Nationalists Failed	331	(3)
Nationalist Attack and Communist Counterattack	334	(3)
Taiwan as a Japanese Colony	337	(2)
Taiwan as the Republic of China	339	(4)
PART FOUR The People's Republic of China	343	(114)
Establishing Control of State and Countryside	345	(23)
Creating the New State, 1949-1953	345	(7)
Collectivizing Agriculture	352	(2)
Collective Agriculture in Practice	354	(3)
Beginning Industrialization	357	(2)
Education and the Intellectuals	359	(6)
The Anti-Rightist Campaign, 1957-1958	365	(3)
The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1960	368	(15)
Background Factors	368	(4)
The Disaster of 1959-1960	372	(2)
Revival: Seizing Control of Industrial Labor	374	(2)
Party Rectification and Education	376	(2)
The Sino-Soviet Split	378	(2)
The Great Leap Forward as a Social Movement	380	(3)
The Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976	383	(23)
Underpinnings	383	(2)
Mao's Aims and Resources	385	(2)
Role of the People's Liberation Army	387	(2)
How the Cultural Revolution Unfolded	389	(3)
The Red Guards	392	(1)
The Seizure of Power	393	(2)
Foreign Affairs	395	(2)
Decentralization and the Third Front	397	(3)
The Succession Struggle	400	(1)
The Cultural Revolution in Retrospect	401	(3)
Aftermath	404	(2)
The Post-Mao Reform Era	406	(51)
Merle Goldman
Epilogue: China at the Close of the Century	457	(15)
Merle Goldman
Note on Romanization and Citation	472	(1)
Suggested Reading	473
Publisher's Note	429	(102)
Illustration Credits	531	(4)
Author Index	535	(10)
General Index	545