Cities and Urban Life

by MacIonis, John J.; Parrillo, Vincent N.

• ISBN13: 9780131113954
• ISBN10: 013111395X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Authored by two of the best-known writers in the field, this third edition ofCities and Urban Life provides a comprehensive introduction to urban sociology, urban anthropology, and urban studies. Primarily sociological in approach, it incorporates historical, social, psychological, geographical, and anthropological insights. The book, while strongly focused on the classical theories of urban sociology, also gives extensive attention to the "new" political economy approach to urban studies, using global cities as case studies to provide more relevance. Due to the increasing trend of urbanization, this book is especially relevant for today's urban sociologists, urban anthropologists, and others involved in urban planning.

Table of Contents

Special Features	xvii
Preface	xxi
PART I UNDERSTANDING THE CITY
Chapter 1 Exploring the City	1	(25)
Why Study the City?	2	(1)
The Complexity of the City: Various Perspectives	3	(13)
The City in History	5	(2)
The Emergence of Urban Sociology	7	(1)
Social Psychology: The Urban Experience	8	(1)
Urban Geography and Ecology	8	(5)
Comparative Urbanism: The City and Culture	13	(2)
The New Urban Sociology: The City and Capitalism	15	(1)
The Anatomy of Modern North American Cities	16	(3)
The City in World Perspective	19	(3)
Urban Sociology and the Quality of City Life	22	(4)
PART II HISTORY OF CITIES AND NEW TREND
Chapter 2 The Origins and Development of the World's Cities	26	(37)
Urban Origins	27	(4)
Archaeology: Digging the Early City	27	(1)
The First Permanent Settlements	28	(1)
The City Emerges	29	(2)
The First Urban Revolution: City-States and Urban Empires	31	(18)
The Near East: Mesopotamia and Egypt	33	(6)
The Indus Region	39	(1)
A Glance Eastward: China	39	(1)
A Glance Westward: The Americas	40	(2)
Summary: Traits of Early Cities	42	(1)
Crete and Greece	43	(1)
Rome	44	(1)
Decline: The Middle Ages	45	(2)
Revival: Medieval and Renaissance Cities	47	(2)
The Second Urban Revolution: The Rise of Modern Cities	49	(11)
CASE STUDY: London-The History of a World City	51	(37)
Beginnings:	55
B.C.E-1066 C.E.	52	(1)
The Medieval City: 1066-1550	53	(1)
The World City Emerges: 1550-1800	54	(2)
Industrialization and Colonization: 1800-1900	56	(1)
The Modern Era: 1900 to the Present	57	(3)
Summary	60	(2)
Conclusion	62	(1)
Chapter 3 The Development of North American Cities	63	(44)
The Colonial Era: 1600-1800	64	(4)
Beginnings	65	(1)
The Character of the Early Cities	65	(3)
The Revolutionary War Era	68	(1)
Growth and Expansion: 1800-1870	68	(4)
Cities as Big Business	69	(1)
The Beginnings of Industrialization	70	(1)
Urban-Rural/North-South Tensions	71	(1)
The Era of the Great Metropolis: 1870-1950	72	(7)
Technological Advance	72	(3)
The Great Migration	75	(1)
Politics and Problems	75	(1)
The Quality of Life in the New Metropolis	76	(2)
Trends Through 1950	78	(1)
The North American City Today: 1950 to the Present	79	(9)
Decentralization	79	(4)
The Sunbelt Expansion	83	(5)
The Coming of the Postindustrial City	88	(6)
Deterioration and Regeneration	89	(2)
The Future	91	(1)
The Human Cost of Economic Restructuring	92	(1)
CASE STUDY: New York--The "Big Apple"	93	(1)
The Colonial Era	94	(10)
Growth and Expansion	96	(1)
The Great Metropolis Emerges	96	(3)
New York Today	99	(4)
Beyond the Devastation	103	(1)
Summary	104	(2)
Conclusion	106	(1)
Chapter 4 Cities and Suburbs of the Twenty-First Century	107	(32)
Urban and Suburban Sprawl	108	(10)
What Is Sprawl?	108	(2)
Why Do We Have Sprawl?	110	(1)
Where Does Sprawl Occur?	110	(1)
The Problems of Sprawl	110	(6)
Solutions to Sprawl	116	(2)
Edge Cities	118	(8)
Characteristics and Commonalities	119	(1)
Types of Edge Cities	119	(2)
Evolving Middle-Class Centers	121	(1)
Three Edge City Variations	121	(5)
Gated Communities	126	(4)
Types of Gated Communities	127	(1)
A Sense of Community	128	(2)
Common-Interest Developments (CIDs)	130	(7)
CASE STUDY; Portland., Oregon	132	(98)
The Physical Setting	133	(1)
History	133	(1)
Urban Decline and the Planners' Response to Sprawl	133	(3)
Portland Today	136	(1)
Summary	137	(1)
Conclusion	137	(2)
PART III DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES
Chapter 5 Urban Sociology: The Classic Statements	139	(30)
The European Tradition: 1846-1921	140	(12)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: From Barbarism to Civilization	140	(1)
Ferdinand Tonnes: From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft	141	(4)
Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	145	(1)
Georg Simmel: The Mental Life of the Metropolis	146	(2)
Max Weber: The Historical and Comparative Study of Cities	148	(3)
The European Tradition: An Evaluation	151	(1)
Urban Sociology in North America: 1915-1938	152	(8)
Robert Park and Sociology at the University of Chicago	153	(2)
Louis Wirth and Urban Theory	155	(4)
The U.S. Tradition: An Evaluation	159	(1)
The Classic Theories and Modern Research: Myths and Realities	160	(7)
Tolerance in the City	160	(1)
Impersonality in the City	161	(2)
Density and Urban Pathology	163	(3)
Urban Malaise	166	(1)
The New Urban Sociology	167	(1)
Summary	167	(1)
Conclusion	168	(1)
Chapter 6 Social Psychology: The Urban Experience	169	(29)
The Physical Environment	170	(6)
Kevin Lynch: The Image of the City	170	(3)
Stanley Milgram: More on Mental Maps	173	(3)
The Social Environment: Gesellschaft	176	(7)
The Pedestrian: Watching Your Step	177	(2)
A World of Strangers	179	(4)
Class, Race, and the Urban Experience	183	(1)
The City as Gesellschaft: A Reassessment	183	(1)
The Social Environment: Gemeinschaft	183	(9)
Urban Networks	183	(7)
Identifying with the City	190	(1)
The City as Gemeinschaft: A Reassessment	191	(1)
The Texture of the City	192	(2)
Humanizing the City	194	(2)
Summary	196	(1)
Conclusion	197	(1)
Chapter 7 Geography and Spacial Perspectives: Making Sense of Space	198	(26)
Urban Geography	199	(4)
The Location of Cities	200	(2)
Why Cities Are Where They Are	202	(1)
The Shape of the City	203	(4)
The Radiocentric City	205	(1)
The Gridiron City	206	(1)
City Growth: Horizontal, Vertical, and Interstitial	206	(1)
City Shape and Quality of Life	206	(1)
Urban Ecology: The Chicago School	207	(6)
The Ecological Theory of Urban Development	207	(1)
The Concentric Zone Hypothesis	208	(3)
Criticisms of the Chicago School	211	(2)
Urban Ecology: Other Theories	213	(8)
The Sector Theory	213	(1)
The Multiple Nuclei Theory	214	(1)
Social Area Analysis	215	(1)
Factorial Ecology	216	(5)
The Los Angeles School and Postmodernism	221	(1)
Summary	222	(1)
Conclusion	223	(1)
Chapter 8 Comparative Urbanism: The City and Culture	224	(30)
Prologue: Six Months in Ibadan	225	(1)
The City and Culture	226	(1)
The City and the Hinterland	226	(4)
Interdependencies	227	(1)
Urban Dominance	228	(2)
The City and Civilization	230	(11)
Oswald Spengler	231	(2)
Lewis Mumford	233	(1)
CASE STUDY: Ming Peking	234	(3)
Physical Structure	235	(1)
Symbolism	235	(2)
CASE STUDY: Hellenic Athens	237	(5)
The Preclassical Period	237	(2)
The Golden Age	239	(1)
Behind the Glory	240	(1)
Ming Peking and Athens: A Comparison	241	(1)
The Culture of Capitalism and the City	242	(10)
The Capitalist City	244	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	244	(1)
Urban Life as Economics	245	(2)
Assets and Debits	247	(1)
CASE STUDY: Communist Beijing	248	(78)
The Emergence of Modern Beijing	248	(1)
Urban Life as Politics	249	(1)
The Difficulties of Urban Life	250	(1)
Economic Reform	251	(1)
A Rising Consumerism	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Conclusion	253	(1)
Chapter 9 The New Urban Sociology: The City and Capitalism	254	(31)
Urban Economics: The Traditional Perspective	255	(7)
Central Place Theory	255	(3)
The General Pattern of Land Use	258	(1)
Criticisms of the Basic Theory	259	(2)
Urban Areas as Theme Parks	261	(1)
Political Economy: The "New" Perspective	262	(7)
Henri Lefebvre: Redefining the Study of Cities	262	(1)
David Harvey: The Baltimore Study	263	(1)
Manuel Castells: Updating Marx	264	(2)
Allen Scott: Business Location and the Global Economy	266	(1)
John Logan and Harvey Molotch: Urban Growth Machines	267	(2)
The Global Economy	269	(6)
A World System	270	(5)
Urban Political Economy: Four Principles	275	(1)
The Urbanization of Poverty	276	(7)
The Developing World	276	(4)
The Developed World	280	(3)
Summary	283	(1)
Conclusion	284	(1)
PART IV THE ANATOMY OF THE CITY
Chapter 10 Social Class: Urban and Suburban Lifestyles	285	(25)
Urban Diversity: Multiple Views	286	(10)
Louis Wirth: Urbanism as a Way of Life	286	(1)
Herbert Gans: Urbanism as Many Ways of Life	287	(6)
Wirth and Gans: A Comparison	293	(2)
Claude Fischer: A Subcultural Theory of Urbanism	295	(1)
Life Beyond the City Limits: A Brief History of Suburbs	296	(4)
Suburbs and the Gilded Age	296	(1)
Streetcar Suburbs	297	(1)
The Arrival of the Automobile	298	(1)
The Postwar Era: 1945-1970	298	(1)
1970 to the Present	299	(1)
Suburban Lifestyles	300	(8)
The Aristocratic Life	300	(1)
The New Suburbia	301	(2)
Contemporary Suburbia: Complexity and Diversity	303	(2)
The Exurbs	305	(3)
Urban Culture and the Suburbs	308	(1)
Summary	308	(1)
Conclusion	309	(1)
Chapter 11 Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Urban Diversity	310	(28)
Cities and Immigrants	311	(3)
Ethnic Enclaves and Ethnic Identity	312	(1)
Ethnic Change	312	(2)
Racial and Ethnic Minorities	314	(12)
African Americans	314	(4)
Hispanic Americans	318	(3)
Asian Americans	321	(4)
Native Americans	325	(1)
Women and the City	326	(10)
Work	326	(1)
Urban Space	327	(1)
The Public Sphere	327	(1)
CASE STUDY: Chicago, "City of the Big Shoulders"	328	(103)
Early Chicago	329	(1)
The Burning and Rebuilding of Chicago	330	(1)
Jane Addams and Hull House	331	(1)
Chicago in the Early Twentieth Century	332	(1)
The Postwar Period	333	(2)
Chicago Today	335	(1)
Summary	336	(1)
Conclusion	337	(1)
Chapter 12 Housing, Education, Crime: Confronting Urban Problems	338	(30)
Housing: A Place to Live	339	(15)
Adequate Housing: Who Has It?	339	(1)
Housing Problems: A Brief History	340	(1)
Public Housing	341	(3)
Deterioration and Abandonment in the Inner City	344	(1)
The Inner City Today: A Revival?	345	(5)
The New Urbanism	350	(4)
Education: The Urban Challenge	354	(4)
Magnet Schools	355	(1)
School Vouchers	356	(1)
Charter Schools	356	(2)
Crime: Perception and Reality	358	(8)
Public Perception of Crime	358	(2)
Explaining High-Crime Areas	360	(3)
Effects of Crime on Everyday Life	363	(1)
What Is the Solution?	364	(2)
Summary	366	(1)
Conclusion	367	(1)
PART V GLOBAL URBANIZATION
Chapter 13 Cities in the Developing World	368	(43)
Historical Context	369	(20)
Latin American Cities	369	(6)
African Cities	375	(5)
Middle Eastern Cities	380	(4)
Asian Cities	384	(4)
Common Legacies	388	(1)
The Modern Era	389	(13)
Latin American Cities	389	(1)
African Cities	390	(1)
Middle Eastern Cities	391	(1)
Asian Cities	392	(9)
Common Problems	401	(1)
Summary: World Urbanization in Perspective	402	(3)
The Future: Theories and Possible Solutions	405	(5)
Modernization Theory	406	(1)
Dependency Theory	407	(1)
Interventionist Theory	408	(1)
The City Is Not the Problem: Jane Jacobs's Theory	408	(2)
Conclusion	410	(1)
PART VI TRIE PLANNING ANIL EVALUATION OF CITIES
Chapter 14 Planning the Urban Environment	411	(30)
Visions	412	(1)
City Planning in World History	413	(4)
Why Plan?	413	(2)
Planning in the Industrial Era: 1800-1900	415	(1)
The "City Beautiful" Movement	416	(1)
"Till We Have Built Jerusalem": The New Towns Movement	417	(7)
A Socialist-Feminist New Town	417	(1)
Later New Towns in Great Britain	417	(1)
New Towns in Western Europe, Australia, and Brazil	418	(2)
New Towns in the United States	420	(2)
Have They Worked? Criticisms of New Towns	422	(2)
Utopia Unlimited: Architectural Visions	424	(1)
Le Corbusier: The Radiant City	424	(4)
Frank Lloyd Wright: Broadacre City	425	(1)
Paolo Solen: The Arcology	425	(2)
Utopia's Limitations: A Critique	427	(1)
Meanwhile ... Downtown: More Focused Urban Planning	428	(3)
Sidewalks, Neighborhoods, and Local Initiative	428	(1)
Open Spaces: Squares, Parks, and Architecture	429	(1)
Rouse Revisited: The Middle Ground	430	(1)
The Realities of Urban Planning	431	(6)
Economics and Politics	431	(1)
The Difference That Values Make	431	(2)
CASE STUDY; Toronto, Ontario	433	(4)
The Physical Setting	433	(1)
History	434	(1)
Creation of a Metropolitan Government	434	(1)
Two Phases of Urban Planning	435	(1)
Toronto Today	436	(1)
Conclusion	437	(4)
References	441	(16)
Photo Credits	457	(2)
Index	459

Excerpts

Now that we have entered a new century--indeed, a new millennium--the world stands on the brink of a historic landmark: In a few years, a majority of the planet's people will live in cities. Urban living is rapidly becoming the norm for members of our species. Surely, there is no more compelling reason to undertake the study of cities and urban life. THE BASIC APPROACH The approach of this text is multidisciplinary but fundamentally sociological. Readers will find here the enduring contributions of the classical European social thinkers, including Max Weber, Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tunnies, Georg Simmel, and Emile Durkheim, as well as those of early pioneers in North America, including Robert Park and Louis Wirth. Of course, many men and women have stood on the shoulders of these giants and extended our understanding. Thus, this text also considers the ideas of a host of contemporary urbanists, including Henri Lefebvre, Jane. Jacobs, Manuel Castells, John Logan, Harvey Molotch, Kevin Lynch, Lyn Lofland, Carol Stack, Herbert Gans, Michael Sorkin, and Michael Dear. Yet, as this string of well-known names suggests, urban studies rests on research and theory developed within many disciplines.Cities and Urban Life,therefore, is truly a multidisciplinary text that draws together the work of historians (Chapter 2: "The Origins and Development of the World's Cities," and Chapter 3: "The Development of North American Cities"); sociologists (Chapter 4: "Cities and Suburbs of the Twenty First Century," Chapter 5: "Urban Sociology: The Classic Statements," Chapter 10: "Social Class: Urban and Suburban Lifestyles," Chapter 11: "Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Urban Diversity," and Chapter 12: "Housing, Education, (:rime: Confronting Urban Problems"); social psychologists (Chapter 6: "Social Psychology: The Urban Experience"); geographers and urban ecologists (Chapter 7: "Geography and Spatial Perspectives: Making Sense of Space"); political economists working within various disciplines (Chapter 9: "The New Urban Sociology: The City and Capitalism"); anthropologists (Chapter 8: "Comparative Urbanism: The City and Culture," and Chapter 13: "Cities in the Developing World"); and architects as well as city planners (Chapter 14: "Planning the Urban Environment"). THE ORGANIZATION OF THIS TEXT Part I of the text, "Understanding the City," introduces the main questions and themes that resonate throughout the book (Chapter 1). Part II, "History of Cities and New Trends," surveys the historical development of cities, noting how urban life has often differed in striking ways from contemporary patterns we take for granted (Chapters 2 and 3), and the current trends of sprawl, edge cities, and gated communities that are shaping the cities and suburbs of the new century (Chapter 4). Part III, "Disciplinary Perspectives," highlights the various disciplinary orientations that, together, have so advanced our understanding of cities (Chapters 5 through 9). Part IV, "The Anatomy of the City," focuses on the social organization of today's cities in North America, highlighting how urban living reflects the importance of social class (Chapter 10), race, ethnicity, and gender (Chapter 11), as well as forcing us to confront vexing problems such as housing, education, and crime (Chapter 12). Part V, "Global Urbanization," offers a look at the history and current urbanization in four major world regions: Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia (Chapter 13). It is in these areas of the world that urbanization is now most rapid, with cities reaching unprecedented size. Finally, Part VI, "The Planning and Evaluation of Cities," examines the architectural, social, and political dimensions of urban planning, as well as points out the problems that prevent cities from living up to their promise of improving everyone's lives (Chapter 14). FOUR KEY THEMES This attempt to tell the urban story will