Cities And Urban Life

by Macionis, John J.; Parrillo, Vincent N.

• ISBN13: 9780132260404
• ISBN10: 0132260409
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Cities and Urban Life, authored by two of the best-known textbook writers in the field, provides a comprehensive introduction to urban sociology, urban anthropology, and urban studies courses. Primarily sociological in approach, this book incorporates historical, social psychological, geographical, and anthropological insights. While strong in the classical urban sociology, it also gives extensive attention to the "new" political economy approach to urban studies. Also, the authors use global cities as case studies for more relevance to students.

Table of Contents

Special Features	xvii
Preface	xx
PART I UNDERSTANDING THE CITY
Exploring the City	1	(23)
Why Study the City?	2	(1)
The Complexity of the City: Various Perspectives	3	(12)
The City in History	3	(4)
The Emergence of Urban Sociology	7	(1)
Social Psychology: The Urban Experience	7	(1)
Urban Geography and Ecology	7	(3)
Comparative Urbanism: The City and Culture	10	(4)
The New Urban Sociology: The City and Capitalism	14	(1)
The Anatomy of Modern North American Cities	15	(4)
The City in World Perspective	19	(1)
Urban Sociology and the Quality of City Life	20	(3)
Key Terms	23	(1)
PART II HISTORY OF CITIES AND NEW TRENDS
The Origins and Development of the World's Cities	24	(33)
Urban Origins	25	(6)
Archaeology: Digging the Early City	25	(1)
The First Permanent Settlements	26	(1)
The City Emerges	27	(4)
The First Urban Revolution: City-States and Urban Empires	31	(15)
The Near East: Mesopotamia and Egypt	32	(3)
The Indus Region	35	(2)
A Glance Eastward: China	37	(1)
A Glance Westward: The Americas	37	(1)
Summary: Traits of Early Cities	38	(2)
Crete and Greece	40	(1)
Rome	40	(2)
Decline: The Middle Ages	42	(1)
Revival: Medieval and Renaissance Cities	43	(3)
The Second Urban Revolution: The Rise of Modern Cities	46	(8)
Case Study: London---The History of a World City	47	(1)
Beginnings: 55 B.C.E--1066 C.E.	48	(1)
The Medieval City: 1066--1550	49	(1)
The World City Emerges: 1550--1800	50	(1)
Industrialization and Colonization: 1800--1900	51	(1)
The Modern Era: 1900 to the Present	52	(2)
Summary	54	(2)
Conclusion	56	(1)
Key Terms	56	(1)
The Development of North American Cities	57	(35)
The Colonial Era: 1600--1800	58	(2)
Colonial City Characteristics	58	(2)
The City--Instigated Revolutionary War	60	(1)
Growth and Expansion: 1800--1870	60	(3)
The Beginnings of Industrialization	61	(1)
Urban--Rural/North--South Tensions	62	(1)
The Era of the Great Metropolis: 1870--1950	63	(4)
Technological Advance	63	(1)
Suburbs and the Gilded Age	64	(1)
The Great Migration	65	(1)
Politics and Problems	66	(1)
The Quality of Life in the New Metropolis	67	(1)
The North American City Today: 1950 to the Present	67	(9)
Decentralization	68	(5)
The Sunbelt Expansion	73	(3)
The Coming of the Postindustrial City	76	(4)
Deterioration and Regeneration	76	(3)
The Future	79	(1)
The Human Cost of Economic Restructuring	79	(1)
Case Study: New York---The ``Big Apple''	80	(10)
The Colonial Era	82	(1)
Growth and Expansion	83	(1)
The Great Metropolis Emerges	83	(3)
New York Today	86	(4)
Summary	90	(1)
Conclusion	91	(1)
Key Terms	91	(1)
Cities and Suburbs of the Twenty-First Century	92	(33)
Urban and Suburban Sprawl	93	(11)
What Is Sprawl?	93	(2)
Why Do We Have Sprawl?	95	(1)
Where Does Sprawl Occur?	95	(1)
The Problems of Sprawl	95	(6)
Solutions to Sprawl	101	(3)
Exurbs	104	(1)
The New Cities	104	(9)
Characteristics and Commonalities	106	(1)
Types of Edge Cities	106	(1)
Evolving Middle-Class Centers	107	(1)
Three Edge City Variations	107	(6)
Gated Communities	113	(3)
Types of Gated Communities	114	(1)
A Sense of Community	115	(1)
Common-Interest Developments	116	(3)
Case Study: Portland, Oregon	119	(3)
The Physical Setting	119	(1)
History	120	(1)
Urban Decline and the Planners' Response to Sprawl	120	(1)
Portland Today	121	(1)
Summary	122	(1)
Conclusion	123	(1)
Key Terms	124	(1)
PART III DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES
Urban Sociology: Classic and Modern Statements	125	(29)
The European Tradition: 1846--1921	128	(10)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: From Barbarism to Civilization	128	(1)
Ferdinand Tonnies: From Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft	128	(3)
Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	131	(1)
Georg Simmel: The Mental Life of the Metropolis	132	(3)
Max Weber: The Historical and Comparative Study of Cities	135	(2)
The European Tradition: An Evaluation	137	(1)
Urban Sociology in North America: 1915--1970	138	(7)
Robert Park and Sociology at the University of Chicago	139	(2)
Louis Wirth and Urban Theory	141	(3)
Herbert Gans and the Urban Mosaic	144	(1)
Wirth and Gans: A Comparison	144	(1)
The Classic Theories and Modern Research: Myths and Realities	145	(7)
Tolerance in the City	146	(1)
Impersonality in the City	146	(2)
Density and Urban Pathology	148	(2)
Urban Malaise	150	(2)
The New Urban Sociology	152	(1)
Summary	152	(1)
Conclusion	153	(1)
Key Terms	153	(1)
Social Psychology: The Urban Experience	154	(30)
The Physical Environment	155	(7)
Kevin Lynch: The Image of the City	155	(3)
Stanley Milgram: More on Mental Maps	158	(4)
The Social Environment: Gesellschaft	162	(8)
The Pedestrian: Watching Your Step	163	(1)
A World of Strangers	164	(3)
Class, Race, and the Urban Experience	167	(1)
The City as Gesellschaft: A Reassessment	168	(2)
The Social Environment: Gemeinschaft	170	(7)
Urban Networks	171	(5)
Identifying with the City	176	(1)
The City as Gemeinschaft: A Reassessment	177	(1)
The Texture of the City	177	(3)
Humanizing the City	180	(3)
Summary	183	(1)
Conclusion	183	(1)
Key Terms	183	(1)
Geography and Spatial Perspectives: Making Sense of Space	184	(27)
Urban Geography	185	(7)
The Location of Cities	186	(2)
Why Cities Are Where They Are	188	(4)
The Shape of the City	192	(2)
The Radiocentric City	192	(1)
The Gridiron City	193	(1)
Urban Ecology: The Chicago School	194	(4)
The Ecological Theory of Urban Development	194	(2)
The Concentric Zone Hypothesis	196	(2)
Criticisms of the Chicago School	198	(1)
Urban Ecology: Other Theories	198	(9)
The Sector Theory	198	(2)
The Multiple Nuclei Theory	200	(2)
Social Area Analysis	202	(1)
Factorial Ecology	203	(4)
The Los Angeles School and Postmodernism	207	(2)
Summary	209	(1)
Conclusion	209	(1)
Key Terms	210	(1)
Comparative Urbanism: The City and Culture	211	(31)
The City and the Countryside	212	(6)
Interdependencies	212	(2)
Urban Dominance	214	(4)
The City and Civilization	218	(3)
Oswald Spengler: The ``Soul'' of the City	218	(1)
Lewis Mumford: The City as the Center of Civilization	219	(2)
Daniel J. Monti: The Civic Culture of the City	221	(1)
The City and Societal Culture	221	(1)
Case Study: Ming Peking	222	(4)
Physical Structure	222	(1)
Symbolism	223	(3)
Case Study: Hellenic Athens	226	(3)
The Preclassical Period	226	(1)
The Golden Age	227	(1)
Behind the Glory	228	(1)
Ming Peking and Athens: A Comparison	229	(1)
The Culture of Capitalism and the City	229	(6)
The Capitalist City	231	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	231	(1)
Urban Life as Economics	232	(1)
Assets and Debits	233	(2)
Case Study: Communist Beijing	235	(4)
The Emergence of Modern Beijing	236	(1)
Urban Life as Politics	237	(1)
The Difficulties of Urban Life	237	(1)
Economic Reform	238	(1)
A Rising Consumerism	238	(1)
Summary	239	(1)
Conclusion	240	(1)
Key Terms	241	(1)
The New Urban Sociology: The City and Capitalism	242	(32)
Urban Economics: The Traditional Perspective	243	(6)
Central Place Theory	243	(3)
The General Pattern of Land Use	246	(1)
Criticisms of the Basic Theory	247	(2)
Political Economy: The ``New'' Perspective	249	(8)
Henri Lefebvre: Redefining the Study of Cities	249	(2)
Urban Areas as Themed Environments	251	(1)
David Harvey: The Baltimore Study	251	(2)
Manuel Castells: Updating Marx	253	(1)
Allen Scott: Business Location and the Global Economy	254	(1)
Horizontal Integration	254	(1)
John Logan and Harvey Molotch: Urban Growth Machines	255	(2)
The Global Economy	257	(6)
Deindustrialization	257	(1)
Economic Restructuring	258	(1)
A World System	258	(5)
Urban Political Economy: Four Principles	263	(1)
The Urbanization of Poverty	264	(7)
The Developing World	265	(2)
The Developed World	267	(4)
Summary	271	(1)
Conclusion	272	(1)
Key Terms	273	(1)
PART IV THE STRUCTURE OF THE CITY
Stratification and Social Class: Urban and Suburban Lifestyles	274	(31)
Social Stratification	275	(9)
Social Class Distinctions	276	(3)
Income Distribution Nationwide	279	(1)
Incomes Within and Outside Cities	280	(1)
Poverty Nationwide	280	(1)
Poverty Within and Outside Cities	281	(1)
A Cautionary Note	282	(2)
Urban Social Class Diversity	284	(13)
Upper-Class Urban Neighborhoods	284	(2)
Middle-Class Urban Neighborhoods	286	(4)
Working-Class Urban Neighborhoods	290	(3)
Mixed-Income Urban Neighborhoods	293	(2)
Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods	295	(2)
The Homeless	297	(1)
Suburban Social Class Diversity	297	(6)
Upper-Income Suburbs	297	(1)
Middle-Income Suburbs	298	(2)
Working-Class Suburbs	300	(1)
Suburban Cosmopolitan Centers	300	(1)
Minority Suburbs	300	(3)
Summary	303	(1)
Conclusion	304	(1)
Key Terms	304	(1)
Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Urban Diversity	305	(35)
Cities and Immigrants	306	(4)
Ethnic Enclaves and Ethnic Identity	307	(1)
Ethnic Change	307	(3)
Racial and Ethnic Minorities	310	(15)
African Americans	310	(6)
Asian Americans	316	(2)
Hispanic Americans	318	(4)
Muslim Americans	322	(1)
Native Americans	323	(2)
Women and Urban Life	325	(4)
Work	326	(2)
Urban Space	328	(1)
The Public Sphere	328	(1)
Case Study: Chicago, ``City of the Big Shoulders''	329	(7)
Early Chicago	329	(2)
The Burning and Rebuilding of Chicago	331	(1)
Jane Addams and Hull House	331	(1)
Chicago in the Early Twentieth Century	332	(1)
The Postwar Period	333	(2)
Chicago Today	335	(1)
Summary	336	(3)
Conclusion	339	(1)
Key Terms	339	(1)
Housing, Education, Crime: Confronting Urban Problems	340	(31)
Housing: A Place to Live	341	(15)
Adequate Housing: Who Has It?	341	(1)
Housing Problems: A Brief History	341	(2)
Public Housing	343	(3)
Deterioration and Abandonment in the Inner City	346	(1)
The Inner City Today: A Revival?	347	(4)
The New Urbanism	351	(5)
Education: The Urban Challenge	356	(4)
Meeting the ``No Child Left Behind'' Challenge	356	(2)
Magnet Schools	358	(1)
School Vouchers	359	(1)
Charter Schools	359	(1)
Crime: Perception and Reality	360	(9)
Public Perception of Crime	361	(2)
Explaining High-Crime Areas	363	(2)
Effects of Crime on Everyday Life	365	(2)
What Is the Solution?	367	(2)
Summary	369	(1)
Conclusion	370	(1)
Key Terms	370	(1)
PART V GLOBAL URBANIZATION
Cities in the Developing World	371	(38)
Historical Context	372	(20)
Latin American Cities	372	(7)
African Cities	379	(4)
Middle Eastern Cities	383	(4)
Asian Cities	387	(4)
Common Legacies	391	(1)
The Modern Era	392	(12)
Latin American Cities	392	(1)
African Cities	393	(1)
Middle Eastern Cities	394	(1)
Asian Cities	394	(8)
Common Problems	402	(2)
Summary: World Urbanization in Perspective	404	(3)
Conclusion	407	(1)
Key Terms	408	(1)
PART VI THE PLANNING AND EVALUATION OF CITIES
Planning the Urban Environment	409	(32)
Visions	410	(1)
City Planning in World History	411	(3)
Why Plan?	413	(1)
Planning in the Industrial Era: 1800--1900	414	(1)
The ``City Beautiful'' Movement	414	(1)
``Till We Have Built Jerusalem'': The New Towns Movement	414	(10)
A Socialist--Feminist New Town	415	(1)
Later New Towns in Great Britain	415	(1)
New Towns in Western Europe, Australia, and Brazil	416	(2)
New Towns in the United States	418	(4)
Have They Worked? Criticisms of New Towns	422	(2)
Utopia Unlimited: Architectural Visions	424	(4)
Le Corbusier: The Radiant City	424	(1)
Frank Lloyd Wright: Broadacre City	425	(1)
Paolo Soleri: The Arcology	425	(3)
Utopia's Limitations: A Critique	428	(1)
Meanwhile . . . Downtown: More Focused Urban Planning	428	(4)
Sidewalks, Neighborhoods, and Local Initiative	428	(1)
Open Spaces: Squares, Parks, and Architecture	429	(1)
Rouse Revisited: The Middle Ground	430	(2)
The Realities of Urban Planning	432	(2)
Economics and Politics	432	(1)
The Difference That Values Make	432	(2)
Case Study: Toronto, Ontario	434	(4)
The Physical Setting	434	(1)
History	434	(1)
Creation of a Metropolitan Government	435	(1)
Two Phases of Urban Planning	436	(1)
Toronto Today	437	(1)
Summary	438	(2)
Conclusion	440	(1)
Key Terms	440	(1)
References	441	(14)
Photo Credits	455	(2)
Index	457