Cognitive Psychology : Applying the Science of the Mind

by Robinson-Riegler, Greg L.; Robinson-Riegler, Bridget

• ISBN13: 9780205327638
• ISBN10: 020532763X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This book brings cognition alive for students by demonstrating the endless application of cognitive psychology to everyday life. While introducing the current research in this rapidly changing field, the text also introduces critical thinking exercises that highlight important phenomena and give students an engaging firsthand view of the everyday relevance of research in cognition.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Cognition	1	(32)
What Is Cognition?	2	(4)
The Omnipresence of Cognitive Processes	2	(3)
An Interdisciplinary Perspective	5	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	6	(1)
Psychology B.C. (Before Cognitive psychology)	6	(9)
Early Psychophysics	7	(2)
Structuralism: The Contents of Mental Experience	9	(1)
Functionalism: The Functions of Mental Experience	10	(1)
Recurring Research Theme: Cognition and Consciousness	10	(4)
Behaviorism: The Rejection of Mental Experience	11	(1)
Laying the Foundation for Cognitive Psychology	12	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	14	(1)
The Emergence of Cognitive Psychology	15	(9)
S-R Explanations: Seriously wRong?	15	(7)
Technological Influences	22	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	23	(1)
Psychology A.D. (After the Decline of behaviorism)	24	(7)
Information Processing: A Computer Metaphor for Cognition	24	(2)
Connectionism: A Brain Metaphor for Cognition	26	(3)
Recurring Research Theme: Cognition and Neuroscience	29	(2)
The Ecological Approach to Cognition	30	(1)
Recurring Research Theme: Cognition and Individual Differences	31	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	31	(1)
Glossary	32	(1)
Chapter 2 Research Methods in Cognition	33	(39)
Descriptive Research	34	(3)
Naturalistic Observation	35	(1)
Case Studies	35	(1)
Self Report	36	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	36	(1)
Experimental Research	37	(3)
The Importance of the Computer	37	(1)
What Happens in an Experiment	38	(1)
The Advantages and Disadvantages of an Experiment	39	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	40	(1)
The Cognitive Psychology Experiment	40	(9)
How Can We See Thinking? The Dependent Variable	40	(3)
What Variables Influence Thinking?
The Independent Variable	43	(2)
Confounding Variables	45	(1)
Assigning Participants to Conditions	46	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	48	(1)
The Factorial Design	49	(7)
Analyzing and Presenting Results	50	(4)
A Sample Experiment	54	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	56	(1)
Cognitive Neuroscience: Investigating Mind and Brain	56	(13)
An Overview of the Nervous System	57	(7)
The Tools of Cognitive Neuroscience	64	(5)
STOP and REVIEW!	69	(1)
Glossary	69	(3)
Chapter 3 Early Perceptual Processing	72	(42)
Basic Perceptual Processes	73	(13)
Vision and Audition	74	(6)
Somesthesis	80	(3)
Chemosenses	83	(2)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Nonvisual Sensory Acuity in the Blind	85	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	86	(1)
Interactive Effects in Perception	86	(17)
Interactions between Sensory Systems	86	(4)
Interactions with Experience and Context	90	(1)
Cognition and Consciousness: Gestalt Grouping and Illusory Percepts	91	(4)
Interactions with Consciousness	94	(1)
Cognition and Neuroscience: Blindsight	95	(7)
STOP and REVIEW!	102	(1)
Sensory Memory	103	(8)
Visual Sensory Memory	103	(4)
Auditory Sensory Memory	107	(2)
Perceptual Memory	109	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	110	(1)
Glossary	111	(3)
Chapter 4 Attending to and Manipulating Information	114	(46)
Attention	115	(11)
Theories of Attention	117	(2)
Cognition and Consciousness: A Shocking Failure of Early-Selection Theory	119	(6)
STOP and REVIEW!	125	(1)
Automaticity	126	(8)
The Stroop Effect	126	(2)
Automaticity with Practice	128	(2)
Reevaluating Automaticity	130	(1)
Costs of Automaticity	131	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	133	(1)
Short-Term Memory	134	(14)
Limited Duration	136	(1)
Limited Capacity	137	(2)
Coding in STM	139	(3)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Sex Differences in Visual STM	142	(6)
Forgetting in STM	144	(4)
STOP and REVIEW!	148	(1)
A Modular Approach to STM: Working Memory	148	(10)
The Articulatory Loop	149	(3)
Cognition and Neuroscience: PET Scanning the Articulatory Loop	152	(5)
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad	153	(2)
The Central Executive	155	(1)
Evaluation of Working Memory	156	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	157	(1)
Glossary	158	(2)
Chapter 5 Identifying and Classifying Concepts	160	(48)
Bottom-Up Views of Pattern Recognition	162	(12)
Structural-Description-Based Approaches	163	(7)
View-Based Approaches	170	(2)
Object Recognition: Views or Structural Descriptions?	172	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	173	(1)
Top-Down Processing in Pattern Recognition	174	(11)
The Word-Superiority Effect	174	(2)
A Scene-Superiority Effect	176	(3)
Two-System Views of Object Recognition	179	(3)
Cognition and Consciousness: Subliminal Visual Priming	182	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	184	(1)
Recognizing Faces	185	(6)
The Face-Inversion Effect	185	(2)
Wholistic Processing of Faces	187	(1)
Dissociations and Associations in Face Recognition	188	(1)
Cognition and Neuroscience: The Right Hemisphere and Self Recognition	189	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	191	(1)
Concepts and Categories	191	(15)
Types of Categories	192	(2)
Approaches to Concept Representation	194	(10)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Causal Similarity, Perceptual Similarity, and Children's Categorization	204	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	206	(1)
Glossary	206	(2)
Chapter 6 Encoding and Retrieval Processes in Long-Term Memory	208	(45)
Fundamental Distinctions	210	(4)
Short-Term and Long-Term Memory (Revisited)	210	(1)
Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory	211	(1)
A Descriptive Framework: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval	212	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	214	(1)
Encoding Processes in Explicit Long-Term Remembering	214	(11)
Attention	215	(1)
Repetition	215	(1)
Rehearsal	216	(3)
Levels of Processing	219	(2)
Organization	221	(2)
Distinctive Encoding	223	(1)
Self Reference	223	(1)
Visual Encoding	224	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	225	(1)
Retrieval Processes in Long-Term Memory	225	(10)
Availability and Accessibility	226	(1)
Encoding Specificity	227	(5)
Retrieval: An Effective Encoding Strategy?	232	(1)
Cognition and Neuroscience: Encoding, Retrieval, and Brain Hemispheres	233	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	234	(1)
Implicit Memory	235	(10)
Retrieval Dissociations	237	(6)
Cognition and Consciousness: Conscious and Nonconscious Access to the Past	243	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	244	(1)
Memory Improvement	245	(6)
Internal Memory Aids	245	(3)
External Memory Aids	248	(1)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Aging and Prospective Memory	249	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	250	(1)
Glossary	251	(2)
Chapter 7 Memory Distortions	253	(42)
The Sins of Memory	255	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	258	(1)
Eyewitness Memory	258	(14)
Encoding, Retrieval, and Eyewitness Recollection	258	(11)
An Applied Triumph	269	(1)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Children's Suggestibility	270	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	271	(1)
Illusory Memories	272	(7)
The Laboratory Approach	272	(2)
The Everyday Memory Approach	274	(2)
Cognition and Neuroscience: Distinguishing between True and False Memories	276	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	278	(1)
Sources of Memory Error	279	(6)
A Constructive Memory Framework	279	(1)
Source Monitoring and Misattribution	280	(2)
Social Influences and Constructive Remembering	282	(1)
Cognition and Consciousness: Unconscious Plagiarism	283	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	284	(1)
The Recovered Memory Controversy	285	(8)
Repression	285	(6)
Finding a Middle Ground	291	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	292	(1)
Glossary	293	(2)
Chapter 8 Remembering the Personal Past	295	(39)
Everyday Memory	296	(3)
Neisser's Challenge: Ecological Validity and Memory Research	296	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	298	(1)
Autobiographical Memory: Basic Issues and Methodology	299	(4)
Memories versus Facts	299	(3)
Methods of Investigation	302	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	303	(1)
The Autobiographical Memory Retention Function	303	(12)
Childhood Amnesia	305	(4)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Cross-Cultural and Sex Differences in Childhood Amnesia	309	(5)
The Reminiscence Bump	310	(2)
Forgetting	312	(1)
Odors and the Autobiographical Memory Retention Function	313	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	314	(1)
Factors Affecting Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories	315	(9)
Encoding Specificity in Autobiographical Memory	316	(2)
Retrieval Cues for Autobiographical Memory	318	(1)
A Constructivist Model of Autobiographical Memory Organization and Retrieval	319	(2)
Cognition and Neuroscience: PET Scanning Autobiographical Memories	321	(1)
Cognition and Consciousness: Involuntary Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories	322	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	324	(1)
Emotion and Autobiographical Memory	324	(7)
Flashbulb Memories	325	(4)
Effects of Mood on Remembered Events	329	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	330	(1)
Conclusion: Functions of Autobiographical Memory	331	(2)
Communicative Function	331	(1)
Emotional Function	332	(1)
Directive Function	332	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	333	(1)
Glossary	333	(1)
Chapter 9 Knowledge Representation and Retrieval	334	(47)
Representing and Retrieving Categorical Knowledge	336	(13)
Basic Methodology	336	(1)
The Hierarchical Network Model	336	(5)
The Feature Comparison Model	341	(3)
The Spreading Activation Model	344	(2)
Cognition and Consciousness: Conscious and Nonconscious Factors in Semantic Priming	346	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	348	(1)
Representing and Retrieving Propositions	349	(6)
Mediated Priming	351	(2)
The Fan Effect	353	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	354	(1)
Representing and Retrieving Other Types of Knowledge	355	(11)
Knowledge Learned through Formal Instruction	356	(5)
People's Names	361	(1)
Songs	362	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	365	(1)
Forgetting in Semantic Memory	366	(6)
The Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon	366	(4)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Age Differences in the TOT Experience	370	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	371	(1)
Analog Representation	372	(7)
The Study of Visual Imagery	372	(4)
The Imagery Debate	376	(2)
Cognition and Neuroscience: Brain Mechanisms in Visual Imagery and Perception	378	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	379	(1)
Glossary	379	(2)
Chapter 10 Language: General Principles and Speech Processing	381	(47)
What Is Language?	382	(11)
Words and Rules	382	(1)
Design Features of Language	383	(2)
Animal Language?	385	(5)
Is Language Modular?	390	(1)
Cognition and Neuroscience: Modularity of Lyrics and Tunes	390	(2)
Linguists and Psycholinguists	391	(1)
Language: Levels of Analysis	392	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	392	(1)
Phonology: The Basic Elements of Spoken Language	393	(11)
The Components of Speech: Phones and Phonemes	393	(7)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Perception of Click Consonants	400	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	403	(1)
From Sounds to Words	404	(6)
The Mental Lexicon	404	(1)
Morphology	405	(1)
Word Boundaries	406	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	409	(1)
Syntax and Semantics: Putting Words Together	410	(6)
Transformational Grammar	410	(3)
The Constraint-Based Approach	413	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	415	(1)
Sentence Planning and Production	416	(10)
Stages in Language Production	416	(4)
Cognition and Consciousness: Slips of the Tongue: Unconscious Motivation?	420	(5)
Conversation	422	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	425	(1)
Glossary	426	(2)
Chapter 11 Language: Processing the Written Word	428	(51)
Reading	429	(7)
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes in Reading	429	(1)
Eye Movements	430	(3)
Speed Reading?	433	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	434	(2)
Word Recognition	436	(10)
Dyslexia	437	(4)
Cognition and Neuroscience: Left-Hemisphere Connectivity and Dyslexia	441	(4)
How Should Reading Be Taught?	444	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	445	(1)
Sentence-Level Processing	446	(7)
Sentence Parsing	446	(3)
Sentence Comprehension	449	(2)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Cross-Linguistic Differences in Cues for Sentence Comprehension	451	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	452	(1)
Discourse Comprehension	453	(8)
Levels of Representation	453	(1)
Structure and Coherence	453	(8)
STOP and REVIEW!	461	(1)
Discourse Memory and Representation	461	(12)
Memory for Discourse	461	(3)
Models of Discourse Comprehension	464	(6)
Metacomprehension	470	(1)
Cognition and Consciousness: Priming of Associations in Text Rereading	470	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	472	(1)
Writing	473	(4)
Collecting and Planning	474	(1)
Translating and Reviewing	474	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	476	(1)
Glossary	477	(2)
Chapter 12 Problem Solving	479	(44)
What Is a Problem?	480	(5)
Well-Defined and Ill-Defined Problems	480	(1)
Routine and Nonroutine Problems	481	(1)
Problem-Solving Research: Some Methodological Challenges	481	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	484	(1)
Approaches to the Study of Problem Solving	485	(4)
Thorndike and the Behaviorists: Problem Solving as Associative Learning	485	(1)
Kohler and the Gestalt Psychologists: Problem Solving as Insight	486	(2)
Newell, Simon, and the Cognitive Psychologists: Problem Solving as Information Processing	488	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	489	(1)
Problem Representation	489	(7)
Cognition and Individual Differences: Stereotype Threat Can Hinder Problem Representation	491	(5)
Rigidity in Representation	493	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	496	(1)
Problem Solution	496	(8)
Algorithms	496	(1)
Heuristics	497	(6)
STOP and REVIEW!	503	(1)
Experts: Masters of Representation and Solution	504	(4)
Expert Advantages	505	(1)
Expert Disadvantages: Costs of Expertise	506	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	508	(1)
Insight and Creativity	508	(13)
Insight	509	(4)
Cognition and Consciousness: Insight and Intuition	513	(5)
Creativity	516	(2)
Cognition and Neuroscience: Creativity and the Right Hemisphere	518	(2)
STOP and REVIEW!	520	(1)
Glossary	521	(2)
Chapter 13 Reasoning, Judgment, and Decision Making	523	(44)
Complex Thinking: Reasoning, Judgment, and Decision Making	524	(3)
Research Focus on Errors	525	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	526	(1)
Reasoning	527	(11)
Deductive Reasoning	527	(3)
Cognition and Neuroscience: The Brain and Syllogistic Reasoning	530	(8)
Inductive Reasoning	535	(3)
STOP and REVIEW!	538	(1)
Judgment	538	(19)
Basing Judgments on Memory: The Availability Heuristic	539	(4)
Cognition and Consciousness: Comparing Intuitive and Analytic Judgments	543	(13)
Basing Judgments on Similarity: The Representativeness Heuristic	545	(4)
Basing Judgments on Initial Estimates: The Anchoring and-Adjustment Heuristic	549	(3)
Biased Evaluation of Our Judgments	552	(4)
STOP and REVIEW!	556	(1)
Decision Making	557	(7)
Cognition and Individual Differences. Cultural Differences in Decision-Making Overconfidence	557	(7)
Expected Utility: A Normative Approach	558	(2)
Prospect Theory: A Descriptive Approach	560	(3)
Epilogue	563	(1)
STOP and REVIEW!	564	(1)
Glossary	564	(3)
References	567	(30)
Name Index	597	(6)
Subject Index	603