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Table of Contents
Part One: FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1a Getting Started in Communication Studies
Why Do We Need Communication?
Defining Communication
1b Examining the Transactional Model of Communication
Elements of Communication
Applying the Transactional Model
Cultural Connections — Native American Indians
1c Identifying Communication Contexts
1d Understanding the Universals of Communication
You cannot not communicate.
All communication has a content and relational dimension.
Communication is a series of punctuated events.
Communication is irreversible and unrepeatable.
Communication is culture-specific.
1e Communicating Ethically
Eye on Ethics — Being Yourself
1f Communicating Competently
Components of Communication Competence
Enhancing Your Communicative Competence
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Module A: UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
HIGH COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
LOW COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
MODERATE COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24)
CHAPTER 2: PERCEPTION OF THE SELF AND OTHERS
2a Understanding Perception
2b Identifying the Stages of the Perception Process
Stage One: Stimulation
Stage Two: Organization
Cultural Connections — Perceptions of Time
Stage Three: Interpretation-Evaluation
2c Understanding Perceptual Biases
Halo Effect and Reverse Halo Effect
Eye on Ethics — Attractiveness Bias
Perceptual Accentuation
Primacy Effect and Recency Effect
2d Examining Influences on Perception
Self-Perception
Personal Experiences
Third-Party Influences
Physical Conditions
Psychological Conditions
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
2e Engaging in Perception Checking
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 3: LISTENING
3a The Importance of Listening
3b Why Don’t We Listen?
3c Examining Listening versus Hearing
Listening Is Intermittent
Listening Is a Learned Skill
Listening Is Active
Listening Implies Using the Message Received
3d Understanding the Listening Process
Receive Stimuli
Select Stimuli
Understand the Message
Evaluate
Resolve
3e Identifying Barriers to Effective Listening
Pseudo-listening
Selective Listening
Stage-hogging/Interrupting
Sidetracking
Physical Distractions
Psychological Distractions
Factual Distractions
3f Promoting Better Listening
Desire to Listen
Focus on the Message
Understand the Speaker’s Point of View
Reinforce the Message
Provide Feedback
Withhold Judgment
Actively Listening
Cultural Connections — High and Low Context Cultures
Eye on Ethics — Right of Refusal
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 4: THE POWER OF LANGUAGE
4a Identifying the Functions of Language
Communicate Ideas
Send Messages About Users
Strengthen Social Bonds
Serve as Instrument of Play
Check Understanding
4b Exploring the Nature of Language
Language Is Symbolic
Language Is Subjective
Language Is Rule-governed
Cultural Connections — Connotative Meanings
4c Communicating Effectively
Use Language Correctly
Use Language Clearly
Use Language Ethically
Eye on Ethics - Doublespeak
4d Understanding the Power of Language
Powerless Language
Confirmation and Disconfirmation
4e Creating a Supportive Communication Climate
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
CHAPTER 5: NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
5a Understanding the Principles of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is deliberate or unintentional.
Nonverbal signals are cultural.
Nonverbal messages are trusted more that verbal messages when the two conflict.
Nonverbal messages can be ambiguous.
5b Identifying Types of Nonverbal Communication
Paralanguage
Proxemics
Artifacts
Personal appearance
Eye on Ethics — Weight and the Hiring Process
Kinesics
Eye communication
Silence
Chronemics
Haptics
Olfactics
Cultural Connections — Presidential Nonverbal Faux Pas
5c Examining the Functions of Nonverbal Cues
Substitute
Reinforce
Regulate
Contradict
Indicate a Relationship
Deceive
Manage Identity
5d Putting Nonverbal Communication into Action
Expectancy
Valance
Ambiguous Behaviors
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Module B: THE ART OF SMALL TALK
THE IMPORTANCE OF SMALL TALK
INTRODUCTIONS
BEGINNING THE CONVERSATION
SUSTAINING THE CONVERSATION
CONCLUDING THE CONVERSATION
Part Two: Interpersonal Communication
CHAPTER 6: INTRODUCTION TO INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
6a Defining Interpersonal Communication
6b Forming Interpersonal Relationships
Why Do We Need Relationships?
With Whom Do We Form Relationships?
6c Examining Relationship Development and Dissolution
Knapp’s Model of Relationship Development
Cultural Connections — Cultural Influences on Self-Disclosure
Conville’s Model of Relationship Development and Dissolution
6d Relational Dialectics
Autonomy-Connectedness
Predictability-Change
Openness-Closedness
6e Understanding the Dynamics of Self-Disclosure
Self-Disclosure in Interpersonal Relationships
Social Penetration Theory
Competent Self-Disclosure Through Self-Monitoring
Eye on Ethics — The Disappearing Act
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
MODULE C: MANAGING INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY
ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
CHAPTER 7: RELATIONAL CONFLICT
7a Defining Conflict
Components of Conflict
Phases of Conflict
7b Exploring Positive and Negative Consequences of Conflict
Positive Consequences of Conflict
Negative Consequences of Conflict
7c Identifying Types of Conflict and Conflict Issues
Conflict Types
Conflict Issues
7d Examining Approaches to Conflict Management
Potential Conflict Outcomes
Five Traditional Approaches to Conflict Management
7e Managing Conflict
Conflict Management Styles
Aggressiveness Versus Argumentativeness
Unproductive Strategies for Managing Conflict
Cultural Connections — Fist Fighting as a Conflict Management Style
7f Examining Interpersonal Conflict: John Gottman versus John Gray
Gottman’s Four Horseman of the Apocalypse
John Gray’s Interpersonal Conflict Perspective
Eye on Ethics — Moral Conflict
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
MODULE D: COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION
CMC AND THE TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION AND CMC
MODULE E: GENDER AND COMMUNICATION
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SEX AND GENDER
GENDERLECT STYLES
DO MEN AND WOMEN REALLY COMMUNICATE DIFFERENTLY?
Part Three: Group Communication
CHAPTER 8: Introduction to Groups and Decision Making
8a Introduction to Group Communication
Defining Group Communication
Why Do We Need to Learn About Groups?
8b Identifying Types of Groups
Primary Groups
Secondary Groups
8c Understanding Group Culture
Establishing a Group
Setting Group Goals
Establishing Group Norms
Building Cohesiveness
Cultural Connections — Karaoke Builds Cohesiveness
Positive and Negative Effects of Group Conflict
8d Distinguishing Between Problem Solving and Decision Making
8e Effective Group Problem Solving
Understanding The Process of Problem Solving
Dewey’s Problem Solving Model
8f Effective Group Decision Making
Identifying Stages of Group Decision Making
Exploring Decision Making Methods
Eye on Ethics — Trust in the Workplace
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
MODULE F: MANAGING GROUP COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
EFFECTS OF GROUP MEMBER COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION ON GROUPS
INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP ON GROUP MEMBER COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
MANAGING GROUP COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
CHAPTER 9: Working Effectively in Groups
9a Being an Effective Group Member
Task Functions
Maintenance Functions
Self-centered Functions
The Responsibilities of Group Members
9b Being an Effective Group Leader
Approaches to Leadership
The Responsibilities of Group Leaders
Eye on Ethics — Leader and Member Responses When Groups Fail
9c Effectively Using Group Meeting Times
Reasons for Unproductive Meetings
Creating an Environment for a Productive Meeting
Concluding the Meeting
9d Power and Group Communication
Cultural Connections — Power Distance and Organizational Participation
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Part Four: Public Speaking
CHAPTER 10: Understanding THE SPEECH PROCESS, ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE, AND GENERATING YOUR TOPIC
10a Overview of the Speaking Process
10b Analyzing Your Audience
Analyze the Specific Speaking Situation
Understand the Diversity of Your Audience
Conduct and Audience Analysis
Apply the Results to Your Speech
10c Choosing and Narrowing Your Speech Topic
Generate a List of Ideas for Possible Topics
Select Your Topic
Focus Your Topic
Determine Your General Purpose
Formulate Your Specific Purpose
Word Your Thesis Statement
Eye on Ethics — Sensitive Speech Topics
Cultural Connections — Adapting Your Message To Different Learning Styles
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
Module G: MANAGING SPEAKER APPREHENSION
CONTROL YOUR NERVOUSNESS
FOCUS ON YOUR SPEECH, NOT YOURSELF
KNOW YOUR SPEECH
VIEW SPEECH MAKING POSITIVELY
PRACTICE YOUR DELIVERY
REVIEW YOUR PERFORMANCE
CHAPTER 11: RESEARCHING YOUR SPEECH TOPIC AND SUPPORTING YOUR SPEECH
11a Researching Your Topic and Supporting Your Speech
Assess Your Personal Knowledge
Develop Your Research Plan
Collect Your Information
Record Your Information
Conclude Your Search
Cultural Connections — Restricted Access to Information on the Internet
11b Supporting Your Speech
Consider the Purposes of Your Supporting Materials
Consider the Types of Material Available for Your Topic
Evaluate the Validity and Strength of Your Support
Eye on Ethics — The Privacy of Public Information
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
References
Module H: INTERVIEWING
ADVANTAGES OF INTERVIEWS
PREPARING FOR THE INTERVIEW
CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW
FOLLOWING UP ON THE INTERVIEW
CHAPTER 12: ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING YOUR SPEECH
12a Organizing the Body of Your Speech
Topical Division
Chronological Division
Spatial Division
Causal Division
Pro-Con Division
Problem-Solution Division
12b Developing Your Key Ideas
Signposting the Idea
Stating the Idea
Supporting the Idea
Summarizing the Idea
Cultural Connections — Supporting Materials
12c Connecting Your Key Ideas with Transitions
Complementary Transition
Causal Transition
Contrasting Transition
Chronological Transition
12d Organizing the Introduction of Your Speech
Get the Attention of Your Audience
State Your Topic
Establish the Importance of Your Topic
Establish Your Credibility to Speak on Your Topic
Preview Your Key Ideas
Put It All Together
12e Organizing the Conclusion of Your Speech
Summarize Your Key Ideas
Activate Audience Response
Provide Closure
Put It All Together
12f Outlining Your Speech
Principles of Outlining
Stages of Outlining
Eye on Ethics — Chronemics and Public Speaking
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
Key Terms
References
CHAPTER 13: DELIVERING YOUR SPEECH AND USING PRESENTATIONAL AIDS
13a Exploring the Basics of Delivery
Methods of Delivery
Qualities of Effective Delivery
13b Examining Elements of Vocal Delivery
Rate and Pause
Volume
Pitch and Inflection
Voice Quality
Articulation and Pronunciation
13c Understanding the Elements of Physical Delivery
Appearance
Posture
Eye Contact and Facial Expression
Movement
Gestures
Cultural Connections — Delivery Styles
13d Using Presentational Aids Effectively
Plan Your Aids for Your Purpose and Audience
Create Effective Presentational Aids
Speak Effectively Using Your Presentational Aids
Eye on Ethics — Using Graphic Photographs and/or Visual Images
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
References
CHAPTER 14: INFORMATIVE SPEECHES
14a Speaking to Inform
14b Classifying Informative Speech Topics
Speeches about People
Speeches about Objects
Speeches about Places
Speeches about Activities and Events
Speeches about Processes
Speeches about Concepts
Speeches about Conditions
Speeches about Issues
14c Guidelines for Speaking to Inform
Stress Your Informative Purpose
Be Objective
Be Specific
Be Clear
Be Accurate
Limit Your Ideas and Supporting Materials
Be Relevant
Use Appropriate Organization
Use Appropriate Forms of Support
Use Effective Delivery
Eye on Ethics — Managing Bias in an Informative Speech
14d Citing Your Sources
Cultural Connections — Credibility
14e Outlining Your Informative Speech
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
References
CHAPTER 15: PERSUASIVE SPEECHES
15a Understanding the Importance of Persuasion
As a Speaker
As a Listener
15b Identifying Types of Persuasive Speeches
Speeches to Convince
Speeches to Actuate
Speeches to Inspire
15c Examining Persuasive Speaking Strategies
Establish Your Credibility
Eye on Ethics — Biased Sources: To Use or Not To Use
Focus Your Goals
Connect With Your Listeners
Organize Your Arguments
Support Your Ideas
Enhance Your Emotional Appeals
15d Using Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention
Need
Satisfaction
Visualization
Action
15e Constructing a Persuasive Argument
Argument by Example
Argument by Analogy
Argument by Cause
Argument by Deduction
Argument by Authority
15f Evaluating a Persuasive Speech
Cultural Connections
Competence Summary
Review Questions
Discussion Questions
References
Module I: SPEAKING AS A GROUP
PREPARING A GROUP PRESENTATION
DELIVERING A GROUP PRESENTATION
Module J: SPEAKING ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS
SPEECH OF INTRODUCTION
SPEECH OF PRESENTATION
ACCEPTANCE SPEECH
SPEECH OF TRIBUTE
SPEECH TO ENTERTAIN
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
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