Communication And Human Behavior

by Ruben, Brent D.; Stewart, Lea P.

• ISBN13: 9780205417902
• ISBN10: 0205417906
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-05-05
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Communication and Human Behavioroffers students a broad introduction to the study of communication which is expansive yet integrated, that links theory to practice, and that is rigorous yet readable. Neither a watered-down treatment of the subject nor a how-to text, this new edition presumes that the study of communication in human affairs is a complex phenomenon with important and far-reaching effects. Employing a thorough description of a variety of approaches and using the cohering insights of systems theory,Communication and Human Behaviorpresents to students the broad and colorful landscape of the field, outlines the history of communication study, and focuses on communication as a basic life process.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction---Definitions and Theories	2	(18)
Why Study Communication?	3	(6)
Communication Is Fundamental to Our Lives	3	(1)
Communication Is Complex	4	(1)
Communication Is Vital to Occupational Effectiveness	5	(2)
A Good Education Does Not Ensure Good Communication Competence	7	(1)
Communication Is a Popular and Vibrant Field of Study	8	(1)
Theories: Guides for Analysis and Action	9	(3)
Personal Theories	10	(1)
Scholarly Theories	11	(1)
Combining Personal and Scholarly Theories	12	(1)
Defining Communication	12	(2)
Level of Observation	13	(1)
The Question of Intent	13	(1)
Point of View	14	(1)
The Issue of Outcomes	14	(1)
Fundamentals of Communication	14	(3)
Communication Is a Process	15	(1)
Communication Is Essential for Individuals, Relationships, Groups, Organizations, and Societies	15	(1)
Communication Involves Responding to and Creating Messages and Transforming Them into Information That Can Be Used	15	(2)
Communication Involves Adapting to People and the Environment	17	(1)
Communication: A Definition	17	(1)
Goals of Communication and Human Behavior	17	(1)
Implications and Applications	18	(1)
Summary	18	(2)
The Field of Communication	20	(14)
Early Communication Study	21	(3)
Rhetoric and Speech	22	(2)
Journalism	24	(1)
The 1900s---1930s: Development of Speech and Journalism	24	(1)
The 1940s and 1950s: Interdisciplinary Growth	25	(1)
The 1960s: Integration	25	(1)
The 1970s and Early 1980s: Growth and Specialization	26	(2)
The Popularity of Communication	27	(1)
The Late 1980s and 1990s: The Information Age	28	(1)
Information As a Commodity	28	(1)
Converging Media	28	(1)
The Twenty-First Century: Communication Study Today	29	(3)
Ancient and Newly Emergent	29	(1)
Discipline and Interdisciplinary Link	29	(1)
Personal and Professional Applicability	30	(1)
Old and New Technology	30	(1)
Problem and Solution	30	(1)
Practical Skill and Fundamental Life Process	31	(1)
Implications and Applications	32	(1)
Summary	32	(2)
The Evolution of Communication Theory	34	(20)
The Evolution of an Idea	35	(3)
Origins of Communication Theory: Early Greece	36	(2)
The Twentieth Century	38	(8)
Lasswell's View of Communication	38	(1)
Shannon and Weaver's Model	39	(1)
Schramm's Models	40	(1)
Katz and Lazarsfeld's Model	41	(1)
Westley and MacLean's Model	42	(2)
Dance's Model	44	(1)
Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson's Model	45	(1)
Thayer's Model	45	(1)
Communication Theory in the Twenty-First Century	46	(2)
Reflections on the Evolution of Communication Theory	48	(2)
Paradigms and Anomalies	48	(2)
Communication Theory Today	50	(1)
Implications and Applications	50	(1)
Summary	50	(4)
Communication---A Basic Life Process	54	(16)
Communication Processes in Animals and Humans	55	(1)
Communication Modes	56	(4)
Visual Messages	56	(1)
Tactile Messages	57	(1)
Olfactory and Gustatory Messages	58	(1)
Auditory Messages	59	(1)
Basic Life Functions of Communication	60	(6)
Courtship and Mating	60	(1)
Reproduction	61	(1)
Parent--Offspring Relations and Socialization	62	(1)
Navigation	63	(1)
Self-Defense	64	(1)
Territoriality	64	(2)
Beyond S fi M fi R = E: The Adaptation Perspective	66	(1)
Implications and Applications	67	(1)
Summary	68	(2)
Fundamentals of Human Communication	70	(22)
The Communication Iceberg	71	(2)
The Visibility and Invisibility of Human Communication	71	(2)
Visible Aspects of Communication	73	(6)
People	73	(1)
Symbols	73	(4)
Technology	77	(2)
Invisible Aspects of Communication	79	(9)
Meaning	79	(1)
Learning	80	(2)
Subjectivity	82	(2)
Negotiation	84	(1)
Culture	84	(1)
Interacting Contexts and Levels	85	(1)
Self-Reference	86	(1)
Self-Reflexivity	86	(1)
Ethics	86	(2)
Inevitability	88	(1)
Implications and Applications	88	(1)
Summary	89	(3)
Information Reception	92	(32)
Selection	96	(2)
Interpretation	98	(1)
Retention--Memory	99	(4)
Short-Term and Long-Term Memory	100	(2)
Semantic and Episodic Memory	102	(1)
Receiver Influences	103	(5)
Needs	103	(1)
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values	104	(1)
Goals	104	(3)
Capability	107	(1)
Use	107	(1)
Communication Style	108	(1)
Experience and-Habit	108	(1)
Message (Information) Influences	108	(4)
Origin	108	(2)
Mode	110	(1)
Physical Characteristics	111	(1)
Organization	111	(1)
Novelty	111	(1)
Source Influences	112	(4)
Proximity	113	(2)
Physical and Social Attraction and Similarity	115	(1)
Credibility and Authoritativeness	115	(1)
Motivation and Intent	116	(1)
Delivery	116	(1)
Status, Power, and Authority	116	(1)
Technological and Environmental Influences	116	(4)
Technology	117	(1)
The Environment	118	(2)
An Active and Complex Process	120	(1)
Implications and Applications	120	(1)
Summary	121	(3)
Verbal Messages	124	(28)
Message Production	125	(2)
An Illustration	125	(2)
Encoding and Decoding	127	(1)
Process- versus Meaning-Centered Models of Communication	127	(1)
The Nature of Language	128	(2)
Physiological Factors	128	(1)
Cognitive Factors	129	(1)
Language Acquisition	130	(3)
Representation	133	(5)
Language and Reality	133	(3)
Limitations of Language for Representation	136	(2)
Conversation	138	(9)
Negotiation of Meanings	138	(1)
Rules and Rituals	139	(3)
Language and Gender	142	(2)
Content and Relationship	144	(2)
Metacommunication	146	(1)
Social and Public Communication	147	(1)
Production and Distribution of Social Realities	147	(1)
Implications and Applications	147	(2)
Summary	149	(3)
Nonverbal Messages	152	(34)
Similarities between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	155	(1)
Rule-Governed	155	(1)
Intentionality	155	(1)
Common Message Functions	156	(1)
Differences between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication	156	(3)
Awareness and Attention	156	(1)
Overt and Covert Rules	157	(1)
Control	158	(1)
Public versus Private Status	158	(1)
Hemispheric Specialization	158	(1)
Paralanguage	159	(3)
Vocalic Forms	159	(1)
Written Forms	160	(2)
The Face	162	(4)
Eye Gaze	163	(3)
Pupil Dilation	166	(1)
The Body	166	(3)
Hair	167	(1)
Physique	167	(1)
Dress and Adornment	167	(2)
Artifacts	169	(1)
Gestures---Kinesics	169	(5)
Inherited, Discovered, Imitated, and Trained Actions	170	(1)
Origins of Gestures	170	(1)
Types of Gestures	171	(3)
Touch---Haptics	174	(1)
Space---Proxemics	175	(4)
The Physical Environment	176	(3)
Time---Chronemics	179	(2)
Timing	180	(1)
Timeliness	180	(1)
Messages and Meanings: MS ,, MR	181	(1)
Implications and Applications	182	(1)
Summary	182	(4)
Media	186	(28)
The Tool-Making Animal	188	(1)
Media and Their Functions	188	(1)
Production and Distribution	189	(1)
Reception, Storage, and Retrieval	189	(1)
Types of Media	189	(3)
Evolution of Communication Media: From Smoke Signals to the Internet	192	(3)
Impact of Media on Contemporary Life	195	(1)
Technological Convergence	196	(7)
Increasing Number of Messages and Media	199	(2)
Substituting Communication for Transportation	201	(1)
Evolving Concepts of Office and Home	201	(1)
Increasing Value of Information as a Commodity	202	(1)
Increasing Availability of Synthetic Experience	203	(1)
The International Scene	203	(1)
Media Characteristics	203	(4)
Asynchronous--Synchronous	203	(2)
Low Interactivity--High Interactivity	205	(1)
Low Social Presence--High Social Presence	206	(1)
Mediated Communication: A Mixed Blessing	207	(2)
Limited Communication Modes	207	(1)
Decreased Control	208	(1)
Anonymity and Depersonalization	208	(1)
Decreased Responsibility and Accountability	209	(1)
Decreased Sense of Place	209	(1)
Media and the Quality of Life	209	(2)
Media Forms	209	(1)
Media Functions	210	(1)
Implications and Applications	211	(1)
Summary	211	(3)
The Individual	214	(28)
Reaction, Action, and Interaction	215	(1)
Interpretation	216	(3)
Cognitive Development	219	(9)
Learning	220	(2)
Mediated Communication and Development	222	(1)
Characteristics of Personal Representations	223	(5)
Self-Development	228	(4)
Stress and Growth	229	(3)
Self-Expression	232	(4)
Emotional Intelligence	235	(1)
Self Awareness	236	(3)
Self-Reflexiveness and Self-Monitoring	236	(2)
Self-Talk	238	(1)
Implications and Applications	239	(1)
Summary	239	(3)
Relationships	242	(28)
Interpersonal Communication and Relationships	244	(2)
Types of Relationships	246	(9)
Dyadic and Triadic Relationships	246	(2)
Task and Social Relationships	248	(1)
Short- and Long-Term Relationships	248	(1)
Casual and Intimate Relationships	249	(3)
Dating, Love, and Marital Relationships	252	(1)
Family Relationships	253	(2)
The Evolution of Relationships	255	(5)
Stage One: Initiation	255	(1)
Stage Two: Exploration	256	(1)
Stage Three: Intensification	257	(1)
Stage Four: Formalization	258	(1)
Stage Five: Redefinition	258	(1)
Stage Six: Deterioration	259	(1)
Relational Patterns	260	(3)
Supportive and Defensive Climates	261	(1)
Dependencies and Counterdependencies	261	(1)
Progressive and Regressive Spirals	262	(1)
Factors That Influence Patterns	263	(2)
Stage of Relationship and Context	263	(1)
Interpersonal Needs and Styles	264	(1)
Power	265	(1)
Conflict	265	(1)
Implications and Applications	265	(2)
Summary	267	(3)
Groups	270	(24)
Groups: Fiction and Fact	272	(1)
Why People Join Groups	273	(1)
Types of Groups	273	(2)
Task and Social Dimensions: Productivity and Morale	273	(2)
Contrived and Emergent Groups	275	(1)
Group Development	275	(2)
Group Communication Networks	275	(1)
Stages of Development	275	(2)
Group Culture: Symbols, Rules, and Codes	277	(2)
Decision Making	279	(2)
Consensus	279	(1)
Compromise	280	(1)
Majority Vote	280	(1)
Decision by Leader	280	(1)
Arbitration	280	(1)
Roles and Responsibilities	281	(2)
Task-Oriented Roles	281	(1)
Group-Building and Support Roles	282	(1)
Individualistic Roles	282	(1)
Leadership	283	(4)
Functions of Leadership	283	(1)
Approaches to Leadership	284	(1)
Follower and Member Issues	285	(2)
Cohesiveness	287	(1)
Symptoms of Too Little Cohesiveness: Boredom and Indifference	287	(1)
Symptoms of Too Much Cohesiveness: The Groupthink Syndrome	287	(1)
Conflict in Groups	288	(1)
Mediated Groups	289	(1)
Implications and Applications	290	(2)
Summary	292	(2)
Organizations	294	(30)
Communication and Organizations	295	(1)
Organizational Goals	296	(1)
Roles and Responsibilities	296	(2)
Management Functions	298	(1)
Organizational Theories	299	(9)
Scientific Management	299	(1)
Human Relations	299	(1)
Systems	300	(1)
Quality	301	(7)
Communication Networks	308	(6)
Network Functions	308	(1)
Network Size	308	(1)
Internal Networks: Message Flows within Organizations	309	(2)
External Networks: Relating to Other Organizations and Publics	311	(1)
Mediated Communication Networks	312	(1)
Organizational Communication Networks in Action	312	(2)
Organizational Culture	314	(3)
Origins of Organizational Cultures	315	(1)
Functions of Organizational Cultures	316	(1)
Assimilation, Socialization, and Innovation in Organizations	317	(1)
Organizational Climate	317	(1)
Organizational Diversity	318	(1)
Implications and Applications	319	(1)
Summary	320	(4)
Cultures and Societies	324	(30)
The Nature of Culture	326	(1)
The Relationship between Communication and Culture	327	(2)
Characteristics of Culture	329	(10)
Cultures Are Complex and Multifaceted	330	(4)
Cultures Are Invisible	334	(2)
Cultures Are Subjective	336	(2)
Cultures Change over Time	338	(1)
A Word of Caution	338	(1)
The Role of Mediated Communication	339	(1)
Cultural Adaptation	340	(3)
Stages of Cultural Adaptation	342	(1)
Intercultural Communication	343	(1)
Societies---Complex Cultural and Communication Systems	344	(2)
National and International Networks	345	(1)
International Communication: The Global Village---Fact or Fiction	346	(2)
Complexities Abound	347	(1)
Implications and Applications	348	(2)
Summary	350	(4)
Public and Mass Communication	354	(25)
What Is Public and Mass Communication?	356	(1)
The Role of Public and Mass Communication	357	(1)
Understanding Public Communication	358	(7)
The Speech	358	(1)
The Presentation	359	(6)
Understanding Mass Communication	365	(8)
Production, Distribution, and Consumption	365	(2)
Information Products and Services	367	(1)
The Audience	367	(1)
Four Basic Functions of Mass Communication	367	(1)
Broader Functions of Mass Communication	368	(5)
The Effects of Public and Mass Communication	373	(2)
The Communicator/Producer Perspective	373	(1)
The Audience/Consumer Perspective	373	(1)
Uses and Gratifications	373	(1)
Integrating Perspectives	374	(1)
Implications and Applications	375	(1)
Summary	376	(3)
Index	379