Communications Law Liberties, Restraints, and the Modern Media

by Zelezny, John D.

• ISBN13: 9780495050292
• ISBN10: 0495050296
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-05-15
• Publisher: NELSON

Summary

The new edition of COMMUNICATIONS LAW continues with the reviewer-praised readability, coverage of core topics, and currency that have been its consistent strengths. The author's interesting, hypothetical exercises have been a favorite among both professors and students. As in previous editions, the Fifth Edition includes a thorough update of cases and information to keep the text current.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
CHAPTER ONE The U.S. Legal System	1	(32)
Studying the Law	1	(3)
Sources of Law	4	(7)
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW	4	(2)
STATUTORY LAW	6	(1)
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW	7	(1)
CASE LAW	8	(3)
Other Ways to Categorize Law	11	(2)
CIVIL LAW VERSUS CRIMINAL LAW	11	(1)
CONTRACTS VERSUS TORTS	12	(1)
Court Systems and Jurisdiction	13	(11)
FEDERAL JURISDICTION	14	(4)
STATE JURISDICTION	18	(2)
SPECIAL PROBLEM: CYBERSPACE	20	(4)
The Judicial Process	24	(6)
JUSTICIABLE: CONTROVERSY	24	(1)
PRETRIAL PROCEDURE	24	(2)
TRIAL PROCEDURE	26	(2)
APPELLATE PROCEDURE	28	(1)
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS	29	(1)
Summary Points	30	(1)
Discussion Questions	31	(1)
Key Terms	31	(2)
CHAPTER TWO The first Amendment	33	(48)
Background: A Short History of Free Speech	33	(4)
Reasons for Freedom of Speech	37	(2)
SOCIAL REASONS	37	(1)
INDIVIDUALISTIC REASONS	38	(1)
REBUTTAL	39	(1)
Adoption of the First Amendment	39	(2)
Nature of the Guarantee	41	(4)
LIBERTY VERSUS GOVERNMENT POWER	41	(1)
EXPRESSION VERSUS CONDUCT	42	(2)
GATHERING AND DISTRIBUTING	44	(1)
Suspect Restrictions	45	(12)
PRIOR RESTRAINTS	45	(3)
PUNISHMENT AFTER THE FACT	48	(2)
FINANCIAL BURDENS	50	(2)
COMPELLED SPEECH	52	(3)
TIME, PLACE AND MANNER RESTRICTIONS	55	(2)
Resolving Conflicts	57	(9)
RIGHTS NOT ABSOLUTE	57	(1)
UNPROTECTED SPEECH	58	(3)
THE BALANCING APPROACH	61	(5)
Special Problem: Government Facilities and Media	66	(4)
THE FORUM THEORY	67	(1)
THE STUDENT PRESS	68	(2)
Special Problem: Corporate Speech	70	(7)
PROTECTING INVESTMENT MARKETS	71	(3)
PROTECTING THE POLITICAL PROCESS	74	(3)
Waiver of Free Speech Rights	77	(1)
Summary Points	78	(1)
Discussion Questions	79	(1)
Key Terms	80	(1)
CHAPTER THREE Risks to Public Safety	81	(28)
When to Censor?	81	(2)
Law and Order	83	(5)
CLEAR AND PRESENT DANGER	84	(2)
THE INCITEMENT STANDARD	86	(2)
National Security	88	(5)
THE PENTAGON PAPERS CASE	89	(1)
THE H-BOMB CASE	90	(2)
WARTIME ACCESS RESTRICTIONS	92	(1)
Personal Injury	93	(13)
NEGLIGENCE VERSUS INCITEMENT	93	(1)
HARM THROUGH IMITATION	94	(4)
HARM FROM ADVICE OR INSTRUCTIONS	98	(5)
HARM THROUGH ADVERTISING	103	(3)
Summary Points	106	(2)
Discussion Questions 107 Key Terms	108	(1)
CHAPTER FOUR Damage to Reputation	109	(76)
Evolution of Defamation Law	109	(5)
DEVELOPMENT BY THE STATES	111	(2)
THE CONSTITUTION INTERVENES	113	(1)
INGREDIENTS FOR A LAWSUIT	113	(1)
Defamatory Content	114	(8)
THE MEANING OF DEFAMATORY	114	(4)
INTERPRETING THE STATEMENTS	118	(3)
THOUGHTS, NOT MERE WORDS	121	(1)
Falsity	122	(5)
BURDEN OF PROOF	122	(1)
HOW FALSE MUST IT BE?	123	(1)
SPECIAL PROBLEM FACT VERSUS OPINION	124	(3)
Publication	127	(1)
Identification	128	(2)
SPECIAL PROBLEM: GROUP DEFAMATION	129	(1)
Fault	130	(15)
NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. SULLIVAN	131	(2)
THE MEANING OF ACTUAL MALICE	133	(4)
GERTZ AND THE NEGLIGENCE STANDARD	137	(2)
CATEGORIZING THE PLAINTIFF	139	(6)
Harm to Plaintiff	145	(3)
AWARDING DAMAGES	146	(1)
LIMITS OF DAMAGES	147	(1)
MATTERS OF PRIVATE CONCERN	147	(1)
Privileges, Defenses, and Other Protections	148	(8)
REPORTS OF OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS	149	(2)
NEUTRAL REPORTING	151	(1)
THE WIRE SERVICE DEFENSE	152	(1)
RETRACTIONS	152	(2)
SUMMARY JUDGMENT	154	(1)
COUNTERATTACKS BY THE MEDIA	155	(1)
ANTI-SLAPP STATUTES	155	(1)
LIBEL INSURANCE	156	(1)
STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS	156	(1)
Defamation in Cyberspace	156	(5)
ISP LIABILITY	157	(2)
USER LIABILITY	159	(2)
Libel Reform Efforts	161	(2)
REASONS FOR CHANGE	161	(1)
THE UNIFORM CORRECTION ACT	162	(1)
Summary Points	163	(1)
Discussion Questions	164	(1)
Key Terms	164	(21)
CHAPTER FIVE Invasion of Privacy	185	(29)
Origins of Privacy Law	165	(3)
FOUR DISTINCT TORTS	167	(1)
Appropriation	168	(10)
COMMERCIAL USE	168	(4)
NAME OR LIKENESS	172	(2)
CONSENT	174	(2)
SPECIAL PROBLEM: DECEASED CELEBRITIES	176	(1)
FIRST AMENDMENT ISSUES	177	(1)
Disclosure of Private Facts	178	(9)
THE PRIVATE FACTS STANDARD	178	(3)
THE HIGHLY OFFENSIVE DISCLOSURE STANDARD	181	(1)
THE NEWSWORTHINESS STANDARD	181	(6)
False Light	187	(4)
FALSE LIGHT SITUATIONS	189	(1)
THE ELEMENTS AND PRIVILEGES	190	(1)
Intrusion	191	(7)
EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY	191	(2)
OFFENSIVENESS	193	(2)
USE OF SUBTERFUGE	195	(3)
PUBLIC PLACES	198	(1)
Companion Torts	198	(6)
FRAUD	199	(1)
EMOTIONAL DISTRESS	200	(3)
TRESPASS	203	(1)
Criminal Statutes	204	(3)
PHOTO STALKING	204	(1)
IDENTITY BETRAYAL	204	(1)
WIRETAPPING	205	(2)
Privacy in Cyberspace	207	(4)
E-MAIL AND WEBSITES	208	(2)
DATA COLLECTION	210	(1)
Summary Points	211	(2)
Discussion Questions	213	(1)
Key Terms	213	(1)
CHAPTER SIX Access to Places and Information	214	(35)
Access to Places	214	(9)
TRESPASS ON PRIVATE PROPERTY	216	(5)
ACCIDENT, CRIME, AND DISASTER SCENES	221	(1)
POLLING PLACES	222	(1)
GOVERNMENT PROPERTY	222	(1)
Government Proceedings	223	(5)
STATE OPEN MEETING LAWS	224	(3)
THE FEDERAL STATUTE	227	(1)
Government Records	228	(15)
THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT	228	(13)
STATE OPEN RECORDS LAWS	241	(2)
Selective Access by Government	243	(3)
Summary Points	246	(1)
Discussion Questions	247	(1)
Key Terms	248	(1)
CHAPTER SEVEN Media and the Justice System	249	(47)
Media and Courts: A Unique Relationship	249	(2)
The Quest for Fair Trials	251	(8)
THE SIXTH AMENDMENT GUARANTEE	252	(1)
THE FIRST AMENDMENT CONFLICT	252	(1)
WARNINGS FROM THE SUPREME COURT	253	(4)
THE TRUE EFFECT OF PUBLICITY	257	(1)
THE AFTERMATH OF SHEPPARD	258	(1)
Gag Orders and the First Amendment	259	(7)
GAGGING THE MEDIA	259	(5)
GAGGING TRIAL PARTICIPANTS	264	(2)
Access to Proceedings	266	(15)
CRIMINAL TRIALS	266	(4)
PRETRIAL PROCEEDINGS	270	(1)
EXECUTIONS	271	(1)
CIVIL PROCEEDINGS	272	(1)
DEPORTATION HEARINGS	273	(1)
SPECIAL PROBLEM: CAMERAS IN THE COURTROOM	274	(3)
SPECIAL PROBLEM JUVENILE COURT	277	(1)
ETHICS AND ETIQUETTE OF COURT COVERAGE	278	(1)
ACCESS TO EVIDENCE AND RECORDS	278	(3)
Keeping Media Secrets	281	(11)
FORCED DISCLOSURE AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT	283	(4)
STATE SHIELD LAWS	287	(3)
LEGAL OBLIGATION TO SOURCES	290	(1)
POLICE SEARCHES	291	(1)
Contempt of Court	292	(2)
THE PENALTIES FOR CONTEMPT	292	(2)
Summary Points	294	(1)
Discussion Questions	295	(1)
Key Terms	295	(1)
CHAPTER EIGHT Creative Property	296	(55)
A Special Kind of Property	298	(1)
Copyright	298	(25)
PROTECTED WORKS	299	(5)
OWNERSHIP	304	(6)
FORMALITIES	310	(2)
INFRINGEMENT	312	(2)
LICENSING AGREEMENTS	314	(3)
MUSIC LICENSING	317	(4)
SPECIAL PROBLEM: CABLE RETRANSMISSIONS	321	(1)
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION	322	(1)
The Fair Use Defense	323	(8)
APPLYING THE FACTORS	324	(6)
FREEDOM FOR PARODY	330	(1)
Copyrights in Cyberspace	331	(5)
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS IN A DIGITAL WORLD	332	(1)
DMCA IMMUNITY	333	(1)
PEER-TO-PEER PIRACY	333	(3)
Trademarks	336	(10)
CREATION OF TRADEMARKS	337	(2)
TRADEMARK REGISTRATION	339	(1)
INFRINGEMENT	340	(2)
DILUTION	342	(1)
TRADEMARKS AND DOMAIN NAMES	343	(3)
Unfair Competition	346	(2)
Summary Points	348	(1)
Discussion Questions	349	(1)
Key Terms	350	(1)
CHAPTER NINE The FCC and Broadcast Licensing	351	(35)
Controlling Electronic Media	351	(2)
The Rudiments of Broadcast Regulation	353	(8)
USE OF THE SPECTRUM	353	(2)
THE COMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1934	355	(1)
LIMITED FIRST AMENDMENT STATUS	356	(5)
The FCC	361	(3)
JURISDICTION AND POWERS	362	(1)
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE	363	(1)
Station Licensing	364	(20)
THE INITIAL LICENSE	365	(7)
LICENSE RENEWALS	372	(3)
TRANSFER OF LICENSES	375	(1)
OWNERSHIP LIMITATIONS	376	(4)
CONTRAST: CABLE FRANCHISING	380	(1)
EEO RULES	381	(3)
Summary Points	384	(1)
Discussion Questions	384	(1)
Key Terms	385	(1)
CHAPTER TEN Electronic Media Content	386	(29)
Controls on Free Expression	386	(2)
Broadcast Content Controls	388	(15)
POLITICAL BROADCASTING	388	(8)
THE FAIRNESS DOCTRINE SAGA	396	(2)
CHILDREN'S TELEVISION	398	(2)
OTHER BROADCAST CONTENT CONTROLS	400	(3)
Cable Television Controls	403	(9)
FIRST AIVIENDMEN STATUS	403	(2)
THE CABLE ACTS	405	(2)
ACCESS CHANNELS	407	(1)
MUST-CARRY	408	(3)
OTHER CABLE CONTENT CONTROLS	411	(1)
Direct Broadcast Satellite	412	(1)
Summary Points	413	(1)
Discussion Questions	414	(1)
Key Terms	414	(1)
CHAPTER ELEVEN Obscenity and Indecency	415	(40)
A Touchy Subject	415	(5)
HISTORY OF PORNOGRAPHY	418	(1)
EARLY AMERICAN OBSCENITY LAW	419	(1)
Obscenity and the Constitution	420	(2)
THE RATIONALE FOR CONTROLS	421	(1)
THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSIONS	421	(1)
Defining Obscenity	422	(6)
PRURIENT INTEREST	423	(1)
PATENT OFFENSIVENESS	424	(1)
LACK OF SERIOUS VALUE	425	(2)
EXCEPTION: CHILD PORNOGRAPHY	427	(1)
Attacking Obscenity	428	(7)
STATE STATUES	428	(3)
FEDERAL STATUTES	431	(1)
THE KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENT	432	(1)
PRIVATE POSSESSION	433	(1)
PRIOR RESTRAINT	434	(1)
Curbing Nonobscene Material	435	(5)
POSTAL CONTROLS	435	(1)
LOCAL ZONING	436	(2)
FUNDING CONDITIONS	438	(1)
WOMEN'S RIGHTS	439	(1)
Indecency	440	(12)
THE PUBLIC AIRWAVES	440	(5)
CABLE TV	445	(4)
TELEPHONE	449	(1)
THE INTERNET	450	(2)
Summary Points	452	(1)
Discussion Questions	453	(1)
Key Terms	454	(1)
CHAPTER TWELVE Commercial Speech	455	(41)
Seller Beware?	457	(1)
Commercial Speech and the First Amendment	458	(11)
THE RISE TO PROTECTION	458	(2)
THE CENTRAL HUDSON TEST	460	(4)
AD BANS FOR DISFAVORED PRODUCTS	464	(4)
REQUIRED DISCLOSURES	468	(1)
Deceptive Ads and the FTC	469	(15)
AUTHORITY OF THE FTC	469	(3)
DECEPTION: THE BASIC ELEMENTS	472	(5)
PRIOR SUBSTANTIATION	477	(2)
FTC RULES AND GUIDES	479	(3)
FTC ENFORCEMENT DEVICES	482	(2)
DECEPTION ON THE NET	484	(1)
Lanham Act Lawsuits	484	(4)
ELEMENTS OF A CLAIM	485	(1)
SAMPLE CASES	486	(1)
PLAINTIFF'S REMEDIES	487	(1)
State Advertising Laws	488	(2)
GOVERNMENT PROSECUTION	488	(1)
PRIVATE LAWSUITS	489	(1)
FEDERAL PREEMPTION	489	(1)
Special Problems of the Internet	490	(2)
SPAMMING	491	(1)
TRAFFIC DIVERSION	491	(1)
Liability for Illegal Ads	492	(1)
Rejection of Advertising	492	(1)
Summary Points	493	(1)
Discussion Questions	494	(1)
Key Terms	495	(1)
Glossary	496	(16)
Web Resources	512	(6)
Notes	518	(11)
Case Index	529	(2)
Subject Index	531