Community and Public Health Nursing

by Stanhope & Lancaster

• ISBN13: 9780323022408
• ISBN10: 0323022405
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2003-10-29
• Publisher: Elsevier (Manual)

Summary

Considered by many as the standard for community health nursing, Community and Public Health Nursing continues to provide student and practicing nurses with a foundation of community and public health nursing concepts and interventions for individuals, families, and communities. The new edition of this popular text integrates health promotion and disease prevention concepts into the multifaceted role of population-focused, community-oriented nursing practice. Instructor resources are available; please contact your Elsevier sales representative for details. Unique! Emphasizes three significant community health initiatives with separate chapters on: 1) the Healthy Cities program, 2) nursing centers, and 3) an integrative model for community health promotion. Unique! Provides the Canadian perspective on community health issues and practices through special boxes written by Canadian community and public health nurses. Highlights important chapter concepts and terminology with consistent pedagogy of Learning Objectives, Key Terms, Chapter Outline, and Key Points. Promotes critical-thinking and problem-solving skills with Clinical Decision-Making Activities. Emphasizes clinical considerations for nursing practice in How To... boxes and Nursing Tips. Presents "real-life" community client scenarios with Practice Application questions and answers. Highlights recent research findings and their application to community and public health nursing practice in Evidence-Based Practice features. Expands chapter content through Did You Know? and What Do You Think? features. Offers a glossary with complete definitions of all key terms and other important concepts. Provides numerous appendixes with additional resources and key information, such as screening and assessment tools and clinical practice guidelines. Healthy People 2010 boxes contain objectives and data related to the practice of community and public health nursing using the most recent version of this federal government health promotion initiative. Expanded coverage of community and public health nursing interventions at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention help students understand applications to individuals, families, and communities. Cutting Edge boxes highlight significant and controversial issues in community health. Increased coverage of terrorist, chemical, and biological attacks highlight the community and public health nurse's role in disaster management in the context of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Additional Resources boxes provide specific links between chapter content and resources listed in the book's Appendix and on the Evolve web site.

Author Biography

Marcia Stanhope, RN, DSN, FAAN, c: Professor and Associate Dean College of Nursing University of Kentucky Jeanette Lancaster, RN, PhD, FAAN: Dean and Sadie Heath Cabaniss Professor School of Nursing University of Virginia

Table of Contents

Part 1 Perspectives in Health Care and Community-Oriented Nursing	1	(95)
Community-Oriented Population-Focused Practice: The Foundation of Specialization in Public Health Nursing	2	(20)
Public Health Practice: The Foundation for Healthy Populations and Communities	3	(5)
Public Health Nursing as a Field of Practice: An Area of Specialization	8	(5)
Public Health Nursing and Community Health Nursing Versus Community-Based Nursing	13	(2)
Roles in Public Health Nursing	15	(3)
Challenges for the Future	18	(4)
History of Public Health and Public and Community Health Nursing	22	(28)
Change and Continuity	22	(2)
Historical Measures to Provide for the Public's Health	24	(1)
America's Colonial Period and the New Republic	24	(1)
Nightingale and the Origins of Trained Nursing	25	(1)
America Needs Trained Nurses	26	(3)
School Nursing in America	29	(1)
The Profession Comes of Age	30	(1)
Public Health Nursing in Official Health Agencies	30	(1)
World War I and the Importance of Public Health Nursing	31	(1)
Paying the Bill for Community and Public Health Nurses	31	(1)
Efforts to Shape Public Policy	31	(1)
African-American Nurses in Public Health Nursing	32	(1)
Between the Two World Wars: Economic Depression and the Rise of Hospitals	33	(1)
Increasing Federal Action for the Public's Health	34	(1)
World War II: Extension and Retrenchment in Community and Public Health Nursing	35	(1)
The Rise of Chronic Illness	36	(3)
Failure of Financing for Community-Oriented Nursing	39	(1)
Consolidation of National Nursing Organizations	39	(1)
Professional Nursing Education for Public Health Nursing	39	(2)
New Forms of Payment for Community-Oriented Nursing	41	(1)
Community Organization and Professional Change	41	(1)
Community and Public Health Nursing from the 1970s to the Present	41	(3)
Community and Public Health Nursing Today	44	(6)
Public Health and Primary Health Care Systems and Health Care Transformation	50	(22)
Current Health Care System in the United States	51	(2)
Trends Affecting the Health Care System	53	(2)
Organization of the Health Care System	55	(9)
Transformation of the Health Care System	64	(1)
A Comprehensive Model: Integration of Public Health and Primary Care	65	(7)
Perspectives on International Health Care	72	(24)
Overview of International Health	72	(4)
The Role of Population Health	76	(1)
Primary Health Care	77	(1)
Nursing and International Health	78	(1)
Major International Health Organizations	78	(3)
International Health and Economic Development	81	(2)
Health Care Systems	83	(3)
Major World Health Problems and the Burden of Disease	86	(10)
Part 2 Influences on Health Care Delivery and Community-Oriented Nursing	96	(96)
Economics of Health Care Delivery	98	(32)
Principles of Economics	99	(4)
The Context of the U.S. Health System	103	(3)
Trends in Health Care Spending	106	(1)
Factors Influencing Health Care Costs	107	(4)
Financing of Health Care	111	(10)
Health Care Payment Systems	121	(1)
Other Factors Affecting Resource Allocation in Health Care	122	(2)
Primary Prevention	124	(1)
Economics and the Future of Community-Oriented Nursing Practice	125	(5)
Ethics in Community-Oriented Nursing Practice	130	(18)
History	131	(1)
Key Ethical Terms	132	(1)
Ethical Decision Making	132	(2)
Ethics	134	(5)
Ethics and the Core Functions of Community-Oriented Nursing	139	(1)
Nursing Code of Ethics	140	(3)
Public Health Code of Ethics	143	(1)
Advocacy and Ethics	143	(5)
Cultural Diversity and Community-Oriented Nursing Practice	148	(22)
Immigrant Health Issues	149	(3)
Culture, Race, and Ethnicity	152	(1)
Cultural Competence	153	(5)
Inhibitors to Developing Cultural Competence	158	(2)
Cultural Nursing Assessment	160	(1)
Variations Among Cultural Groups	161	(5)
Culture and Nutrition	166	(1)
Culture and Socioeconomic Status	166	(4)
Government, the Law, and Policy Activism	170	(22)
Structure of Government in the United States	171	(3)
Healthy People 2010: An Example of National Health Policy Guidance	174	(1)
Organizations and Agencies That Influence Community Health	175	(3)
Impact of Government Health Functions and Structures on Nursing	178	(1)
The Law and Community-Oriented Nursing	179	(1)
Nursing Practice and Law	180	(1)
Special Community Health Practice Issues and the Law	181	(3)
The Nurse's Role in the Policy Process	184	(8)
Part 3 Conceptual and Scientific Frameworks Applied to Community-Oriented Nursing Practice	192	(148)
Organizing Frameworks Applied to Community-Oriented Nursing	194	(26)
Developing a Conceptual--Theoretical--Empirical Structure	195	(1)
Using Conceptual Models	196	(1)
Systems Models in Community-Oriented Nursing	197	(1)
Neuman Systems Model	198	(8)
Omaha System	206	(6)
Merging of the Neuman Systems Model and the Omaha System	212	(8)
Environmental Health	220	(28)
Healthy People 2010 Objectives for Environmental Health	222	(1)
Historical Context	222	(2)
Environmental Health Sciences	224	(4)
Assessment	228	(8)
Precautionary Principle	236	(1)
Reducing Environmental Health Risks	237	(6)
Advocacy	243	(1)
Referral Resources	244	(1)
Roles for Nurses in Environmental Health	244	(4)
Epidemiology	248	(36)
Definitions of Health	249	(1)
Definitions and Descriptions of Epidemiology	250	(1)
Historical Perspectives	251	(4)
Basic Concepts in Epidemiology	255	(10)
Screening	265	(2)
Basic Methods in Epidemiology	267	(2)
Descriptive Epidemiology	269	(2)
Analytic Epidemiology	271	(4)
Experimental Studies	275	(1)
Causality	276	(2)
Applications of Epidemiology in Community-Oriented Nursing	278	(6)
Evidence-Based Practice	284	(10)
History of Evidence-Based Practice	284	(1)
Definitions	285	(1)
Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing	286	(1)
Barriers to Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing	286	(1)
Current Perspectives	287	(1)
Future Perspectives	288	(1)
Year 2010 National Healthy People Objectives	288	(2)
Evidence-Based Practice Nursing Application	290	(1)
Nursing Interventions Related to the Core Public Health Functions	291	(3)
Community Health Education: Theories, Models, and Principles	294	(24)
Healthy People 2010 Educational Objectives	296	(2)
Education and Learning	298	(1)
Philosophical Perspectives of Learning	298	(1)
Theories of Learning	298	(2)
Educational Principles	300	(6)
Educational Issues	306	(4)
The Educational Process	310	(3)
The Educational Product	313	(5)
Integrating Multilevel Approaches to Promote Community Health	318	(22)
Shifting the Emphasis From Illness and Disease Management to Wellness	319	(3)
Historical Perspectives, Definitions, and Methods	322	(9)
Application to Community-Oriented Nursing	331	(9)
Part 4 Issues and Approaches in Community-Oriented Health Care	340	(220)
Community as Client: Assessment and Analysis	342	(32)
Community Defined	342	(2)
Community as Client	344	(2)
Goals and Means of Community-Oriented Practice	346	(6)
Community-Focused Nursing Process: An Overview of the Process From Assessment to Evaluation	352	(18)
Personal Safety in Community Practice	370	(4)
Community and Public Health Nursing in Rural and Urban Environments	374	(22)
Historical Overview	374	(1)
Definition of Terms	375	(2)
Current Perspectives	377	(7)
Rural Health Care Delivery Issues and Barriers to Care	384	(1)
Nursing Care in Rural Environments	385	(4)
Future Perspectives	389	(2)
Building Professional--Community--Client Partnerships in Rural Settings	391	(5)
Health Promotion Through Healthy Communities and Cities	396	(16)
History of the Healthy Communities and Cities Movement	397	(1)
Definition of Terms	398	(1)
Models of Community Practice	399	(2)
Healthy Communities and Cities	401	(5)
Future of the Healthy Communities and Cities Movement	406	(1)
Implications for Community-Oriented Nursing	407	(1)
Healthy People 2010	408	(4)
The Nursing Center: A Model for Community-Oriented Nursing Practice	412	(34)
What are Nursing Centers?	413	(1)
Types of Nursing Centers	414	(5)
Foundations for Nursing Center Development	419	(5)
The Nursing Center Team	424	(6)
The Business Side of Nursing Centers	430	(4)
Evidence-Based Practice: Outcome Data	434	(2)
Education and Research	436	(2)
Positioning Nursing Centers for the Future	438	(8)
Case Management	446	(24)
Definitions	447	(1)
Concepts of Case Management	448	(7)
Public Health and Community-Based Examples of Case Management	455	(1)
Essential Skills for Case Managers	456	(6)
Issues in Case Management	462	(8)
Disaster Management	470	(20)
Disasters	470	(2)
Three Stages of Disaster Involvement: Preparedness, Response, and Recovery	472	(18)
Program Management	490	(26)
Definitions and Goals	491	(1)
Historical Overview of Health Care Planning and Evaluation	492	(1)
Benefits of Program Planning	493	(1)
Assessment of Need	494	(1)
Planning Process	495	(3)
Program Evaluation	498	(7)
Advanced Planning Methods and Evaluation Models	505	(5)
Cost Studies Applied to Program Management	510	(2)
Program Funding	512	(4)
Quality Management	516	(24)
Definitions and Goals	519	(1)
Historical Development	520	(1)
Approaches to Quality Improvement	521	(3)
TQM/CQI in Community and Public Health Settings	524	(6)
Client Satisfaction	530	(1)
Model QA/QI Program	531	(3)
Records	534	(6)
Group Approaches to Practice	540	(20)
Group Concepts	541	(6)
Promoting the Health of Individuals Through Group Work	547	(7)
Community Groups and Their Contribution to Community Life	554	(1)
Working With Groups Toward Community Health Goals	555	(5)
Part 5 Health Promotion With Target Populations Across the Life Span	560	(184)
Family Development and Family Nursing Assessment	562	(32)
Challenges for Community-Oriented Nurses Working With Families	563	(2)
Family Demographics	565	(3)
Definition of Family	568	(1)
Family Health	569	(4)
Four Approaches to Family Nursing	573	(1)
Theoretical Frameworks for Family Nursing	573	(5)
Working With Families for Healthy Outcomes	578	(4)
Barriers to Practicing Family Nursing	582	(1)
Family Nursing Assessment	583	(3)
Social and Family Policy Changes	586	(8)
Family Health Risks	594	(22)
Early Approaches to Family Health Risks	596	(1)
Concepts in Family Health Risk	596	(3)
Major Family Health Risks and Nursing Interventions	599	(8)
Community-Oriented Nursing Approaches to Family Health Risk Reduction	607	(6)
Community Resources	613	(3)
Child and Adolescent Health	616	(36)
Status of Children	616	(1)
Child Development	617	(9)
Nutrition	626	(4)
Immunizations	630	(2)
Major Health Problems	632	(9)
Current Issues	641	(3)
Models for Delivery of Health Care to Vulnerable Populations	644	(1)
Progress Toward Child Health: National Health Objectives	645	(1)
Role of the Community-Oriented Nurse in Child and Adolescent Health	645	(7)
Women's Health	652	(28)
Definitions	652	(1)
Historical Perspectives on Women's Health	653	(1)
Health Policy and Legislation	654	(1)
Health	655	(2)
Women's Health Concerns	657	(10)
HIV, AIDS	667	(2)
Health Disparities Among Special Groups of Women	669	(3)
Complementary and Alternative Therapies	672	(1)
U.S. Preventive Services Recommendations	673	(7)
Men's Health	680	(20)
How Men Define Health	680	(1)
The Health Status of Men in the United States	681	(1)
Male Development	682	(1)
Men's Health and Mortality	683	(3)
Gender Differences	686	(1)
Cultural Differences	687	(1)
Leading Causes of Men's Deaths	687	(7)
Men's Health Practices in Everyday Life	694	(1)
The Community-Oriented Nurse's Role in Men's Health	694	(6)
Health of Older Adults	700	(20)
Demographics	700	(3)
Definitions	703	(1)
Theories of Aging	703	(1)
Multidimensional Influences on Aging	704	(2)
Components of a Comprehensive Health Assessment	706	(1)
Chronic Health Concerns of Older Adults in the Community	707	(3)
Community-Based Models for Gerontological Nursing	710	(4)
Role Opportunities for Nurses: Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Wellness	714	(6)
The Physically Compromised	720	(24)
Definitions and Concepts	720	(2)
Scope of the Problem	722	(2)
Effects of being Physically Compromised	724	(5)
Special Populations	729	(1)
Selected Issues	730	(3)
Healthy People 2010 Objectives	733	(1)
Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities	734	(1)
Role of the Nurse	735	(1)
Legislation	736	(8)
Part 6 Vulnerability: Community-Oriented Nursing Issues for the Twenty-first Century	744	(216)
Vulnerability and Vulnerable Populations: An Overview	746	(28)
Perspectives on Vulnerability	746	(5)
Public Policies Affecting Vulnerable Populations	751	(2)
Factors Contributing to Vulnerability	753	(7)
Outcomes of Vulnerability	760	(1)
Community-Oriented Nursing Approaches to Care	760	(1)
Assessment Issues	761	(2)
Planning and Implementing Care for Vulnerable Populations	763	(6)
Evaluation of Nursing Interventions with Vulnerable Populations	769	(5)
Poverty and Homelessness	774	(20)
Concept of Poverty	775	(1)
Defining and Understanding Poverty	776	(2)
Poverty and Health: Effects Across the Life Span	778	(5)
Understanding the Concept of Homelessness	783	(2)
Effects of Homelessness on Health	785	(4)
Role of the Nurse	789	(5)
Migrant Health Issues	794	(14)
Migrant Lifestyle	795	(1)
Health and Health Care	796	(2)
Occupational and Environmental Health Problems	798	(2)
Children and Youths	800	(1)
Cultural Considerations in Migrant Health Care	801	(1)
Health Promotion and Illness Prevention	802	(1)
Role of the Nurse	802	(6)
Teen Pregnancy	808	(18)
Adolescent Health Care in the United States	808	(1)
The Adolescent Client	809	(1)
Trends in Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Pregnancy	810	(1)
Background Factors	811	(3)
Young Men and Paternity	814	(1)
Early Identification of the Pregnant Teen	815	(1)
Special Issues in Caring for the Pregnant Teen	816	(6)
Teen Pregnancy and the Nurse	822	(4)
Mental Health Issues	826	(22)
Scope of Mental Illness in the United States	827	(2)
Systems of Community Mental Health Care	829	(1)
Evolution of Community Mental Health Care	830	(2)
Deinstitutionalization	832	(1)
Conceptual Frameworks for Community Mental Health	833	(2)
Role of the Nurse in Community Mental Health	835	(2)
Current and Future Perspectives in Mental Health Care	837	(1)
National Objectives for Mental Health Services	837	(11)
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Problems in the Community	848	(26)
ATOD Problems in Perspective	884
Psychoactive Drugs	854	(5)
Predisposing/Contributing Factors	859	(1)
Primary Prevention and the Role of the Nurse	860	(3)
Secondary Prevention and the Role of the Nurse	863	(3)
Tertiary Prevention and the Role of the Nurse	866	(4)
Outcomes	870	(4)
Violence and Human Abuse	874	(28)
Social and Community Factors Influencing Violence	876	(2)
Violence Against Individuals or Oneself	878	(3)
Family Violence and Abuse	881	(8)
Nursing Interventions	889	(6)
Violence and the Prison Population	895	(1)
Clinical Forensic Nursing	896	(6)
Infectious Disease Prevention and Control	902	(30)
Historical and Current Perspectives	903	(2)
Transmission of Communicable Diseases	905	(2)
Surveillance of Communicable Diseases	907	(1)
Emerging Infectious Diseases	908	(2)
Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases	910	(3)
Agents of Bioterrorism	913	(4)
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases	917	(4)
Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases	921	(3)
Vector-Borne Diseases	924	(1)
Diseases of Travelers	925	(1)
Zoonoses	926	(1)
Parasitic Diseases	926	(2)
Nosocomial Infections	928	(1)
Universal Precautions	928	(4)
Communicable and Infectious Disease Risks	932	(28)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection	932	(6)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	938	(6)
Hepatitis	944	(3)
Tuberculosis	947	(3)
Nurse's Role in Providing Preventive Care for Communicable Diseases	950	(10)
Part 7 Community-Oriented Nurses: Roles and Functions	960
Community-Oriented Nurse in Home Health and Hospice	962	(28)
Definition of Home Health Care	963	(1)
History of Home Health Care	964	(2)
Types of Home Health Care Agencies	966	(2)
Scope of Practice	968	(2)
Standards of Home Health Nursing Practice	970	(5)
Hospice Care	975	(1)
Interdisciplinary Approach to Home Health and Hospice Care	976	(1)
Educational Requirements for Home Health Practice	977	(1)
Accountability and Quality Management	978	(1)
Financial Aspects of Home Health and Hospice Care	979	(2)
Effects of Legislation on Home Health Care Services	981	(1)
Legal and Ethical Issues	982	(1)
Trends in Home Health Care	983	(1)
Issues for the Twenty-First Century	983	(7)
The Advanced Practice Nurse in the Community	990	(18)
Historical Perspective	990	(2)
Educational Preparation	992	(1)
Credentialing	992	(1)
Advanced Practice Roles	993	(3)
Arenas for Practice	996	(5)
Issues and Concerns	1001	(1)
Role Stress	1002	(1)
Trends in Advanced Practice Nursing	1003	(5)
Community-Oriented Nurse Leader and Consultant	1008	(34)
Major Trends and Issues	1009	(3)
Definitions	1012	(1)
Leadership and Management	1012	(5)
Consultation	1017	(8)
Competencies for Community-Oriented Nursing Leadership: Management, and Consultation	1025	(17)
Community-Oriented Nurse in the Schools	1042	(24)
History of School Nursing	1042	(3)
Standards of Practice for School Nurses	1045	(1)
Educational Credentials of School Nurses	1045	(1)
Roles and Functions of School Nurses	1046	(2)
School Health Services	1048	(1)
School Nurses and Healthy People 2010	1049	(1)
The Levels of Prevention in the Schools	1049	(12)
Controversies in School Nursing	1061	(1)
Ethics in School Nursing	1062	(1)
Future Trends in School Nursing	1062	(4)
Community-Oriented Nurse in Occupational Health	1066	(26)
Definition and Scope of Occupational Health Nursing	1067	(1)
History and Evolution of Occupational Health Nursing	1067	(1)
Roles and Professionalism in Occupational Health Nursing	1068	(2)
Workers as a Population Aggregate	1070	(4)
Application of the Epidemiologic Model	1074	(6)
Organizational and Public Efforts to Promote Worker Health and Safety	1080	(1)
Nursing Care of Working Populations	1081	(5)
Healthy People 2010 Related to Occupational Health	1086	(1)
Legislation Related to Occupational Health	1086	(1)
Disaster Planning and Management	1087	(5)
Community-Oriented Nurse as Parish Nurse	1092	(22)
Definitions in Parish Nursing	1093	(1)
Heritage and Horizons	1094	(5)
Parish Nursing Practice	1099	(6)
Issues in Parish Nursing Practice	1105	(1)
Healthy People 2010 Leading Health Indicators and Faith Communities	1106	(2)
Population-Focused Parish Nursing: Faith Community and School	1108	(6)
Public Health Nursing at the Local, State, and National Levels	1114
Roles of Local, State, and Federal Public Health Agencies	1114	(2)
History and Trends of Public Health	1116	(1)
Scope, Standards, and Roles of Public Health Nursing	1117	(2)
Issues and Trends in Public Health Nursing	1119	(2)
Models of Public Health Nursing Practice	1121	(1)
Education and Knowledge Requirements for Public Health Nurses	1121	(1)
Certification for Public Health Nursing	1122	(1)
National Health Objectives	1122	(1)
Functions of Public Health Nurses	1123
Answers to Practice Application Questions	1	(2)
Appendixes
A International/National Agendas for Health Care Delivery
A.1 Schedule of Clinical Preventive Services
A.2 Select Major Historical Events Depicting Financial Involvement of Federal Government in Health Care Delivery
A.3 Declaration of Alma Ata
B Community-Oriented Nursing Resources
C Contracts and Forms: Samples
C.1 Community-Oriented Health Record (COHR)
C.2 The Living Will Directive
C.3 OASIS: Start of Care Assessment
D Drug Immunization Information
D.1 Immunizing Agents and Immunization Schedules for Health Care Workers
D.2 Herbs and Supplements Used for Children and Adolescents
E. Screening Tools
E.1 Vision and Hearing Screening Procedures
E.2 Screening for Common Orthopedic Problems
F Health Risk Appraisal	3	(24)
F.1 Lifestyle Assessment Questionnaire	3	(10)
F.2 Healthier People Health Risk Appraisal	13	(8)
F.3 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey	21	(6)
G Community Assessment Tools	27	(2)
G.1 Community-As-Partner Model	27	(2)
H Family Assessment Tools	29	(2)
H.1 Family Systems Stressor-Strength Inventory (FS3I)
H.2 Friedman Family Assessment Model (Short Form)
H.3 Case Example of Family Assessment	104
I Individual Assessment Tools	31	(8)
I.1 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale	31	(1)
I.2 Comprehensive Older Persons' Evaluation	32	(3)
I.3 Comprehensive Occupational and Environmental Health History	35	(4)
J Essential Elements of Public Health Nursing	39	(8)
J.1 Examples of Public Health Nursing Roles and Implementing Public Health Functions	39	(6)
J.2 Public Health Guidelines for Practice	45	(2)
J.3 Core Competencies and Skill Levels for Public Health Nursing	47