Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy Evolution and Adaptation

by Butler, Ann B.; Hodos, William

• ISBN13: 9780471210054
• ISBN10: 0471210056
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-23
• Publisher: Wiley-Liss

Summary

Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy Evolution and Adaptation Second Edition Ann B. Butler and William Hodos The Second Edition of this landmark text presents a broad survey of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy at the introductory level, representing a unique contribution to the field of evolutionary neurobiology. It has been extensively revised and updated, with substantially improved figures and diagrams that are used generously throughout the text. Through analysis of the variation in brain structure and function between major groups of vertebrates, readers can gain insight into the evolutionary history of the nervous system. The text is divided into three sections: * Introduction to evolution and variation, including a survey of cell structure, embryological development, and anatomical organization of the central nervous system; phylogeny and diversity of brain structures; and an overview of various theories of brain evolution * Systematic, comprehensive survey of comparative neuroanatomy across all major groups of vertebrates * Overview of vertebrate brain evolution, which integrates the complete text, highlights diversity and common themes, broadens perspective by a comparison with brain structure and evolution of invertebrate brains, and considers recent data and theories of the evolutionary origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates, including a recently proposed model of the origin of the brain in the earliest vertebrates that has received strong support from newly discovered fossil evidence Ample material drawn from the latest research has been integrated into the text and highlighted in special feature boxes, including recent views on homology, cranial nerve organization and evolution, the relatively large and elaborate brains of birds in correlation with their complex cognitive abilities, and the current debate on forebrain evolution across reptiles, birds, and mammals. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy is geared to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in neuroanatomy, but anyone interested in the anatomy of the nervous system and how it corresponds to the way that animals function in the world will find this text fascinating.

Author Biography

Ann B. Butler and William Hodos are the authors of Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation, 2nd Edition, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xix
List of Boxes	xxi
Part One EVOLUTION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Evolution and Variation	3	(16)
Introduction	3	(1)
Diversity Over Time	4	(1)
Evolutionary Mechanisms	5	(3)
Genetic Factors	5	(1)
Natural Selection	5	(2)
Evolution of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System	7	(1)
Sameness and Its Biological Significance	8	(5)
Analogy	8	(1)
Historical Homology	8	(1)
Homoplasy	9	(2)
Biological Homology	11	(1)
Generative Homology or Syngeny	12	(1)
Analysis of Variation	13	(6)
Cladistic Analysis	13	(1)
Parsimony	14	(1)
Tests of Homology	15	(1)
A Word of Caution	15	(1)
Reconstructing Evolution	16	(3)
Neurons and Sensory Receptors	19	(30)
Introduction	19	(1)
The Nervous System	19	(1)
Neurons and Sensory Receptors	20	(1)
Transport Within Neurons	21	(1)
Classification of Neurons	21	(2)
Somata	21	(1)
Dendrites	21	(2)
Axons	23	(1)
Synapses	23	(3)
Chemical Synapses	23	(1)
Neuroactive Substances	24	(2)
Electrical Synapses	26	(1)
Volume Transmission	26	(1)
Neuronal Populations	26	(2)
Golgi Type I and II Cells	26	(1)
Nuclei and Planes of Section	27	(1)
Techniques for Tracing Connections Between Nuclei	27	(1)
Receptors and Senses	28	(2)
How Many Senses?	29	(1)
Receptors and Awareness	29	(1)
Sensory Experience as a Private Mental Event	30	(1)
Sensory Adaptation	30	(1)
Receptor Types	30	(13)
Mechanoreceptors	31	(3)
Radiant-Energy Receptors	34	(3)
Chemoreceptors	37	(4)
Nervus Terminalis: An Unclassified Receptor	41	(1)
Electroreceptors	41	(1)
Nociceptors	42	(1)
Magnetoreceptors	43	(1)
Topographic Organization	43	(3)
Receptive Fields	46	(1)
The Senses and Evolution of the Central Nervous System	46	(3)
The Vertebrate Central Nervous System	49	(24)
Introduction	49	(1)
Development of the Brain	49	(12)
Segmental Development of the Vertebrate Brain	50	(4)
Neurogenesis and Migration of Neurons	54	(1)
Cortices and Nuclei	55	(2)
Differing Patterns of Development	57	(3)
Ontogeny and Recapitulation	60	(1)
The Brain and Spinal Cord	61	(1)
Cellular Organization of the Central Nervous System	61	(2)
Regional Organization of the Nervous System	63	(4)
The Spinal Cord	63	(1)
The Brain	63	(3)
The Meninges and the Ventricular System	66	(1)
Major Systems of the Brain	67	(2)
Sensory Systems	68	(1)
Motor Systems	68	(1)
Nomenclature of the Brain	69	(4)
Vertebrate Phylogeny and Diversity in Brain Organization	73	(20)
Introduction	73	(1)
Vertebrate Phylogeny	74	(10)
Chordate Relationships	74	(1)
Jawless Vertebrates	74	(2)
Chrondrichthyes	76	(1)
Actinopterygii	76	(1)
Sarcopterygii	76	(8)
The Big Picture of Vertebrate Evolution	84	(1)
Two Types of Brain Organization	84	(9)
Laminar Brains (Group I)	86	(1)
Elaborated Brains (Group II)	87	(2)
Glia and Brain Elaboration	89	(1)
Laminar and Elaborated Brains across Evolution	89	(4)
Evolution and Adaptation of the Brain, Behavior, and Intelligence	93	(20)
Phylogeny and Adaptation	93	(3)
Phyletic Studies	93	(1)
Adaptation Studies	94	(1)
The Phylogenetic Scale	95	(1)
The Phylogenetic Tree	95	(1)
Complexity and Evolution	96	(3)
Anagenesis	97	(2)
Grades of Evolutionary Advancement	99	(1)
Evolutionary Change	99	(1)
Brain Evolution and Behavioral Adaptation	100	(5)
Brain Size and Brain Allometry	100	(5)
Brain Size and Behavioral Adaptation	105	(4)
Brain Size and Intelligence	106	(2)
What Is Intelligence?	108	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	109	(4)
Theories of Brain Evolution	113	(14)
Introduction	113	(1)
Some Common Assumptions	113	(1)
Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution: Addition of Structures or Areas	114	(1)
MacLean	114	(1)
Flechsig and Campbell	114	(1)
Sanides	115	(1)
Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Organization: New Formation and Reorganization of Circuits	115	(1)
Herrick	115	(1)
Bishop	115	(1)
Ariens Kappers	115	(1)
Bowsher	115	(1)
Diamond and Hall	116	(1)
Critique of Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution	116	(1)
Parcellation Theory	117	(1)
Ebbesson	117	(1)
Deacon	117	(1)
Current Theories of Forebrain Evolution	117	(4)
Forebrain Evolution: Experimental Foundations	117	(1)
Karten: Equivalent Cell Hypothesis	118	(1)
Other Theories of Pallial Evolution	119	(2)
Perspective	121	(6)
Part Two THE SPINAL CORD AND HINDBRAIN
Overview of Spinal Cord and Hindbrain	127	(12)
Overview of the Spinal Cord	127	(6)
Segmentation Within the Spinal Cord	127	(1)
Roots and Ganglia	128	(1)
Columns of the Spinal Cord	129	(1)
Pathways Within the Spinal Cord	130	(1)
Reflexes	131	(2)
Spinal Autonomy	133	(1)
Rhythmic Movements and Central Pattern Generators	133	(1)
Overview of the Hindbrain	133	(3)
The Obex and the Fourth Ventricle	135	(1)
The Pontine Nuclei	135	(1)
Ganglia of the Cranial Nerves	135	(1)
Organization of the Cranial Nerves	135	(1)
Embryology of the Hindbrain and a New Classification of Cranial Nerves	135	(1)
Efferent Axons in Afferent Nerves	136	(1)
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Spinal Cord and Hindbrain	136	(3)
The Transition to Land	136	(1)
Tetrapod Locomotor Patterns	137	(2)
The Spinal Cord	139	(18)
The Spinal Cords of Nontetrapods	139	(6)
Muscles and Locomotion	139	(1)
Cell and Fiber Columns	139	(2)
Giant Axons and Escape	141	(3)
Electromotor Neurons	144	(1)
The Curious Spinal Cords of Sharks	144	(1)
Ascending and Descending Pathways	144	(1)
Reissner's Fiber	145	(1)
The Organization of the Tetrapod Spinal Cord	145	(7)
Locomotor Patterns and Spinal Cord Organization	145	(1)
The Curious Spinal Cords of Birds	146	(1)
Segmental Organization	147	(1)
Lamination	147	(1)
Intrinsic Spinal Neurons	148	(1)
Somatotopic Organization of the Ventral Horns	148	(1)
Renshaw Cells	149	(1)
Axon Columns and Cell Columns	149	(1)
Marginal Cells	150	(1)
Accessory Lobes	150	(1)
Ascending Spinal Pathways	150	(1)
Descending Spinal Pathways	150	(2)
Tetrapod Central Pattern Generators	152	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	152	(5)
Segmental Organization of the Head, Brain, and Cranial Nerves	157	(16)
``Twelve'' Cranial Nerves	157	(1)
The Vertebrate Head: Segmental Organization	158	(7)
Head Skeleton	159	(1)
The Striated Musculature of the Head	159	(3)
Neural Crest and Placodes	162	(2)
Segmentation of the Head	164	(1)
Theoretical Head Segments	165	(1)
Segmental Organization of the Individual Cranial Nerves	166	(7)
The Forebrain	168	(1)
The First Head Segment	168	(1)
The Second Head Segment	169	(1)
The Third Head Segment	169	(1)
The Fourth Head Segment	169	(1)
The Fifth Head Segment	170	(3)
Functional Organization of the Cranial Nerves	173	(10)
Introduction	173	(1)
The Cranial Nerves and the Spinal Cord	173	(3)
The Organization of Sensory and Motor Columns of the Caudal Brainstem	176	(4)
Afferent Columns of the Brainstem	177	(2)
Efferent Columns of the Brainstem	179	(1)
Five Cranial Nerves Rostral to the Brainstem	180	(1)
General Considerations	181	(2)
Sensory Cranial Nerves of the Brainstem	183	(22)
Introduction	183	(1)
Dorsal Cranial Nerves: Sensory Components for General Somatosensory Sensation	183	(6)
Somatosensory Innervation of the Head	184	(1)
Central Terminations of the Trigeminal Nerve	185	(1)
The Mesencephalic Division of the Trigeminal System	185	(1)
Secondary Connections of the Trigeminal Nuclei	186	(3)
Ventrolateral Placodal Cranial Nerves: Taste	189	(5)
The Gustatory System	190	(1)
The Gustatory Nerves and the Nucleus Solitarius	190	(1)
Secondary Connections of the Gustatory Nucleus and Nucleus Solitarius	190	(2)
Cyprinid and Silurid Gustatory Specializations	192	(2)
Dorsolateral Cranial Nerves: Lateral Line and Octaval Systems	194	(11)
The Lateral Line System	195	(1)
The Octaval System	196	(9)
Motor Cranial Nerves	205	(16)
Introduction	205	(2)
Feeding and Swallowing	207	(6)
The Neural Control of Feeding and Swallowing	209	(2)
The Communication Systems of Fishes	211	(2)
The Acoustic Reflex	213	(1)
Motor Control of Eye Muscles	214	(4)
The Extraocular Muscles in Jawless Vertebrates	214	(1)
The Extraocular Muscles in Jawled Vertebrates	214	(1)
The Intraocular Muscles	215	(1)
Central Control of the Eye Muscles	215	(2)
The Oculomotor Complex	217	(1)
Coordination of Eye Muscle Action	218	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective on the Hindbrain and Midbrain Cranial Nerves	218	(3)
The Reticular Formation	221	(20)
Introduction	221	(1)
The Organization of the Reticular Formation	222	(8)
Neurons of the Reticular Formation	222	(1)
Giant Reticulospinal Neurons	223	(1)
Nomenclature of the Reticular Formation	224	(1)
The Reticular Formation of the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain	225	(3)
The Reticular Formation of the Diencephalon	228	(2)
Pathways of the Reticular Formation	230	(4)
Chemical Pathways of the Reticular Formation	232	(2)
The Reticular Formation and Sleep	234	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective on the Reticular Formation	236	(5)
The Cerebellum	241	(26)
Introduction	241	(1)
Overview of the Cerebellum	241	(1)
Cerebellar Size	242	(1)
The Various Forms of the Cerebellum	243	(3)
Corpus Cerebelli	243	(1)
Electroreception and the Cerebellum	244	(1)
The Cerebellar Auricle	245	(1)
Phyletic Development of the Form of the Cerebellum	245	(1)
The Cerebella of Tetrapods	246	(1)
The Cerebella of Nontetrapods	246	(1)
Agnathans and Cartilaginous Fishes	246	(1)
Ray-Finned Fishes	246	(1)
The Cerebellar Cortex	247	(12)
The Purkinje Cell Layer	247	(2)
The Granule Cell Layer	249	(4)
The Molecular Layer	253	(1)
Afferent Inputs to the Cerebellar Cortex	253	(2)
Interconnections Within the Cerebellar Cortex	255	(1)
The Precerebellar Nuclei	256	(1)
Cerebelloid Structures Associated With the Cerebellum in Nontretapods	257	(2)
The Exceptional Cerebella of Weakly Electric Fishes	259	(1)
Cerebellar Efferents and the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei	260	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective	262	(1)
Functions of the Cerebellum	262	(5)
Part Three THE MIDBRAIN
Overview of the Midbrain	267	(8)
Introduction	267	(1)
The Isthmus	268	(5)
The Tegmentum	273	(1)
The Tectum	273	(2)
Isthmus	275	(14)
Introduction	275	(1)
Nuclei of the Raphe	275	(2)
Group I	275	(1)
Group II	275	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective	277	(1)
Locus Coeruleus	277	(4)
Group I	277	(1)
Group II	277	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	278	(3)
Nucleus Isthmi	281	(2)
Group I	281	(1)
Group II	281	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective	283	(1)
Isthmo-Optic Nucleus	283	(1)
Group I	283	(1)
Group II	283	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	284	(1)
Midbrain Locomotor Region and Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus	284	(1)
Group I	284	(1)
Group II	284	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	285	(1)
Interpeduncular Nucleus	285	(4)
Group I	285	(1)
Group II	285	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	285	(4)
Tegmentum and Tori	289	(22)
Introduction	289	(1)
Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve	289	(1)
Group I	289	(1)
Group II	290	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	290	(1)
Red Nucleus and Related Nuclei	290	(2)
Group I	290	(1)
Group II	290	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective	292	(1)
Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area	292	(12)
Group I	293	(1)
Group II	294	(9)
Evolutionary Perspective	303	(1)
Torus Lateralis	304	(1)
Group I	304	(1)
Group II	304	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	304	(1)
Torus Semicircularis	304	(7)
Group I	304	(1)
Group II	305	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	306	(5)
Optic Tectum	311	(32)
Introduction	311	(1)
Overview of Tectal Organization	311	(1)
Overview of Tectal Connections	312	(3)
The Optic Tectum in Group I Vertebrates	315	(6)
Lampreys	315	(1)
Squalomorph Sharks and Ratfishes	316	(1)
Nonteleost Ray-Finned Fishes	316	(3)
Amphibians	319	(2)
The Optic Tectum in Group II Vertebrates	321	(13)
Hagfishes	321	(1)
Galeomorph Sharks, Skates, and Rays	322	(1)
Teleosts	322	(3)
Amniotes	325	(9)
Evolutionary Perspective	334	(9)
Part Four THE FOREBRAIN: DIENCEPHALON
Overview of the Forebrain	343	(30)
Introduction	343	(1)
Nomenclature of the Forebrain in Amniotes	344	(1)
The Diencephalon	344	(8)
Pretectum	344	(1)
Posterior Tuberculum	344	(1)
Epithalamus	345	(1)
Dorsal Thalamus	346	(1)
Ventral Thalamus	347	(5)
Hypothalamus and Preoptic Area	352	(1)
The Telencephalon: Pallium	352	(12)
The Telencephalic Pallium of Mammals	353	(8)
The Telencephalic Pallium of Nonmammalian Amniotes	361	(3)
The Telencephalon: Subpallium	364	(1)
The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Anamniotes	364	(9)
The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Mammals	364	(4)
The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Nonmammalian Vertebrates	368	(1)
The Septum	369	(4)
Pretectum, Accessory Optic System, and Migrated Posterior Tuberculum	373	(34)
Introduction	373	(1)
Pretectum	373	(16)
Group I	374	(1)
Group II	375	(14)
Accessory Optic System	389	(5)
Group I	391	(1)
Group II	392	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective	394	(2)
Migrated Posterior Tuberculum	396	(3)
Group I	396	(1)
Group II	396	(3)
Evolutionary Perspective	399	(8)
Epithalamus	407	(10)
Introduction	407	(1)
Epiphysis	407	(2)
Habenula	409	(5)
Evolutionary Perspective	414	(3)
Dorsal Thalamus	417	(28)
Introduction	417	(1)
Collothalamic Auditory System	418	(8)
Group I	418	(1)
Group IIA	418	(2)
Group IIB	420	(6)
Collothalamic Visual and Somatosensory Systems	426	(6)
Group I	427	(3)
Group IIA	430	(1)
Group IIB	430	(2)
Lemnothalamus	432	(5)
Group I	432	(2)
Group IIA	434	(1)
Group IIB	434	(3)
Evolutionary Perspective	437	(2)
Collothalamus	437	(1)
Lemnothalamus	437	(2)
A New Definition of the Dorsal Thalamus in Vertebrates	439	(6)
The Visceral Brain: The Hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous System	445	(26)
Introduction	445	(6)
The Hypothalamus	445	(1)
The Hypothalamus and the Endocrine System	446	(3)
Circumventricular Organs	449	(1)
Biological Rhythms, the Epiphysis, and the Hypothalamus	449	(1)
The Hypothalamus and the Limbic System	450	(1)
The Preoptic Area	450	(1)
The Hypothalamus in Anamniotes	451	(4)
Jawless Fishes	451	(1)
Cartilaginous Fishes	451	(1)
Actinopterygians	451	(4)
Sarcopterygians	455	(1)
The Hypothalamus in Amniotes	455	(5)
Connections of the Hypothalamus in Reptiles and Birds	456	(1)
Connections of the Hypothalamus in Mammals	457	(3)
Functions of the Hypothalamus	460	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	460	(2)
Autonomic Neurochemistry	462	(1)
Amniotes	462	(1)
Anamniotes	462	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	462	(9)
Part Five THE FOREBRAIN: TELENCEPHALON
Basal Telencephalon	471	(24)
Introduction	471	(1)
The Striatopallidal Complexes	472	(15)
Group I	472	(4)
Group IIA	476	(1)
Group IIB	477	(10)
The Striatal Amygdala	487	(1)
Cholinergic Neuronal Populations of the Basal Telencephalon	488	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	489	(6)
Nonlimbic Pallium	495	(28)
Introduction	495	(1)
The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group I Vertebrates	496	(2)
The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group IIA Vertebrates	498	(3)
Neuroanatomical Organization	498	(3)
Behavioral Issues	501	(1)
The Nonlimbic Pallium in Amniotes	501	(9)
Mammals: Neocortex	501	(3)
Mammals: Claustrum-Endopiriform Formation and Frontotemporal Amygdala	504	(1)
Reptiles and Birds	504	(3)
Ascending Sensory Pathways to the Pallium in Amniotes	507	(3)
Pallial Evolution and Persistent Questions of Homologies	510	(13)
Visual Forebrain in Amniotes	523	(24)
Introduction	523	(1)
Ipsilateral Retinal Pathways and Stereoscopic Vision	524	(1)
Visual Pathways to the Telencephalon in Mammals	524	(13)
Lemnothalamic Visual Forebrain	524	(12)
Collothalamic Visual Forebrain	536	(1)
Pathways to the Visual Telencephalon in Reptiles and Birds	537	(3)
Lemnothalamic Visual Pathways	538	(2)
Collothalamic Visual Pathways	540	(1)
Evolutionary Trends in the Visual System of Amniotes	540	(7)
Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain in Amniotes	547	(24)
Introduction	547	(1)
The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Mammals	547	(12)
The Ventral Tier Nuclei of the Dorsal Thalamus	548	(1)
Somatosensory Lemnothalamus	548	(1)
Somatosensory Collothalamus	548	(1)
Motor Lemnothalamus	548	(1)
Afferents to Somatosensory Cortex	549	(1)
Efferents of Somatosensory Cortex	549	(1)
Pain Pathways	549	(3)
Somatotopic Organization	552	(5)
Motor Cortex	557	(1)
Multiple Motor Representations of the Body	558	(1)
The Cortical Eye Fields	558	(1)
Afferents and Efferents of the Motor Cortex	558	(1)
The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Nonmammalian Amniotes	559	(7)
Somatosensory System	559	(5)
Motor System	564	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective	566	(5)
Auditory and Vocal Forebrain in Amniotes	571	(22)
Introduction	571	(3)
Location of Sound Sources	571	(1)
Echolocation	572	(1)
Auditory Channels for Time and Intensity	573	(1)
Design Features of the Auditory System	574	(1)
Topographic Organization	574	(1)
Bilateral Interaction in the Auditory Pathway	574	(1)
Descending Auditory Pathways	574	(1)
Auditory Pathways in Tetrapods	574	(3)
Auditory Telencephalon	577	(3)
Columnar Organization	577	(1)
Mammals	577	(2)
Reptiles and Birds	579	(1)
Vocal Telencephalon	580	(9)
Vocalization and Hearing	581	(1)
Anurans	582	(1)
Reptiles and Birds	583	(4)
Mammals	587	(2)
Evolutionary Perspective	589	(4)
Terminal Nerve and Olfactory Forebrain	593	(18)
Introduction	593	(1)
Olfactory System	593	(8)
Group I	594	(1)
Group II	595	(6)
Vomeronasal System	601	(4)
Terminal Nerve	605	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	606	(5)
Limbic Telencephalon	611	(26)
Introduction	611	(1)
The Limbic Pallium in Anamniotes	612	(5)
Group I	612	(1)
Group IIA	613	(4)
The Limbic Pallium in Amniotes (Group IIB)	617	(11)
Limbic Pallium of Mammals	619	(4)
Limbic Pallium in Nonmammalian Amniotes	623	(5)
Limbic Subpallium: Septum	628	(1)
Evolutionary Perspective	629	(8)
Part Six CONCLUSION
Evolution of Brains: A Bilaterian View	637	(28)
Introduction	637	(1)
Invertebrate Brains and the Inversion Hypothesis	638	(6)
Insect Brain Organization	639	(2)
Urbilateria and the Ancestral Condition of Bilaterian Brains	641	(1)
Deuterostomes and Dorsoventral Inversion	641	(3)
Brain Evolution within Chordates	644	(5)
The Origin of Vertebrates	649	(6)
Haikouella	650	(2)
Sensory System Evolution in the Vertebrate Lineage	652	(1)
Organization of the Vertebrate Brain	653	(2)
The Advent of Jaws	655	(1)
Onto the Land and Into the Air	656	(1)
Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution	657	(1)
How Vertebrate Brains Evolve	657	(8)
Appendix: Terms Used in Neuroanatomy	665	(6)
Introduction	665	(1)
Direction and Location Terms	665	(1)
Planes of Section	666	(2)
Neuroanatomical Names	668	(1)
Derivation of Terms	668	(3)
Glossary	671	(8)
Index	679

Excerpts

"The Second Edition of this landmark text presents a broad survey of comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy at the introductory level, representing a unique contribution to the field of evolutionary neurobiology. It has been extensively revised and updated, with substantially improved figures and diagrams that are used generously throughout the text. Through analysis of the variation in brain structure and function between major groups of vertebrates, readers can gain insight into the evolutionary history of the nervous system." "Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy is geared to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in neuroanatomy, but anyone interested in the anatomy of the nervous system and how it corresponds to the way that animals function in the world will find this text fascinating."--BOOK JACKET.