Computer Networks : A Systems Approach

by Peterson, Larry L.; Davie, Bruce S.

• ISBN13: 9781558605145
• ISBN10: 1558605142
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-10-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Summary

NEW EDITION NOW AVAILABLE! ISBN 1-55860-832-X Networking technologies and practices are constantly evolving. Equip your students with an understanding that helps them keep pace with Internet time. In this carefully focused revision of the best-selling first edition, authors Peterson and Davie reiterate their commitment to a systems-oriented approach to networking instruction. Focusing on the why of network designnot just the specifications comprising today's systems but how key technologies and protocols actually work in the real world to solve specific problemsthey promote an enduring, practical understanding of networks and their building blocks. The second edition incorporates coverage of Quality of Service issues, mobile and wireless networks, VPNs, and much more. Over 100 new exercises help users consolidate and expand their knowledge. No other textbook offers a more solid grounding for aspiring network professionals. Computer Networks: A Systems Approach gives your students the knowledge and perspective they need and gives you the tools you need to maximize their learning experience: * Unparalleled instruction from an expert team of authors. The authors bring over 30 years of experience in networking research, development and teaching to the task of describing the principles and practical implementation of computer networks. Both have played key roles in defining and implementing many of the protocols discussed inside. * Cutting-edge coverage. The second edition has been thoroughly updated to cover the most recent advances in networking, including: * a new chapter on security techniques - PGP, IPSEC, secure sockets and firewalls * a new chapter on application layer protocols - SMTP, HTTP, SNMP, DNS and RTP * new material on wireless and mobile technology- spread spectrum techniques and 802.11 * new section on building VPN's on top of the public Internet * Expanded treatment of key issues. Topics such as Internet routing, Quality of Service, congestion control, ATM, compression and multimedia communications now delve deeper to reflect changes that have taken place over the past four years. * Effective pedagogical components. Alongside the authors' clear explanations and insights, you'll find pedagogical components that significantly enhance students' understanding: * Problem statementsthe practical design challenges met by the techniques covered in each chapter * Shaded sidebars explorations of advanced topics * Highlighted summary paragraphs distillations of key network design principles * Open Issuesguided discussions of controversial networking issues * Further readingpointers to definitive papers related to each chapter's coverage * Completely revamped end-of-chapter exercises The second edition offers over 100 new end-of-chapter exercises, the result of a substantial editing and development effort by a seasoned networking instructor, Peter Dordal of Loyola University. * The optimal pedagogical approach. Encyclopedic and "layered" approaches cover required material but leave critical questions unanswered. Peterson and Davie focus on systemshow they interweave technology and technique to meet practical needs. Adding layer-focused considerations where necessary, the authors teach students why networks are designed as they are and cultivate the skills needed to build the networks of the future. * Real-world implementation examples. New to this edition, operating system-independent C code is used with pseudocode to illustrate protocol implementation throughout. The first edition's x-kernel examples continue to be available online.

Author Biography

Larry L. Peterson is a Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University.

Table of Contents

Foreword	vii	(2)
Foreword to the First Edition	ix	(10)
Preface	xix
1 Foundation	2	(66)
Problem: Building a Network	2	(2)
1.1 Requirements	4	(25)
1.1.1 Connectivity	4	(4)
1.1.2 Cost-Effective Resource Sharing	8	(4)
1.1.3 Support for Common Services	12	(8)
1.1.4 Performance	20	(9)
1.2 Network Architecture	29	(12)
1.2.1 Layering and Protocols	30	(6)
1.2.2 OSI Architecture	36	(2)
1.2.3 Internet Architecture	38	(3)
1.3 Implementing Network Software	41	(15)
1.3.1 Application Programming Interface (Sockets)	42	(3)
1.3.2 Example Application	45	(3)
1.3.3 Protocol Implementation Issues	48	(8)
1.4 Summary	56	(1)
Open Issue: Ubiquitous Networking	57	(1)
Further Reading	58	(2)
Exercises	60	(8)
2 Direct Link Networks	68	(102)
Problem: Physically Connecting Hosts	68	(2)
2.1 Hardware Building Blocks	70	(10)
2.1.1 Nodes	70	(1)
2.1.2 Links	71	(9)
2.2 Encoding (NRZ, NRZI, Manchester, 4B/5B)	80	(4)
2.3 Framing	84	(8)
2.3.1 Byte-Oriented Protocols (BISYNC, PPP, DDCMP)	84	(3)
2.3.2 Bit-Oriented Protocols (HDLC)	87	(2)
2.3.3 Clock-Based Framing (SONET)	89	(3)
2.4 Error Detection	92	(9)
2.4.1 Two-Dimensional Parity	94	(1)
2.4.2 Internet Checksum Algorithm	94	(2)
2.4.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check	96	(5)
2.5 Reliable Transmission	101	(15)
2.5.1 Stop-and-Wait	103	(2)
2.5.2 Sliding Window	105	(10)
2.5.3 Concurrent Logical Channels	115	(1)
2.6 Ethernet (802.3)	116	(9)
2.6.1 Physical Properties	117	(2)
2.6.2 Access Protocol	119	(5)
2.6.3 Experience with Ethernet	124	(1)
2.7 Token Rings (802.5, FDDI)	125	(11)
2.7.1 Physical Properties	126	(1)
2.7.2 Token Ring Media Access Control	127	(2)
2.7.3 Token Ring Maintenance	129	(2)
2.7.4 Frame Format	131	(1)
2.7.5 FDDI	132	(4)
2.8 Wireless (802.11)	136	(6)
2.8.1 Physical Properties	136	(1)
2.8.2 Collision Avoidance	137	(2)
2.8.3 Distribution System	139	(2)
2.8.4 Frame Format	141	(1)
2.9 Network Adaptors	142	(11)
2.9.1 Components	142	(1)
2.9.2 View from the Host	143	(5)
2.9.3 Device Drivers	148	(3)
2.9.4 Memory Bottleneck	151	(2)
2.10 Summary	153	(1)
Open Issue: Does It Belong in Hardware?	154	(1)
Further Reading	155	(1)
Exercises	156	(14)
3 Packet Switching	170	(76)
Problem: Not All Networks Are Directly Connected	170	(76)
3.1 Switching and Forwarding	172	(14)
3.1.1 Datagrams	174	(2)
3.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching	176	(7)
3.1.3 Source Routing	183	(2)
3.1.4 Implementation and Performance	185	(1)
3.2 Bridges and LAN Switches	186	(12)
3.2.1 Learning Bridges	187	(3)
3.2.2 Spanning Tree Algorithm	190	(5)
3.2.3 Broadcast and Multicast	195	(1)
3.2.4 Limitations of Bridges	196	(2)
3.3 Cell Switching (ATM)	198	(17)
3.3.1 Cells	198	(5)
3.3.2 Segmentation and Reassembly	203	(6)
3.3.3 Virtual Paths	209	(1)
3.3.4 Physical Layers for ATM	210	(1)
3.3.5 ATM in the LAN	211	(4)
3.4 Switching Hardware	215	(17)
3.4.1 Design Goals	216	(3)
3.4.2 Ports and Fabrics	219	(2)
3.4.3 Crossbar Switches	221	(5)
3.4.4 Shared-Media Switches	226	(1)
3.4.5 Self-Routing Fabrics	227	(5)
3.5 Summary	232	(1)
Open Issue: The Future of ATM	233	(1)
Further Reading	234	(1)
Exercises	235	(11)
4 Internetworking	246	(122)
Problem: There Is More Than One Network	246	(2)
4.1 Simple Internetworking (IP)	248	(32)
4.1.1 What Is an Internetwork?	248	(2)
4.1.2 Service Model	250	(12)
4.1.3 Global Addresses	262	(2)
4.1.4 Datagram Forwarding in IP	264	(4)
4.1.5 Address Translation (ARP)	268	(5)
4.1.6 Host Configuration (DHCP)	273	(3)
4.1.7 Error Reporting (ICMP)	276	(1)
4.1.8 Virtual Networks and Tunnels	277	(3)
4.2 Routing	280	(29)
4.2.1 Network as a Graph	282	(2)
4.2.2 Distance Vector (RIP)	284	(8)
4.2.3 Link State (OSPF)	292	(9)
4.2.4 Metrics	301	(3)
4.2.5 Routing for Mobile Hosts	304	(5)
4.3 Global Internet	309	(31)
4.3.1 Subnetting	311	(5)
4.3.2 Classless Routing (CIDR)	316	(3)
4.3.3 Interdomain Routing (BGP)	319	(7)
4.3.4 Routing Areas	326	(2)
4.3.5 IP version 6 (IPv6)	328	(12)
4.4 Multicast	340	(10)
4.4.1 Link-State Multicast	341	(3)
4.4.2 Distance-Vector Multicast	344	(2)
4.4.3 Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)	346	(4)
4.5 Summary	350	(1)
Open Issue: IP, ATM, and MPLS	351	(1)
Further Reading	352	(2)
Exercises	354	(14)
5 End-to-End Protocols	368	(78)
Problem: Getting Processes to Communicate	368	(78)
5.1 Simple Demultiplexer (UDP)	370	(1)
5.2 Reliable Byte Stream (TCP)	371	(26)
5.2.1 End-to-End Issues	373	(2)
5.2.2 Segment Format	375	(3)
5.2.3 Connection Establishment and Termination	378	(5)
5.2.4 Sliding Window Revisited	383	(6)
5.2.5 Adaptive Retransmission	389	(4)
5.2.6 Record Boundaries	393	(1)
5.2.7 TCP Extensions	394	(1)
5.2.8 Alternative Design Choices	395	(2)
5.3 Remote Procedure Call	397	(29)
5.3.1 Bulk Transfer (BLAST)	400	(7)
5.3.2 Request/Reply (CHAN)	407	(10)
5.3.3 Dispatcher (SELECT)	417	(3)
5.3.4 Putting It All Together (SunRPC, DCE)	420	(6)
5.4 Performance	426	(4)
5.4.1 Experimental Method	427	(1)
5.4.2 Latency	428	(2)
5.4.3 Throughput	430	(1)
5.5 Summary	430	(1)
Open Issue: Application-Specific Protocols	431	(1)
Further Reading	432	(1)
Exercises	433	(13)
6 Congestion Control and Resource Allocation	446	(82)
Problem: Allocating Resources	446	(2)
6.1 Issues in Resource Allocation	448	(9)
6.1.1 Network Model	448	(4)
6.1.2 Taxonomy	452	(2)
6.1.3 Evaluation Criteria	454	(3)
6.2 Queuing Disciplines	457	(7)
6.2.1 FIFO	458	(1)
6.2.2 Fair Queuing	459	(5)
6.3 TCP Congestion Control	464	(11)
6.3.1 Additive Increase/Multiplicative Decrease	465	(3)
6.3.2 Slow Start	468	(4)
6.3.3 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery	472	(3)
6.4 Congestion-Avoidance Mechanisms	475	(13)
6.4.1 DECbit	475	(1)
6.4.2 Random Early Detection (RED)	476	(6)
6.4.3 Source-Based Congestion Avoidance	482	(6)
6.5 Quality of Service	488	(25)
6.5.1 Application Requirements	489	(5)
6.5.2 Integrated Services (RSVP)	494	(11)
6.5.3 Differentiated Services	505	(4)
6.5.4 ATM Quality of Service	509	(4)
6.6 Summary	513	(1)
Open Issue: Inside versus Outside the Network	513	(1)
Further Reading	514	(2)
Exercises	516	(12)
7 End-to-End Data	528	(40)
Problem: What Do We Do with the Data?	528	(2)
7.1 Presentation Formatting	530	(9)
7.1.1 Taxonomy	531	(4)
7.1.2 Examples (XDR, ASN.1, NDR)	535	(4)
7.2 Data Compression	539	(20)
7.2.1 Lossless Compression Algorithms	541	(2)
7.2.2 Image Compression (JPEG)	543	(5)
7.2.3 Video Compression (MPEG)	548	(5)
7.2.4 Transmitting MPEG over a Network	553	(4)
7.2.5 Audio Compression (MP3)	557	(2)
7.3 Summary	559	(1)
Open Issue: Computer Networks Meet Consumer Electronics	559	(1)
Further Reading	560	(1)
Exercises	561	(7)
8 Network Security	568	(54)
Problem: Securing the Data	568	(2)
8.1 Cryptographic Algorithms	570	(14)
8.1.1 Requirements	572	(1)
8.1.2 The Data Encryption Standard (DES)	573	(5)
8.1.3 RSA	578	(3)
8.1.4 Message Digest 5 (MD5)	581	(3)
8.1.5 Implementation and Performance	584	(1)
8.2 Security Mechanisms	584	(10)
8.2.1 Authentication Protocols	585	(3)
8.2.2 Message Integrity Protocols	588	(3)
8.2.3 Public Key Distribution (X.509)	591	(3)
8.3 Example Systems	594	(14)
8.3.1 Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)	594	(5)
8.3.2 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)	599	(2)
8.3.3 Transport Layer Security (TLS, SSL, HTTPS)	601	(4)
8.3.4 IP Security (IPSEC)	605	(3)
8.4 Firewalls	608	(5)
8.4.1 Filter-Based Firewalls	609	(1)
8.4.2 Proxy-Based Firewalls	610	(2)
8.4.3 Limitations	612	(1)
8.5 Summary	613	(1)
Open Issue: Denial-of-Service Attacks	614	(1)
Further Reading	615	(1)
Exercises	615	(7)
9 Applications	622	(51)
Problem: Applications Need Their Own Protocols	622	(2)
9.1 Name Service (DNS)	624	(9)
9.1.1 Domain Hierarchy	625	(1)
9.1.2 Name Servers	626	(4)
9.1.3 Name Resolution	630	(3)
9.2 Traditional Applications	633	(16)
9.2.1 Electronic Mail (SMTP, MIME)	634	(6)
9.2.2 World Wide Web (HTTP)	640	(6)
9.2.3 Network Management (SNMP)	646	(3)
9.3 Multimedia Applications	649	(13)
9.3.1 Requirements	651	(2)
9.3.2 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)	653	(7)
9.3.3 Session Control and Call Control (H.323)	660	(2)
9.4 Summary	662	(1)
Open Issue: Programming the Network	663	(1)
Further Reading	664	(1)
Exercises	665	(8)
Glossary	673	(26)
References	699	(18)
Index	717	(32)
About the Authors	749