Concepts of Genetics and Student Companion Website Access Card Package

by Klug, William S.; Cummings, Michael R.; Spencer, Charlotte; Palladino, Michael A.

• ISBN13: 9780131699441
• ISBN10: 013169944X
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Summary

For one or two term courses in genetics in the departments of Biology, Zoology, Agriculture or Health Science.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiv
Part One Genes, Chromosomes, and Heredity
Introduction to Genetics	1	(16)
From Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century	2	(3)
Mendel's Work on Transmission of Traits	2	(1)
The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance: Uniting Mendel and Meiosis	3	(1)
Genetic Variation	4	(1)
The Search for the Chemical Nature of Genes: DNA or Protein?	4	(1)
Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Recombinant DNA Era	5	(2)
The Structure of DNA and RNA	5	(1)
Gene Expression: From DNA to Phenotype	5	(1)
Proteins and Biological Function	6	(1)
Linking Genotype to Phenotype: Sickle-Cell Anemia	6	(1)
Genomics Grew Out of Recombinant DNA Technology	7	(2)
Making Recombinant DNA Molecules and Cloning DNA	7	(1)
Sequencing Genomes: The Human Genome Project	8	(1)
The Impact of Biotechnology Is Growing	9	(2)
Plants, Animals, and the Food Supply	9	(1)
Who Owns Transgenic Organisms?	10	(1)
Biotechnology in Genetics and Medicine	10	(1)
Genetic Studies Rely On the Use of Model Organisms	11	(3)
The Modern Set of Genetic Model Organisms	12	(1)
Model Organisms and Human Diseases	13	(1)
We Live in the ``Age of Genetics''	14	(3)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	14	(1)
Chapter Summary	15	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	15	(1)
Selected Readings	16	(1)
Mitosis and Meiosis	17	(22)
Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function	18	(2)
Cell Boundaries	18	(1)
The Nucleus	18	(1)
The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles	19	(1)
In Diploid Organisms, Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs	20	(3)
Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells	23	(4)
Interphase and the Cell Cycle	23	(2)
Prophase	25	(1)
Prometaphase and Metaphase	26	(1)
Anaphase	26	(1)
Telophase	26	(1)
Meiosis Reduces the Chromosome Number from Diploid to Haploid in Germ Cells and Spores	27	(4)
An Overview of Meiosis	28	(1)
The First Meiotic Division: Prophase I	28	(1)
Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase I	29	(1)
The Second Meiotic Division	29	(2)
The Development of Gametes Varies during Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis	31	(1)
Meiosis Is Critical to the Successful Sexual Reproduction of All Diploid Organisms	32	(1)
Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Cytological Nature of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes	33	(6)
Chromatin and Chromosomes	33	(1)
The Synaptonemal Complex	34	(1)
Chapter Summary	35	(1)
Insights and Solutions	36	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	37	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	38	(1)
Selected Readings	38	(1)
Mendelian Genetics	39	(27)
Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance	40	(1)
The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How One Trait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation	40	(4)
Mendel's First Three Postulates	41	(1)
Modern Genetic Terminology	42	(1)
Mendel's Analytical Approach	42	(1)
Punnett Squares	43	(1)
The Testcross: One Character	43	(1)
Mendel's Dihybrid Cross Revealed His Fourth Postulate: Independent Assortment	44	(3)
Independent Assortment	44	(3)
The Testcross: Two Characters	47	(1)
The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel's Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits	47	(2)
The Forked-Line Method, or Branch Diagram	47	(2)
Mendel's Work Was Rediscovered in the Early 20th Century	49	(1)
The Correlation of Mendel's Postulates with the Behavior of Chromosomes Formed the Foundation of Modern Transmission Genetics	49	(2)
Unit Factors, Genes, and Homologous Chromosomes	49	(2)
Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation	51	(1)
Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events	51	(3)
The Product Law and the Sum Law	51	(1)
Conditional Probability	52	(1)
The Binomial Theorem	52	(2)
Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data	54	(2)
Interpreting Χ2 Calculations	56	(1)
Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance in Humans	56	(10)
Pedigree Conventions	56	(1)
Pedigree Analysis	57	(2)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	59	(1)
Tay--Sachs Disease: A Recessive Molecular Disorder in Humans	59	(1)
Chapter Summary	59	(1)
Insights and Solutions	60	(2)
Problems and Discussion Questions	62	(2)
Extra-Spicy Problems	64	(1)
Selected Readings	65	(1)
Extensions of Mendelian Genetics	66	(34)
Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways	67	(1)
Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles	68	(1)
In Incomplete Dominance, Neither Allele Is Dominant	68	(1)
In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident	69	(1)
Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population	70	(2)
The ABO Blood Groups	70	(1)
The A and B Antigens	71	(1)
The Bombay Phenotype	71	(1)
The white Locus in Drosophila	72	(1)
Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes	72	(2)
Dominant Lethal Mutations	73	(1)
Combinations of Two Gene Pairs Involving Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio	74	(1)
Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene	75	(5)
Epistasis	75	(1)
Unique Inheritance Patterns	75	(3)
Novel Phenotypes	78	(1)
Other Modified Dihybrid Ratios	79	(1)
Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects	80	(1)
X-Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome	81	(3)
X-Linkage in Drosophila	81	(1)
X-Linkage in Humans	82	(2)
Lesch--Nyhan Syndrome: The Molecular Basis of a Rare X-Linked Recessive Disorder	84	(1)
In Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Inheritance, an Individual's Sex Influences the Phenotype	84	(1)
Phenotypic Expression Is Not Always a Direct Reflection of the Genotype	85	(15)
Penetrance and Expressivity	85	(1)
Genetic Background: Suppression and Position Effects	86	(1)
Temperature Effects	87	(1)
Nutritional Effects	87	(1)
Onset of Genetic Expression	88	(1)
Genetic Anticipation	88	(1)
Genomic (Parental) Imprinting	88	(2)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	90	(1)
Improving the Genetic Fate of Purebred Dogs	90	(1)
Chapter Summary	91	(1)
Insights and Solutions	91	(2)
Problems and Discussion Questions	93	(3)
Extra-Spicy Problems	96	(3)
Selected Readings	99	(1)
Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes	100	(37)
Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together	101	(3)
The Linkage Ratio	102	(2)
Crossing Over Serves as the Basis of Determining the Distance between Genes during Chromosome Mapping	104	(3)
Morgan and Crossing Over	104	(1)
Sturtevant and Mapping	104	(2)
Single Crossovers	106	(1)
Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Relies on the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers	107	(7)
Multiple Exchanges	107	(1)
Three-Point Mapping in Drosophila	108	(2)
Determining the Gene Sequence	110	(1)
A Mapping Problem in Maize	111	(3)
Interference Affects the Recovery of Multiple Exchanges	114	(1)
As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, Mapping Experiments Become More Inaccurate	115	(1)
Drosophila Genes Have Been Extensively Mapped	116	(1)
Crossing Over Involves a Physical Exchange between Chromatids	117	(1)
Recombination Occurs between Mitotic Chromosomes	118	(2)
Exchanges Also Occur between Sister Chromatids	120	(1)
Linkage Analysis and Mapping Can Be Performed in Haploid Organisms	120	(6)
Gene-to-Centromere Mapping	121	(2)
Ordered versus Unordered Tetrad Analysis	123	(1)
Linkage and Mapping	124	(2)
Lod Score Analysis and Somatic Cell Hybridization Were Historically Important in Creating Human Chromosome Maps	126	(2)
Gene Mapping Is Now Possible Using Molecular Analysis of DNA	128	(1)
Gene Mapping Using Annotated Computer Databases	128	(1)
Did Mendel Encounter Linkage?	128	(9)
Why Didn't Gregor Mendel Find Linkage?	129	(1)
Chapter Summary	129	(1)
Insights and Solutions	130	(2)
Problems and Discussion Questions	132	(3)
Extra-Spicy Problems	135	(1)
Selected Readings	136	(1)
Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages	137	(28)
Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Grow at an Exponential Rate	138	(1)
Conjugation Is One Means of Genetic Recombination in Bacteria	139	(7)
F+ and F- Bacteria	140	(1)
Hfr Bacteria and Chromosome Mapping	141	(3)
Recombination in F+ x F- Matings: A Reexamination	144	(1)
The F' State and Merozygotes	145	(1)
Mutational Analysis Led to the Discovery of the Rec Proteins Essential to Bacterial Recombination	146	(1)
F Factors Are Plasmids	146	(1)
Transformation Is Another Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria	147	(1)
The Transformation Process	147	(1)
Transformation and Linked Genes	147	(1)
Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses	148	(3)
Phage T4: Structure and Life Cycle	148	(1)
The Plaque Assay	149	(1)
Lysogeny	150	(1)
Transduction Is Virus-Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer	151	(2)
The Lederberg--Zinder Experiment	151	(1)
The Nature of Transduction	152	(1)
Transduction and Mapping	153	(1)
Bacteriophages Undergo Intergenic Recombination	153	(1)
Mapping in Bacteriophages	154	(1)
Intragenic Recombination Occurs in Phage T4	154	(11)
The rII Locus of Phage T4	154	(1)
Complementation by rII Mutations	155	(1)
Recombinational Analysis	156	(1)
Deletion Testing of the rII Locus	156	(1)
The rII Gene Map	157	(2)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	159	(1)
Bacterial Genes and Disease: From Gene Expression to Edible Vaccines	159	(1)
Chapter Summary	160	(1)
Insights and Solutions	160	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	161	(2)
Extra-Spicy Problems	163	(1)
Selected Readings	164	(1)
Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes	165	(22)
Sexual Differentiation and Life Cycles	166	(3)
Chlamydomonas	166	(1)
Zea mays	167	(1)
Caenorhabditis elegans	168	(1)
X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the 20th Century	169	(1)
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans	170	(5)
Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes	171	(1)
47, XXX Syndrome	172	(1)
47, XYY Condition	172	(1)
Sexual Differentiation in Humans	173	(1)
The Y Chromosome and Male Development	173	(2)
The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0	175	(1)
Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals	175	(3)
Barr Bodies	176	(1)
The Lyon Hypothesis	176	(2)
The Mechanism of Inactivation	178	(1)
The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Determines Sex in Drosophila	178	(3)
Dosage Compensation in Drosophila	180	(1)
Drosophila Mosaics	180	(1)
Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Reptiles	181	(6)
Chapter Summary	182	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	183	(1)
A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans	183	(1)
Insights and Solutions	184	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	184	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	185	(1)
Selected Readings	186	(1)
Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Chromosome Number and Arrangement	187	(27)
Specific Terminology Describes Variations in Chromosome Number	188	(1)
Variation in the Number of Chromosomes Results from Nondisjunction	188	(1)
Monosomy, the Loss of a Single Chromosome, May Have Severe Phenotypic Effects	189	(1)
Partial Monosomy in Humans: The Cri-du-Chat Syndrome	189	(1)
Trisomy Involves the Addition of a Chromosome to a Diploid Genome	190	(4)
Down Syndrome	191	(2)
Patau Syndrome	193	(1)
Edwards Syndrome	193	(1)
Viability in Human Aneuploidy	193	(1)
Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants	194	(4)
Autopolyploidy	195	(1)
Allopolyploidy	196	(2)
Endopolyploidy	198	(1)
Variation Occurs in the Structure and Arrangement of Chromosomes	198	(1)
A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome	199	(1)
A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of the Genetic Material	200	(3)
Gene Redundancy and Amplification: Ribosomal RNA Genes	200	(1)
The Bar-Eye Mutation in Drosophila	201	(1)
The Role of Gene Duplication in Evolution	201	(2)
Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence	203	(3)
Consequences of Inversions during Gamete Formation	203	(1)
Position Effects of Inversions	204	(1)
Evolutionary Advantages of Inversions	205	(1)
Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome	206	(2)
Translocations in Humans: Familial Down Syndrome	206	(2)
Fragile Sites in Humans Are Susceptible to Chromosome Breakage	208	(6)
Fragile X Syndrome (Martin--Bell Syndrome)	208	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	209	(1)
The Link between Fragile Sites and Cancer	209	(1)
Chapter Summary	210	(1)
Insights and Solutions	210	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	211	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	212	(1)
Selected Readings	213	(1)
Extranuclear Inheritance	214	(17)
Organelle Heredity Involves DNA in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria	215	(3)
Chloroplasts: Variegation in Four O'Clock Plants	215	(1)
Chloroplast Mutations in Chlamydomonas	216	(1)
Mitochondrial Mutations: The Case of poky in Neurospora	216	(1)
Petites in Saccharomyces	217	(1)
Knowledge of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast DNA Helps Explain Organelle Heredity	218	(3)
Organelle DNA and the Endosymbiotic Theory	218	(1)
Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Chloroplast DNA	219	(1)
Molecular Organization and Gene Products of Mitochondrial DNA	220	(1)
Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA Cause Human Disorders	221	(1)
Infectious Heredity Is Based on a Symbiotic Relationship between Host Organism and Invader	222	(2)
Kappa in Paramecium	222	(2)
Infective Particles in Drosophila	224	(1)
In Maternal Effect, the Maternal Genotype Has a Strong Influence during Early Development	224	(7)
Ephestia Pigmentation	224	(1)
Limnaea Coiling	224	(1)
Embryonic Development in Drosophila	225	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	226	(1)
Mitochondrial DNA and the Mystery of the Romanovs	226	(1)
Chapter Summary	227	(1)
Insights and Solutions	228	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	228	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	229	(1)
Selected Readings	230	(1)
Part Two DNA: Structure, Replication, and Variation
DNA Structure and Analysis	231	(32)
The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics	232	(1)
Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material	233	(1)
Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria and Bacteriophages	233	(6)
Transformation: Early Studies	233	(2)
Transformation: The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment	235	(1)
The Hershey--Chase Experiment	236	(3)
Transfection Experiments	239	(1)
Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept that DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryotes	239	(1)
Indirect Evidence: Distribution of DNA	239	(1)
Indirect Evidence: Mutagenesis	239	(1)
Direct Evidence: Recombinant DNA Studies	240	(1)
RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses	240	(1)
Knowledge of Nucleic Acid Chemistry Is Essential to the Understanding of DNA Structure	241	(2)
Nucleotides: Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids	241	(2)
Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates	243	(1)
Polynucleotides	243	(1)
The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function	243	(5)
Base Composition Studies	244	(1)
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis	245	(1)
The Watson--Crick Model	245	(3)
Alternative Forms of DNA Exist	248	(1)
The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded	249	(2)
Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid	250	(1)
Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA	251	(12)
Absorption of Ultraviolet Light (UV)	251	(1)
Sedimentation Behavior	251	(2)
Denaturation and Renaturation of Nucleic Acids	253	(1)
Molecular Hybridization	254	(1)
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)	255	(1)
Reassociation Kinetics and Repetitive DNA	255	(2)
Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids	257	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	258	(1)
The Twists and Turns of the Helical Revolution	258	(1)
Chapter Summary	259	(1)
Insights and Solutions	259	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	260	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	261	(1)
Selected Readings	262	(1)
DNA Replication and Recombination	263	(23)
DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication	264	(4)
The Meselson--Stahl Experiment	265	(1)
Semiconservative Replication in Eukaryotes	266	(1)
Origins, Forks, and Units of Replication	266	(2)
DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five Polymerases, as well as Other Enzymes	268	(3)
DNA Polymerase I	268	(1)
Synthesis of Biologically Active DNA	269	(1)
DNA Polymerase II, III, IV, and V	270	(1)
Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication	271	(1)
The DNA Helix Must Be Unwound	271	(1)
Initiation of DNA Synthesis Requires an RNA Primer	272	(1)
Antiparallel Strands Require Continuous and Discontinuous DNA Synthesis	272	(1)
Concurrent Synthesis Occurs on the Leading and Lagging Strands	273	(1)
Proofreading and Error Correction Are an Integral Part of DNA Replication	273	(1)
A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication	273	(1)
Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes	274	(1)
Eukaryotic DNA Synthesis Is Similar to Synthesis in Prokaryotes, but More Complex	275	(1)
Multiple Replication Origins	275	(1)
Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases	275	(1)
The Ends of Linear Chromosomes Are Problematic during Replication	276	(2)
DNA Recombination, Like DNA Replication, Is Directed by Specific Enzymes	278	(1)
Gene Conversion Is a Consequence of DNA Recombination	279	(7)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	281	(1)
Telomerase: The Key to Immortality?	281	(1)
Chapter Summary	282	(1)
Insights and Solutions	282	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	283	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	284	(1)
Selected Readings	285	(1)
DNA Organization in Chromosomes	286	(20)
Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes Are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules	287	(2)
Supercoiling Is Common in the DNA of Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes	289	(1)
Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in Structure	290	(2)
Polytene Chromosomes	290	(1)
Lampbrush Chromosomes	291	(1)
DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes	292	(4)
Chromatin Structure and Nucleosomes	292	(2)
High Resolution Studies of the Nucleosome Core	294	(1)
Heterochromatin	295	(1)
Chromosome Banding Differentiates Regions along the Mitotic Chromosome	296	(1)
Eukaryotic Chromosomes Demonstrate Complex Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA	297	(4)
Repetitive DNA and Satellite DNA	297	(1)
Centromeric DNA Sequences	298	(1)
Telomeric DNA Sequences	299	(1)
Middle Repetitive Sequences: VNTRs and Dinucleotide Repeats	300	(1)
Repetitive Transposed Sequences: SINES and LINES	300	(1)
Middle Repetitive Multiple-Copy Genes	301	(1)
The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes	301	(5)
Chapter Summary	301	(1)
Insights and Solutions	302	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	302	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	303	(2)
Selected Readings	305	(1)
Part Three Expression and Regulation of Genetic Information
The Genetic Code and Transcription	306	(28)
The Genetic Code Exhibits a Number of Characteristics	307	(1)
Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code	307	(2)
The Triplet Nature of the Code	308	(1)
The Nonoverlapping Nature of the Code	308	(1)
The Commaless and Degenerate Nature of the Code	309	(1)
Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Led to Deciphering of the Code	309	(4)
Synthesizing Polypeptides in a Cell-Free System	309	(1)
Homopolymer Codes	310	(1)
Mixed Copolymers	310	(1)
The Triplet Binding Assay	311	(1)
Repeating Copolymers	312	(1)
The Coding Dictionary Reveals Several Interesting Patterns among the 64 Codons	313	(2)
Degeneracy and the Wobble Hypothesis	313	(1)
The Ordered Nature of the Code	314	(1)
Initiation, Termination, and Suppression	314	(1)
The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Phage MS2	315	(1)
The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal	315	(1)
Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes	316	(1)
Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template	317	(1)
Studies with Bacteria and Phages Provided Evidence for the Existence of mRNA	317	(1)
RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis	318	(2)
Promoters, Template Binding, and the Sigma Subunit	318	(1)
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination of RNA Synthesis	319	(1)
Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Prokaryotic Transcription in Several Ways	320	(3)
Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes	320	(1)
Recent Discoveries Concerning RNA Polymerase Function	321	(1)
Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA and Its Processing: Caps and Tails	322	(1)
The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences	323	(3)
Splicing Mechanisms: Autocatalytic RNAs	324	(1)
Splicing Mechanisms: The Spliceosome	325	(1)
RNA Editing	326	(1)
Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy	326	(8)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	328	(1)
Antisense Oligonucleotides: Attacking the Messenger	328	(1)
Chapter Summary	329	(1)
Insights and Solutions	329	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	330	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	331	(2)
Selected Readings	333	(1)
Translation and Proteins	334	(27)
Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs	335	(3)
Ribosomal Structure	335	(1)
tRNA Structure	336	(1)
Charging tRNA	337	(1)
Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps	338	(4)
Initiation	338	(1)
Elongation	339	(1)
Termination	340	(1)
Polyribosomes	341	(1)
Crystallographic Analysis Has Revealed Many Details about the Functional Prokaryotic Ribosome	342	(1)
Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes	342	(1)
The Initial Insight That Proteins Are Important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism	343	(1)
Phenylketonuria	344	(1)
Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene: One-Enzyme Hypothesis	344	(2)
Analysis of Neurospora Mutants by Beadle and Tatum	344	(2)
Genes and Enzymes: Analysis of Biochemical Pathways	346	(1)
Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide	346	(3)
Sickle-Cell Anemia	347	(1)
Human Hemoglobins	348	(1)
The Nucleotide Sequence of a Gene and the Amino Acid Sequence of the Corresponding Protein Exhibit Colinearity	349	(1)
Protein Structure Is the Basis of Biological Diversity	349	(4)
Posttranslational Modification	352	(1)
Protein Function Is Directly Related to the Structure of the Molecule	353	(1)
Proteins Are Made Up of One or More Functional Domains	354	(7)
Exon Shuffling and the Origin of Protein Domains	354	(2)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	356	(1)
Mad Cow Disease: The Prion Story	356	(1)
Chapter Summary	357	(1)
Insights and Solutions	357	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	357	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	358	(2)
Selected Readings	360	(1)
Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition	361	(31)
Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways	362	(3)
Spontaneous, Induced, and Adaptive Mutations	362	(1)
Classification Based on Location of Mutation	363	(1)
Classification Based on Type of Molecular Change	364	(1)
Classification Based on Phenotypic Effects	364	(1)
The Spontaneous Mutation Rate Varies Greatly among Organisms	365	(1)
Deleterious Mutations in Humans	365	(1)
Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Replication Errors and Base Modifications	366	(3)
DNA Replication Errors	366	(1)
Replication Slippage	366	(1)
The Odds of Losing at Genetic Roulette	367	(1)
Tautomeric Shifts	368	(1)
Depurination and Deamination	368	(1)
Oxidative Damage	369	(1)
Transposons	369	(1)
Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation	369	(3)
Base Analogs	370	(1)
Alkylating Agents	370	(1)
Acridine Dyes and Frameshift Mutations	370	(1)
Ultraviolet Light and Thymine Dimers	371	(1)
Ionizing Radiation	372	(1)
Genomics and Gene Sequencing Have Enhanced Our Understanding of Mutations in Humans	372	(3)
ABO Blood Types	373	(1)
Muscular Dystrophy	373	(1)
Trinucleotide Repeats in Fragile X Syndrome, Myotonic Dystrophy, and Huntington Disease	373	(2)
Genetic Techniques, Cell Cultures, and Pedigree Analysis Are All Used to Detect Mutations	375	(2)
Detection in Bacteria and Fungi	375	(1)
Detection in Plants	375	(1)
Detection in Humans	375	(2)
The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds	377	(1)
Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Counteract Mutations	377	(5)
Proofreading and Mismatch Repair	377	(1)
Postreplication Repair and the SOS Repair System	378	(1)
Photoreactivation Repair: Reversal of UV Damage in Prokaryotes	379	(1)
Base and Nucleotide Excision Repair	379	(1)
Xeroderma Pigmentosum and Nucleotide Excision Repair in Humans	380	(1)
Double-Strand Break Repair in Eukaryotes	381	(1)
Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Disrupt Genetic Function	382	(10)
Insertion Sequences	382	(1)
Bacterial Transposons	382	(1)
The Ac--Ds System in Maize	383	(1)
Mobile Genetic Elements and Wrinkled Peas: Mendel Revisited	384	(1)
Copia Elements in Drosophila	385	(1)
P Element Transposons in Drosophila	385	(1)
Transposable Elements in Humans	386	(1)
Chapter Summary	386	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	387	(1)
Chernobyl's Legacy	387	(1)
Insights and Solutions	388	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	389	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	390	(1)
Selected Readings	391	(1)
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes	392	(19)
Prokaryotes Exhibit Efficient Genetic Mechanisms to Respond to Environmental Conditions	393	(1)
Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System	393	(5)
Structural Genes	394	(1)
The Discovery of Regulatory Mutations	394	(1)
The Operon Model: Negative Control	395	(1)
Genetic Proof of the Operon Model	395	(2)
Isolation of the Repressor	397	(1)
The Catabolite-Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon	398	(1)
Crystal Structure Analysis of Repressor Complexes Has Confirmed the Operon Model	399	(2)
The tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System	401	(1)
Evidence for the trp Operon	401	(1)
Attenuation Is a Critical Process during the Regulation of the trp Operon in E. coli	402	(1)
TRAP and AT Proteins Govern Attenuation in B. subtilis	403	(1)
The ara Operon Is Controlled by a Regulator Protein That Exerts Both Positive and Negative Control	404	(7)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	406	(1)
Quorum Sensing: How Bacteria Talk to One Another	406	(1)
Chapter Summary	407	(1)
Insights and Solutions	407	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	408	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	409	(1)
Selected Readings	410	(1)
Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes	411	(23)
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Differs from Regulation in Prokaryotes	412	(1)
Chromosome Organization in the Nucleus Influences Gene Expression	412	(1)
Transcription Initiation Is a Major Form of Gene Regulation	413	(2)
Promoters Have a Modular Organization	413	(1)
Enhancers Control the Rate of Transcription	414	(1)
Transcription in Eukaryotes Requires Several Steps	415	(2)
Transcription Requires Chromatin Remodeling	415	(1)
Histone Modification Is Part of Chromatin Remodeling	416	(1)
Assembly of the Basal Transcription Complex Occurs at the Promoter	417	(3)
RNA Polymerases and Transcription	417	(1)
Formation of the Transcription Initiation Complex	417	(1)
Activators Bind to Enhancers and Change the Rate of Transcription Initiation	418	(2)
Gene Regulation in a Model Organism: Positive Induction and Catabolite Repression in the gal Genes of Yeast	420	(2)
DNA Methylation and Regulation of Gene Expression	422	(1)
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression	423	(3)
Alternative Splicing Pathways for mRNA	423	(1)
Alternative Splicing and Cell Function	423	(2)
Alternative Splicing Amplifies the Number of Proteins Produced by a Genome	425	(1)
RNA Silencing of Gene Expression	425	(1)
Alternative Splicing and mRNA Stability Also Regulate Gene Expression	426	(8)
Sex Determination in Drosophila: A Model for Regulation of Alternative Splicing	426	(1)
Controlling mRNA Stability	427	(1)
Chapter Summary	428	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	429	(1)
Human Genetic Diseases and Loss of Gene Regulation	429	(1)
Insights and Solutions	430	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	430	(2)
Extra-Spicy Problems	432	(1)
Selected Readings	433	(1)
Cell Cycle Regulation and Cancer	434	(23)
Cancer Is a Genetic Disease	435	(2)
What Is Cancer?	436	(1)
The Clonal Origin of Cancer Cells	436	(1)
Cancer As a Multistep Process, Requiring Multiple Mutations	436	(1)
Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability and DNA Repair	437	(2)
Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell Cycle Regulation	439	(3)
The Cell Cycle and Signal Transduction	439	(1)
Cell Cycle Control and Checkpoints	440	(2)
Many Cancer-Causing Genes Disrupt Control of the Cell Cycle	442	(4)
The Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E Proto-oncogenes	443	(1)
The ras Proto-oncogenes	443	(1)
The p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene	444	(1)
The RB1 Tumor Suppressor Gene	445	(1)
Cancer Is a Genetic Disorder Affecting Cell--Cell Contact	446	(1)
Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited	447	(2)
Viruses Contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals	449	(2)
Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers	451	(6)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	452	(1)
Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword of Genetic Testing	452	(1)
Chapter Summary	453	(1)
Insights and Solutions	453	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	454	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	455	(1)
Selected Readings	456	(1)
Part Four Genomic Analysis
Recombinant DNA Technology	457	(27)
Recombinant DNA Technology Combines Several Experimental Techniques	458	(1)
Recombinant DNA Technology Is the Foundation of Genome Analysis	458	(1)
Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA at Specific Recognition Sequences	458	(2)
Vectors Carry DNA Molecules to Be Cloned	460	(3)
Plasmid Vectors	460	(1)
Lambda (λ) Phage Vectors	461	(1)
Cosmid Vectors	462	(1)
Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes	462	(1)
Expression Vectors	463	(1)
DNA Was First Cloned in Prokaryotic Host Cells	463	(1)
Yeast Cells Are Used as Eukaryotic Hosts for Cloning	464	(1)
Genes Can Be Transferred to Eukaryotic Cells	465	(1)
Plant Cell Hosts	465	(1)
Mammalian Cell Hosts	466	(1)
The Polymerase Chain Reaction Makes DNA Copies Without Host Cells	466	(2)
Limitations of PCR	467	(1)
Other Applications of PCR	468	(1)
Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences	468	(2)
Genomic Libraries	468	(1)
Chromosome-Specific Libraries	468	(1)
cDNA Libraries	469	(1)
Specific Clones Can Be Recovered from a Library	470	(1)
Probes Identify Specific Clones	470	(1)
Screening a Library	471	(1)
Cloned Sequences Can Be Characterized in Several Ways	471	(3)
Restriction Mapping	471	(2)
Nucleic Acid Blotting	473	(1)
DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize a Clone	474	(10)
DNA Sequencing and Genome Projects	477	(1)
Chapter Summary	478	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	479	(1)
DNA Fingerprints and Forensics: The Case of the Telltale Palo Verde	479	(1)
Insights and Solutions	480	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	480	(3)
Selected Readings	483	(1)
Genomics and Proteomics	484	(32)
Genomics: Sequencing Is the Basis for Identifying and Mapping All Genes in a Genome	486	(1)
An Overview of Genomic Analysis	487	(1)
Compiling the Sequence	487	(1)
Annotating the Sequence	487	(1)
Functional Genomics Classifies Genes and Identifies Their Functions	488	(3)
Functional Genomics of a Bacterial Genome	489	(1)
Strategies for Functional Assignments of Unknown Genes	489	(2)
Prokaryotic Genomes Have Some Unexpected Features	491	(1)
Size Range of Eubacterial Genomes	491	(1)
Linear Chromosomes and Multiple Chromosomes in Bacteria	491	(1)
Genomes of Eubacteria	492	(1)
Genomes of Archaea	493	(1)
Eukaryotic Genomes Have Several Organizational Patterns	493	(3)
General Features of Eukaryotic Genomes	494	(1)
Transcriptional Units in the C. elegans Genome	494	(1)
Genomes of Higher Plants	495	(1)
The Human Genome: The Human Genome Project (HGP)	496	(3)
Origins of the Human Genome Project	496	(1)
Major Features of the Human Genome	496	(1)
The Unfinished Tasks in Human Genome Sequencing	497	(1)
Chromosomal Organization of Human Genes	498	(1)
Our Genome and the Chimpanzee Genome	498	(1)
Comparative Genomics Is a Versatile Tool	499	(4)
Finding New Genes Using Comparative Genomics	499	(1)
Comparative Genomics and Model Organisms	500	(1)
Comparative Analysis of Nuclear Receptors and Drug Development	501	(1)
The Minimum Genome for Living Cells	502	(1)
Comparative Genomics: Multigene Families Diversify Gene Function	503	(2)
Gene Duplications	503	(1)
Evolution of Gene Families: The Globin Genes	504	(1)
Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Proteins in a Cell	505	(11)
Reconciling the Number of Genes and the Number of Proteins	505	(1)
Proteomics Technology	506	(1)
The Bacterial Proteome Changes with Alterations in the Environment	507	(1)
Proteome Analysis of an Organelle: The Nucleolus	508	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	509	(1)
Beyond Dolly: The Cloning of Humans	509	(1)
Chapter Summary	510	(1)
Insights and Solutions	511	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	511	(3)
Extra-Spicy Problems	514	(1)
Selected Readings	515	(1)
Dissection of Gene Function: Mutational Analysis in Model Organisms	516	(33)
Geneticists Use Model Organisms That Are Genetically Tractable	517	(6)
Features of Genetic Model Organisms	517	(1)
Yeast as a Genetic Model Organism	517	(2)
Drosophila as a Genetic Model Organism	519	(2)
The Mouse as a Genetic Model Organism	521	(2)
Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Mutations and Forward Genetics	523	(6)
Generating Mutants with Radiation, Chemicals, and Transposon Insertion	523	(1)
Screening for Mutants	523	(2)
Selecting for Mutants	525	(1)
Defining the Genes	525	(1)
Dissecting Genetic Networks: Epistasis and Pathways	526	(1)
Extending the Analysis: Suppressors and Enhancers	527	(1)
Extending the Analysis: Cloning the Genes	528	(1)
Extending the Analysis: Biochemical Functions	528	(1)
Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Genomics and Reverse Genetics	529	(7)
Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Purified Protein	529	(1)
Genetic Analysis Beginning with a Mutant Model Organism	530	(1)
Genetic Analysis Beginning with the Cloned Gene	531	(2)
Genetics Analysis Using Gene Targeting Technologies	533	(3)
Geneticists Dissect Gene Function Using Functional Genomic and RNAi Technologies	536	(2)
RNAi: Genetics without Mutations	536	(1)
High-Throughput Functional Genomics Techniques	537	(1)
Gene Expression Microarrays	537	(1)
Genome-Wide Mapping of Protein--DNA Binding Sites	538	(1)
Geneticists Advance Our Understanding of Molecular Processes by Undertaking Genetic Research in Model Organisms: Three Case Studies	538	(11)
Yeast: Cell Cycle Genes	539	(2)
Drosophila: The Heidelberg Screens	541	(2)
The Mouse: A Model for ALS Gene Therapy	543	(1)
Chapter Summary	544	(1)
Insights and Solutions	545	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	546	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	547	(1)
Selected Readings	548	(1)
Applications and Ethics of Biotechnology	549	(26)
Biotechnology Has Revolutionized Agriculture	550	(2)
Transgenic Crops and Herbicide Resistance	550	(1)
Nutritional Enhancement of Crop Plants	550	(1)
Concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms	551	(1)
Pharmaceutical Products Are Synthesized in Genetically Altered Organisms	552	(3)
Insulin Production in Bacteria	552	(1)
Transgenic Animal Hosts and Pharmaceutical Products	553	(1)
Transgenic Plants and Edible Vaccines	554	(1)
Biotechnology Is Used to Diagnose and Screen Genetic Disorders	555	(5)
Prenatal Diagnosis of Sickle-cell Anemia	555	(1)
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genetic Screening	556	(1)
DNA Microarrays	557	(1)
Drug Development	558	(1)
Disease Diagnosis	559	(1)
Genome Scanning	559	(1)
Genetic Testing and Ethical Dilemmas	560	(1)
Genetic Disorders Can Be Treated by Gene Therapy	560	(3)
Gene Therapy for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)	561	(1)
Problems and Failures in Gene Therapy	562	(1)
The Future of Gene Therapy	562	(1)
Gene Therapy Raises Many Ethical Concerns	563	(1)
Ethical Issues Are an Outgrowth of the Human Genome Project	563	(1)
The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) Program	564	(1)
Finding and Mapping Genes in the Human Genome with Recombinant DNA Technology	564	(3)
RFLPs as Genetic Markers	564	(1)
Linkage Analysis Using RFLPs	565	(1)
Positional Cloning: The Gene for Neurofibromatosis	565	(1)
Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) Gene Mapping	566	(1)
DNA Fingerprints Can Identify Individuals	567	(8)
Minisatellites (VNTRs) and Microsatellites (STRs)	567	(1)
Forensic Applications	568	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	569	(1)
Gene Therapy---Two Steps Forward or Two Steps Back?	569	(1)
Chapter Summary	570	(1)
Insights and Solutions	570	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	571	(2)
Extra-Spicy Problems	573	(1)
Selected Readings	574	(1)
Part Five Genetics of Organisms and Populations
Developmental Genetics of Model Organisms	575	(24)
Developmental Genetics Seeks to Explain How a Differentiated State Develops from an Organism's Genome	576	(1)
Conservation of Developmental Mechanisms and the Use of Model Organisms	577	(1)
Model Organisms in the Study of Development	577	(1)
Analysis of Developmental Mechanisms	577	(1)
Basic Concepts in Developmental Genetics	577	(1)
Master Switch Genes Program Genomic Expression	578	(1)
The Control of Eye Formation	578	(1)
Genetics of Embryonic Development in Drosophila: Specification of the Body Axis	579	(4)
Overview of Drosophila Development	579	(2)
Genes That Regulate Formation of the Anterior--Posterior Body Axis	581	(1)
Genetic Analysis of Embryogenesis	581	(2)
Zygotic Genes Program Segment Formation in Drosophila	583	(2)
Gap Genes	583	(1)
Pair-Rule Genes	584	(1)
Segment Polarity Genes	584	(1)
Homeotic Genes Control the Developmental Fate of Segments along the Anterior--Posterior Axis	585	(3)
Hox Genes in Drosophila	585	(1)
Hox Genes and Human Genetic Disorders	586	(1)
Control of Hox Gene Expression	587	(1)
Cascades of Gene Action Control Differentiation	588	(1)
Plants Have Evolved Systems That Parallel the Hox Genes of Animals	589	(1)
Homeotic Genes in Arabidopsis	589	(1)
Evolutionary Divergence in Homeotic Genes	590	(1)
Cell--Cell Interactions in C. elegans Development	590	(4)
Signaling Systems in Development	590	(1)
The Notch Signaling Pathway	591	(1)
Overview of C. elegans Development	591	(1)
Genetic Analysis of Vulva Formation	592	(2)
Programmed Cell Death Is Required for Normal Development	594	(5)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	595	(1)
Stem Cell Wars	595	(1)
Chapter Summary	596	(1)
Insights and Solutions	596	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	597	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	598	(1)
Selected Readings	598	(1)
Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits	599	(18)
Not All Polygenic Traits Show Continuous Variation	600	(1)
Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms	600	(3)
The Multiple Gene Hypothesis for Quantitative Inheritance	601	(1)
Additive Alleles: The Basis of Continuous Variation	602	(1)
Calculating the Number of Polygenes	602	(1)
The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis	603	(2)
The Mean	603	(1)
Variance	603	(1)
Standard Deviation	604	(1)
Standard Error of the Mean	604	(1)
Covariance	604	(1)
Analysis of a Quantitative Character	604	(1)
Heritability Estimates the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability	605	(3)
Broad-Sense Heritability	606	(1)
Narrow-Sense Heritability	606	(1)
Artificial Selection	607	(1)
Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans	608	(1)
Quantitative Trait Loci Can Be Mapped	609	(8)
Chapter Summary	610	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	611	(1)
The Green Revolution Revisited	611	(1)
Insights and Solutions	612	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	613	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	614	(2)
Selected Readings	616	(1)
Population Genetics	617	(23)
Allele Frequencies in Population Gene Pools Vary in Space and Time	618	(1)
The Hardy--Weinberg Law Describes the Relationship between Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in an Ideal Population	618	(2)
The Hardy--Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations	620	(2)
Testing for Hardy--Weinberg Equilibrium	622	(1)
The Hardy--Weinberg Law Can Be Used for Multiple Alleles, X-Linked Traits, and Estimating Heterozygote Frequencies	622	(2)
Calculating Frequencies for Multiple Alleles	622	(1)
Calculating Frequencies for X-linked Traits	623	(1)
Calculating Heterozygote Frequency	624	(1)
Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change	624	(5)
Natural Selection	624	(1)
Fitness and Selection	625	(2)
Selection in Natural Populations	627	(1)
Natural Selection and Quantitative Traits	628	(1)
Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool	629	(1)
Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies	630	(2)
Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations	632	(1)
Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency	632	(8)
Inbreeding	633	(1)
Genetic Effects of Inbreeding	634	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	635	(1)
Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa	635	(1)
Chapter Summary	636	(1)
Insights and Solutions	636	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	637	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	638	(1)
Selected Readings	638	(2)
Evolutionary Genetics	640	(23)
Speciation Can Occur by Transformation or by Splitting Gene Pools	641	(1)
Most Populations and Species Harbor Considerable Genetic Variation	642	(2)
Artificial Selection	642	(1)
Protein Polymorphisms	642	(1)
Variations in Nucleotide Sequence	643	(1)
Explaining the High Level of Genetic Variation in Populations	644	(1)
The Genetic Structure of Populations Changes across Space and Time	644	(3)
The Definition of Species Is a Great Challenge for Evolutionary Biology	647	(1)
A Reduction in Gene Flow between Populations, Accompanied by Divergent Selection or Genetic Drift, Can Lead to Speciation	647	(6)
Examples of Speciation	649	(1)
The Minimum Genetic Divergence Required for Speciation	649	(2)
In at Least Some Instances, Speciation Is Rapid	651	(2)
We Can Use Genetic Differences among Populations or Species to Reconstruct Evolutionary History	653	(3)
A Method for Estimating Evolutionary Trees from Genetic Data	653	(2)
Molecular Clocks	655	(1)
Reconstructing Evolutionary History Allows Us to Answer a Variety of Questions	656	(7)
Transmission of HIV from a Dentist to His Patients	656	(1)
The Relationship of Neanderthals to Modern Humans	657	(1)
The Origin of Mitochondria	657	(1)
Chapter Summary	658	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	659	(1)
What Can We Learn from the Failure of the Eugenics Movement?	659	(1)
Insights and Solutions	660	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	660	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	661	(1)
Selected Readings	662	(1)
Conservation Genetics	663
Genetic Diversity Is at the Heart of Conservation Genetics	664	(2)
Loss of Genetic Diversity	665	(1)
Identifying Genetic Diversity	666	(1)
Population Size Has a Major Impact on Species Survival	666	(2)
Genetic Effects Are More Pronounced in Small, Isolated Populations	668	(2)
Genetic Drift	668	(1)
Inbreeding	668	(1)
Reduction in Gene Flow	669	(1)
Genetic Erosion Diminishes Genetic Diversity	670	(1)
Conservation of Genetic Diversity Is Essential to Species Survival	670
Ex Situ Conservation: Captive Breeding	671	(1)
Captive Breeding: The Black-Footed Ferret	671	(1)
Ex Situ Conservation and Gene Banks	672	(1)
In Situ Conservation	672	(1)
Population Augmentation	673	(1)
Genetics, Technology, and Society	674	(1)
Gene Pools and Endangered Species: The Plight of the Florida Panther	674	(1)
Chapter Summary	675	(1)
Insights and Solutions	675	(1)
Problems and Discussion Questions	675	(1)
Extra-Spicy Problems	676	(1)
Selected Readings	677
Appendix A Glossary	1	(16)
Appendix B Answers	17
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1