9780073401508

The Foundations of Criminal Justice	p. 1
Criminal Justice in the United States: An Overview	p. 3
Criminal Justice: An Institution of Social Control	p. 4
Crime and Criminal Law	p. 4
Criminal Justice: The System	p. 5
Police	p. 5
Courts	p. 5
Corrections	p. 9
Standards of Proof in Criminal Justice	p. 11
Two Models of Criminal Justice	p. 13
The Crime Control Model	p. 14
The Due Process Model	p. 15
Crime Control versus Due Process	p. 16
Myths about Criminal Justice	p. 17
Summary	p. 18
Key Terms	p. 19
Review Questions	p. 19
In the Field	p. 20
On the Net	p. 20
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 20
Law Enforcement	p. 23
History and Structure of American Law Enforcement	p. 25
The Limited Authority of American Law Enforcement	p. 26
English Roots	p. 27
The Tithing System	p. 27
The Constable-Watch System	p. 28
The Bow Street Runners	p. 28
The London Metropolitan Police	p. 28
The Development of American Law Enforcement	p. 30
Early American Law Enforcement	p. 30
Law Enforcement in the Cities	p. 30
Law Enforcement in the States and on the Frontier	p. 33
Professionalism and Reform	p. 35
Conflicting Roles	p. 36
Community Policing	p. 37
The Structure of American Law Enforcement	p. 38
Local Policing and Its Duties	p. 40
County Law Enforcement	p. 45
State Law Enforcement	p. 47
Federal Law Enforcement	p. 49
The Department of Homeland Security	p. 52
The War on Terrorism: A Preliminary Evaluation	p. 58
American Private Security	p. 60
Private Security Officers	p. 61
Reasons for Growth	p. 62
Issues Involving Private Security	p. 62
Summary	p. 65
Key Terms	p. 66
Review Questions	p. 66
In the Field	p. 66
On the Net	p. 67
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 67
Policing: Rotes, Styles, Functions, and Legal Constraints	p. 69
Policing in America	p. 70
The Roles of the Police	p. 70
Characteristics of Police Work	p. 71
Operational Styles	p. 74
Police Functions	p. 76
Patrol	p. 77
Investigation	p. 81
Traffic	p. 86
Drug Enforcement	p. 86
Community Policing	p. 93
The Philosophy and Components of Community Policing	p. 95
Implementing Community Policing	p. 97
Procedural Law and Policing	p. 98
Summary	p. 109
Key Terms	p. 110
Review Questions	p. 110
In the Field	p. 110
On the Net	p. 111
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 111
Policing America: Issues and Ethics	p. 113
The Police and the Public	p. 114
Public Attitudes toward the Police	p. 114
Police Recruitment and Selection	p. 117
Qualities of a Successful Police Officer	p. 118
The Police Recruitment Process	p. 119
Successful Recruiting Practices	p. 124
The Police Selection Process	p. 125
The Selection of a Law Enforcement Executive	p. 129
Issues in Policing	p. 130
Discretion	p. 130
Job Stress	p. 135
Use of Force	p. 136
Police Corruption	p. 139
Terrorism and Homeland Security	p. 141
Definitions and Types of Terrorism	p. 142
The Law Enforcement Response to Terrorism	p. 144
How Prepared Is the United States to Defend Against Terrorism?	p. 147
Summary	p. 148
Key Terms	p. 149
Review Questions	p. 149
In the Field	p. 149
On the Net	p. 150
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 150
The Courts	p. 151
The Administration of Justice	p. 153
The American Court Structure	p. 154
The Federal Courts	p. 154
The State Courts	p. 160
Purposes of Courts	p. 163
Key Actors in the Court Process	p. 165
The Prosecutor	p. 165
The Defense Attorney	p. 170
The Judge	p. 177
Pretrial Stages	p. 179
Caseflow Management	p. 180
From Arrest Through Initial Appearance	p. 181
Bail and Other Methods of Pretrial Release	p. 183
Information	p. 186
Preliminary Hearing	p. 186
Grand Jury	p. 187
Arraignment	p. 188
Plea Bargaining	p. 188
The Criminal Trial	p. 190
The Jury	p. 191
The Trial Process	p. 193
Trial Rights	p. 196
Miscarriages of Justice	p. 198
Summary	p. 202
Key Terms	p. 203
Review Questions	p. 204
In the Field	p. 204
On the Net	p. 204
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 205
Sentencing, Appeals, and the Death Penalty	p. 207
Sentencing	p. 208
The U.S. Constitution's Eighth Amendment	p. 209
Statutory Provisions	p. 210
Philosophical Rationales	p. 216
Organizational Considerations	p. 223
Presentence Investigation Reports	p. 223
Personal Characteristics of Judges	p. 224
Appeals	p. 225
The Death Penalty	p. 225
A Brief History of the Death Penalty in the United States	p. 225
Enter the Supreme Court	p. 226
The Procedural Reforms Approved in Gregg	p. 232
Prospects for the Future	p. 236
Summary	p. 242
Key Terms	p. 243
Review Questions	p. 243
In the Field	p. 243
On the Net	p. 244
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 244
Corrections	p. 245
Corrections	p. 247
Historical Overview of Institutional Corrections	p. 248
European Background	p. 248
Developments in the United States	p. 250
The Incarceration Boom	p. 255
Recent Trends	p. 256
Prison Inmate Characteristics	p. 260
Incarceration Facilities	p. 262
Organization and Administration by Government	p. 263
Classification and Other Special Facilities	p. 263
Men's Prisons	p. 266
Women's Prisons and Cocorrectional Facilities	p. 270
Jails and Lockups	p. 271
Institutional Security, Services, and Programs	p. 278
Security and Inmate Discipline	p. 279
Services and Programs	p. 281
Summary	p. 287
Key Terms	p. 288
Review Questions	p. 288
In the Field	p. 288
On the Net	p. 289
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 289
Prison Life, Inmate Rights, Release, and Recidivism	p. 291
Living in Prison	p. 292
Inmate Society	p. 292
Lite in Women's Prisons	p. 297
Correctional Officers	p. 299
Inmate Rights and Prison Reform	p. 303
Access to the Courts and Legal Services	p. 303
Procedural Due Process in Prison	p. 305
First Amendment Rights	p. 305
Eighth Amendment Rights	p. 306
Fourteenth Amendment Rights	p. 308
The Limits of Litigation	p. 309
Release and Recidivism	p. 310
Summary	p. 315
Key Terms	p. 315
Review Questions	p. 316
In the Field	p. 316
On the Net	p. 316
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 317
Community Corrections	p. 319
Community Corrections: Definition and Scope	p. 320
Goals and Staff Roles	p. 320
The Importance of Community Corrections	p. 322
Probation	p. 324
Historical Contex	p. 325
Administration	p. 326
Process and Procedures	p. 326
Issues in Probation	p. 333
Parole	p. 335
Historical Context	p. 337
Administration	p. 337
Process and Procedures	p. 338
Parole Issues	p. 341
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 347
Intensive-Supervision Probation and Parole (ISP)	p. 348
Day Reporting Centers	p. 351
Structured Fines or Day Fines	p. 351
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring	p. 353
Halfway Houses	p. 357
Temporary-Release Programs	p. 361
Summary	p. 363
Key Terms	p. 364
Review Questions	p. 364
In the Field	p. 365
On the Net	p. 365
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 365
Juvenile Justice	p. 367
Juvenile Justice	p. 369
Historical Development of Juvenile Justice	p. 370
The Development of Institutions for Youths	p. 371
The Development of the Juvenile Court	p. 374
The Processing of Juvenile Offenders	p. 379
The Informal Juvenile Justice Process	p. 379
The Formal Juvenile Justice Process	p. 379
Correctional Programs for Juveniles	p. 394
Community-Based Correctional Programs for Juveniles	p. 394
Institutional Programs for Juveniles	p. 398
Summary	p. 405
Key Terms	p. 406
Review Questions	p. 406
In the Field	p. 406
On the Net	p. 407
Critical Thinking Exercises	p. 407
Endnotes	p. 408
Glossary	p. 422
Case Index	p. 431
Subject Index	p. 432
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A Concise Introduction to Criminal Justice

0073401501

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