Conservation - Linking Ecology, Economics, and Culture

by Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff; Coppolillo, Peter

• ISBN13: 9780691049809
• ISBN10: 0691049807
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-11-29
• Publisher: Princeton Univ Pr

Summary

Nearly 90 percent of the earth's land surface is directly affected by human infrastructure and activities, yet less than 5 percent is legally "protected" for biodiversity conservation--and even most large protected areas have people living inside their boundaries. In all but a small fraction of the earth's land area, then, conservation and people must coexist.Conservationis a resource for all those who aim to reconcile biodiversity with human livelihoods. It traces the historical roots of modern conservation thought and practice, and explores current perspectives from evolutionary and community ecology, conservation biology, anthropology, political ecology, economics, and policy. The authors examine a suite of conservation strategies and perspectives from around the world, highlighting the most innovative and promising avenues for future efforts. Exploring, highlighting, and bridging gaps between the social and natural sciences as applied in the practice of conservation, this book provides a broad, practically oriented view. It is essential reading for anyone involved in the conservation process--from academic conservation biology to the management of protected areas, rural livelihood development to poverty alleviation, and from community-based natural resource management to national and global policymaking.

Author Biography

Monique Borgerhoff Mulder is Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Davis Peter Coppolillo received a Ph.D. in Ecology from the University of California, Davis, and now works for the Wildlife Conservation Society, directing the Rungwa-Ruaha Landscape Conservation Program in central Tanzania

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Commonly Used Abbreviations	xix
The Many Roads to Conservation
Introduction	1	(1)
Principal Threats to Biodiversity	2	(1)
Why Conserve Nature? Instrumental Values	3	(8)
The Links between Health and Conservation	9	(1)
Much More Than Stocks of Wood	10	(1)
Intrinsic Values	11	(4)
Ecophilosophies	12	(3)
The Changing Practice of Conservation: First, Protection	15	(1)
Man versus Nature: From Hunters to Penitent Butchers	17
Then Resource Management	16	(4)
Leading to Game Management, Multiple Use, and Broader Conservation Goals	20	(2)
Early Environmentalists in the Colonies	23
Conclusion	22	(5)
The Evolution of Policy	27	(26)
Introduction	27	(1)
Global Conservation and Protected Areas	28	(3)
Ancient Royal Forests	29	(2)
The Limits and Legacies of Protectionism	31	(6)
Reserves: Their Comings and Goings in Peninsular Malaysia	35	(3)
Coercive Conservation: Tigers, Lions, Carrots, and Sticks	38
Conservation ``with a Human Face''	37	(7)
The Evolution of Biosphere Reserves	40	(2)
Sustainability---Mere Hopes about the Future	42	(1)
The Ivory Wars: Debates over Utilization	43	(1)
The Rise of Community-Based Conservation	44	(5)
Integrated Conservation and Development in Action: Annapurna	48	(1)
Imperiled Parks	49	(1)
Conclusion	50	(3)
The Natural Science behind it All	53	(28)
Introduction	53	(1)
From Natural History Comes Ecology and its Golden Age	54	(6)
Stability and Equilibrium	57	(2)
Maximum Sustainable Yield	59	(1)
Things Get Messy: Disturbance and Disequilibrium	60	(7)
Stability, Pastoralism, and Opportunism	63	(1)
Adaptive Management	64	(2)
Ecological Sustainability: Still a Slippery Term	66	(1)
A Brave New Science: Conservation Biology	67	(3)
The Fire-Brigade Discipline Comes of Age	70	(5)
Conservation Planning	75	(4)
Prioritizing Conservation Efforts	76	(3)
Conclusion	79	(2)
Indigenous Peoples as Conservationists	81	(23)
Introduction	81	(1)
Cultural and Biological Diversity	81	(1)
Cultural and Biological Diversity in Central and Southern America	83
Guardians of Biodiversity	82	(7)
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Adaptive Management	86	(2)
Sacred Groves	88	(1)
Ecological Impacts of Traditional Ways of Life	89	(7)
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Extinctions	90	(6)
The Long Shadow of an Ecologically Noble Savage	96	(5)
Transitions in Ecological Noble Savage Thinking	98	(2)
The Kayapo Controversy	100	(1)
Revisiting Cultural and Biological Diversity	101	(2)
Conclusion	103	(1)
Conservation and Self-Interest	104	(25)
Introduction	104	(1)
An Evolutionary Viewpoint	105	(2)
Design of a Conservation Act	107	(3)
Prudent Predators?	108	(2)
An Intention to Conserve	110	(1)
Family Hunting Territories in Subarctic Canada	112
Ecological Outcomes	111	(3)
Humans as Top Predators	115
Conservation---Where, When, and Why?	114	(4)
Selling the Forest for Instant Returns	117	(1)
Expanding the Toolkit	118	(2)
Studying Hunting with Hunters in Paraguay's Mbaracayu Reserve	121
Policy Implications	120	(5)
Evolutionary Aesthetics and the ``Savanna Hypothesis''	126
Conclusion	125	(4)
Rational Fools and the Commons	129	(27)
Introduction	129	(1)
The Rational Fool Fumbles the Common Good	130	(3)
Freedom in the Commons Brings Ruin to All	132	(1)
Commons Classics	133	(3)
Changes in the Management of the Kenya Orma Commons	137
The Cooperation Game	136	(7)
Experimental Games in Economics	139	(3)
Asymmetries among Herders: The Barabaig Case	142	(1)
Culture, Norms, and Cooperation	143	(3)
Coordinating the Subaks of Bali	145	(1)
The Study of Common-Property Institutions	146	(3)
Property Rights, Management, and Sustainable Outcomes	149	(6)
Reviving Traditions in Sagarmatha National Park	151	(3)
Social Forestry: Bihar and Beyond	154	(1)
Conclusion	155	(1)
The Bigger Picture	156	(25)
Introduction	156	(1)
What is Political Ecology?	157	(3)
The Hen Has Starting Crowing	161
Tropical Forest Destruction and Population Growth	160	(6)
IPAT	163	(4)
Leviathan Rules	167
Biodiversity and its Human Dimensions	166	(6)
Forest Islands in Guinea: Are They Man-Made?	169	(2)
Social Ecology	171	(1)
Community as a Casualty	172	(4)
Co-Management in a Landscape of Resistance: The Case of Alaska's Yup'ik	177
Where's the Ecology?	176	(3)
Conclusion	179	(2)
Local People and International Conservation	181	(29)
Introduction	181	(1)
Indigenous Movements and Conservationists	181	(4)
Chipko: Grassroots Environmentalism with a Sting in its Tail	183	(2)
Room for Alliance, or Cover for Dalliance?	185	(9)
Environmentalists Find Common Cause with Rainforest Dayak Peoples	187	(4)
Enforced Primitivism and the ``Bushman Problem''	191	(2)
``Forget about Gola Forest!''	193	(1)
Bioprospecting or Biopiracy?	194	(6)
Drug Development and Conservation in West and Central Africa	199	(1)
Green Consumerism	200	(3)
Conservation through Self-Determination	203	(4)
Whatever Happened to PEMASKY?	206	(1)
The View from the Other Side	207	(2)
Conclusion	209	(1)
Global Issues, Economics, and Policy	210	(28)
Introduction	210	(1)
Ecological Economics and Environmental Valuation	211	(7)
Does Kenya Profit from Protectionism? Ecological Economic Calculations	216	(2)
Business---Dancing with the Devil?	218	(6)
Harnessing the International Market: Innovative Incentive Mechanisms	220	(3)
The Business of Game Ranching	223	(1)
Buying a Nature Reserve	224	(3)
International Policy Initiatives: Who Pays?	227	(6)
Debt-for-Nature Swaps	231	(2)
What Are the Rules?	233	(4)
Conclusion	237	(1)
From How to Think to How to Act	238	(36)
Introduction	238	(1)
Protectionism in the Name of Science	238	(3)
Protected Area Outreach	241	(3)
Outreach in Tanzania	243	(1)
Conservation Education	244	(4)
The Saint Lucia Parrot's Comeback	245	(3)
Ecotourism	248	(6)
Trouble in Paradise? The Galapagos Archipelago	250	(4)
Integrated Conservation and Development	254	(8)
``A Lemur Will Have to Meet You at the Airport'': The ICD Project at Ranomafana	256	(5)
CAMPFIRE under Fire	261	(1)
Extractive Reserves	262	(5)
Extraction and the Maya Biosphere Reserve	264	(3)
Monitoring and Evaluation	267	(5)
Conclusion	272	(2)
Red Flags: Still Seeing Things in Black and White?	274	(29)
Introduction	274	(1)
No Development without Tears, and Other Debates	274	(5)
Working for Water in South Africa	276	(3)
Integrative and Novel Solutions	279	(16)
Community-Based Protected Areas	279	(2)
Flagging the Varzea in Brazil's Mamiraua Reserve	281	(1)
Dealing with Commerce	282	(2)
Even in the Last Place on Earth: Exploitation and Conservation in Nouabale Ndoki	284	(1)
Direct Payments	284	(3)
Co-management	287	(2)
Co-management in Australia's Kakadu National Park	289	(3)
Fisheries Co-management in the Philippines: The Case of San Salvador	292
Participation and Capacity-Building	291	(4)
Spatial Scale and Integrating Conservation and Development	295	(2)
Means and Ends: The Many Orthogonal Axes of Conservation in Practice	297	(5)
Conclusion	302	(1)
Bibliography	303	(38)
Index	341