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9780735549463

Constitutional Law

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780735549463

  • ISBN10:

    073554946X

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2005-05-01
  • Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

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Supplemental Materials

What is included with this book?

Summary

In its first edition, Erwin Chemerinskys CONSTITUTIONAL LAW proved that a casebook does not have to be simplistic to be student-friendly. Revised and updated for its Second Edition, this class-tested casebook is a comprehensive, accessible, and current alternative that will enliven your class and enlighten your students. The book retains its distinctive characteristics: thorough, yet concise to avoid overwhelming students with superfluous detail presents the law solely through case excerpts and author-written essays provides both background information and context on constitutional law doctrine flexible organization, no chapter assumes that students have read other chapters for adaptability in the classroom straightforward, accessible writing style Look for these changes in the Second Edition: new subsection, Presidential Powers And The War on Terrorism, In the chapter on federal executive power, which examines executive authority, detentions, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, And The constitutionality of military tribunals expanded treatment of sovereign immunity, To better reflect the way the topic is taught enriched coverage throughout the book, with fuller presentation of some cases And The inclusion of some dissents This careful revision also presents the most recent and significant cases in a number of areas, such as: partisan gerrymandering and the political question doctrine (Vieth v. Jubelirer) sovereign immunity (University of Alabama v. Garrett, Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs, Tennessee v. Lane) preemption (Lorrilard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, American Insurance v. Garimendi) state action, emphasizing entwinement (Brentwood Academy Secondary School v. Tennessee Athletic Association) the taking clause (Palazzolo v. Rhode Island, Tahoe Sierra Preservation Counci, Inc.l v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington) the overruling of Bowers v. Hardwick in Lawrence v. Texas affirmative action (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger) the First Amendment (Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, Ashcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition, Virginia v. Black, McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, Good News Club v. Milford Central School) the Establishment Clause as it pertains to vouchers (Zelman v. Simmons Harris), The Pledge of Allegiance (Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow), And The question of whether the government must allow its scholarships to be used by students studying For The clergy (Locke v. Davey) Please visit the new companion website to learn more about this book. Website: http://www.aspenlawschool.com/chemerinsky_constitutionallaw2

Table of Contents

Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgments xxxvii
The Constitution of the United States xxxix
The Federal Judicial Power
1(98)
The Authority for Judicial Review
1(9)
Marbury v. Madison
2(6)
Notes on Marbury v. Madison
8(1)
Authority for Judicial Review of State Judgments
9(1)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
9(1)
Cohens v. Virginia
10(1)
Limits on the Federal Judicial Power
10(89)
Interpretive Limits
11(1)
How Should the Constitution Be Interpreted? The Second Amendment as an Example
12(2)
United States v. Emerson
14(5)
Silveira v. Lockyer
19(5)
Congressional Limits
24(1)
The Exceptions and Regulations Clause
25(1)
Ex parte McCardle
25(2)
Notes on Ex parte McCardle
27(1)
Separation of Powers as a Limit on Congress's Authority
27(1)
United States v. Klein
27(2)
Notes on United States v. Klein
29(1)
Roberts v. Seattle Audubon Society
29(1)
Justiciability Limits
30(1)
Prohibition of Advisory Opinions
31(1)
Opinion of the Justices
32(1)
Hayburn's Case
32(1)
Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
32(2)
Notes on Advisory Opinions
34(1)
Nashville, C. & St. L. Ry. v. Wallace
34(1)
Standing
34(1)
Constitutional Standing Requirements
35(1)
Allen v. Wright
35(7)
Notes on Constitutional Standing Requirements: Injury, Causation, and Redressability
42(1)
City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
42(1)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
43(4)
United States v. Hays
47(1)
Federal Election Commn. v. Akins
47(1)
Causation and Redressability
48(1)
Linda R. S. v. Richard D.
48(1)
Warth v. Seldin
49(1)
Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization
49(1)
Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Environmental Study Group, Inc.
49(1)
Prudential Standing Requirements
50(1)
The Prohibition of Third-Party Standing
50(1)
Singleton v. Wulff
50(2)
Barrows v. Jackson
52(1)
Craig v. Boren
53(1)
Gilmore v. Utah
53(1)
Elk Grove Unified School Dist. v. Newdow
53(5)
The Prohibition of Generalized Grievances
58(1)
United States v. Richardson
58(3)
Flast v. Cohen
61(3)
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc., et al.
64(3)
Ripeness
67(1)
Poe v. Ullman
67(3)
Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner
70(1)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell
71(1)
International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, Local 37 v. Boyd
71(1)
Regional Rail Reorganization Act Cases
71(1)
Lake Carriers Assn. v. MacMullan
71(1)
Mootness
72(1)
Moore v. Ogilvie
73(1)
Roe v. Wade
73(1)
DeFunis v. Odegaard
73(1)
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
74(2)
United States Parole Commn. v. Geraghty
76(1)
The Political Question Doctrine
77(1)
The Political Question Doctrine Defined
77(1)
What Is a Political Question? The Issues of Malapportionment and Partisan Gerrymandering
77(1)
Baker v. Carr
78(3)
Vieth v. Jubelirer
81(9)
The Political Question Doctrine Applied: Congressional Self-Governance
90(1)
Powell v. McCormack
90(1)
The Political Question Doctrine Applied: Foreign Policy
91(1)
Goldwater v. Carter
92(3)
The Political Question Doctrine Applied: Impeachment and Removal
95(1)
Nixon v. United States
95(4)
The Federal Legislative Power
99(172)
Introduction: Congress and the States
99(13)
The Framework for Analysis: McCulloch v. Maryland
100(1)
McCulloch v. Maryland
101(8)
What Role Should Concern over Protecting States Have in Defining Congress's Powers?
109(3)
The Commerce Power
112(86)
The Initial Era: Gibbons v. Ogden Defines the Commerce Power
113(1)
Gibbons v. Ogden
113(3)
The 1890s-1937: A Limited Federal Commerce Power
116(1)
What Is ``Commerce''?
117(1)
United States v. E.C. Knight Co.
117(1)
Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
118(2)
What Does ``Among the States'' Mean?
120(1)
Houston, East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
120(2)
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
122(3)
Does the Tenth Amendment Limit Congressional Powers?
125(1)
Hammer v. Dagenhart
125(3)
Champion v. Ames
128(1)
1937-1990s: Broad Federal Commerce Power
129(2)
Key Decisions Changing the Commerce Clause Doctrine
131(1)
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
131(3)
United States v. Darby
134(2)
Wickard v. Filburn
136(2)
The Meaning of ``Commerce Among the States''
138(1)
Heart of Atlanta, Inc. v. United States
139(2)
Katzenbach v. McClung, Sr. and McClung, Jr.
141(2)
Perez v. United States
143(1)
The Tenth Amendment Between 1937 and the 1990s
144(1)
National League of Cities v. Usery
145(3)
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
148(5)
1990s-???: Narrowing of the Commerce Power and Revival of the Tenth Amendment as a Constraint on Congress
153(1)
What Is Congress's Authority to Regulate ``Commerce Among the States''?
153(1)
United States v. Lopez
153(12)
United States v. Morrison
165(5)
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
170(5)
Pierce County, Washington v. Guillen
175(1)
Does the Tenth Amendment Limit Congress's Authority?
176(1)
New York v. United States
177(9)
Printz v. United States
186(9)
Reno v. Condon
195(3)
The Taxing and Spending Power
198(9)
For What Purposes May Congress Tax and Spend?
198(1)
United States v. Butler
198(2)
Chas. C. Steward Mach. Co. v. Davis
200(1)
Sabri v. United States
201(3)
Conditions on Grants to State Governments
204(1)
South Dakota v. Dole
205(2)
Congress's Power Under the Post-Civil War Amendments
207(15)
Whom May Congress Regulate Under the Post-Civil War Amendments?
207(2)
United States v. Morrison
209(2)
What Is the Scope of Congress's Power?
211(1)
Katzenbach v. Morgan and Morgan
212(4)
City of Boerne v. Flores
216(6)
Congress's Power to Authorize Suits Against State Governments
222(49)
Background on the Eleventh Amendment and State Sovereign Immunity
222(2)
Congress's Power to Authorize Suits Against State Governments
224(1)
The Basic Rule: Congress May Authorize Suits Against States Pursuant Only to § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment
224(1)
Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
224(2)
Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
226(4)
Cases Denying Congress Authority to Act Under § 5 to Authorize Suits Against State Governments
230(1)
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank and the United States
231(4)
Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
235(4)
Board of Trustees, University of Alabama v. Garrett
239(7)
Congress's Greater Authority to Legislate Concerning Types of Discrimination and Rights that Receive Heightened Scrutiny
246(1)
Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
246(5)
Tennessee v. Lane
251(7)
Congress's Power to Authorize Suits Against State Governments in State Courts
258(1)
Alden v. Maine
258(13)
The Federal Executive Power
271(94)
Inherent Presidential Power
271(16)
Introduction
271(1)
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer
272(8)
The Scope of Inherent Power: The Issue of Executive Privilege
280(2)
United States v. Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States
282(4)
Cheney v. U.S. Dist. Court for Dist. of Columbia
286(1)
The Authority of Congress to Increase Executive Power
287(5)
William J. Clinton, President of the United States v. City of New York
288(4)
The Constitutional Problems of the Administrative State
292(28)
The Non-Delegation Doctrine and Its Demise
293(1)
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
293(1)
Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
294(2)
Whitman v. American Trucking Assn., Inc.
296(3)
The Legislative Veto and Its Demise
299(1)
Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Jagdish Rai Chadha
299(8)
Checking Administrative Power
307(1)
The Appointment Power
307(1)
Alexia Morrison, Independent Counsel v. Theodore B. Olson
307(5)
The Removal Power
312(1)
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
312(1)
Myers v. United States
313(1)
Humphrey's Executor v. United States
314(1)
Wiener v. United States
315(2)
Bowsher v. Synar
317(1)
Morrison v. Olson
318(2)
Separation of Powers and Foreign Policy
320(11)
Are Foreign Policy and Domestic Affairs Different?
321(1)
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
321(1)
Notes on Curtiss-Wright
322(1)
Treaties and Executive Agreements
323(2)
Dames & Moore v. Regan, Secretary of the Treasury
325(2)
War Powers
327(1)
Title 50. War and National Defense; Chapter 33---War Powers Resolution
328(3)
Presidential Power and the War on Terrorism
331(23)
Detentions
332(1)
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld
332(10)
Military Tribunals
342(1)
Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism
343(4)
Ex parte Quirin
347(7)
Checks on the President
354(11)
Suing and Prosecuting the President
354(1)
Richard Nixon v. A. Ernest Fitzgerald
354(3)
William Jefferson Clinton v. Paula Corbin Jones
357(3)
Impeachment
360(5)
Limits on State Regulatory and Taxing Power
365(80)
Preemption of State and Local Laws
366(15)
Express Preemption
368(1)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
368(6)
Implied Preemption
374(1)
Conflicts Preemption
374(1)
Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, Director, Dept. of Agriculture of California
374(1)
Preemption Because State Law Impedes the Achievement of a Federal Objective
375(1)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. State Energy Resources Conservation & Development Commn
375(3)
Preemption Because Federal Law Occupies the Field
378(1)
Hines, Secretary of Labor and Industry of Pennsylvania v. Davidowitz
379(2)
The Dormant Commerce Clause
381(51)
Why a Dormant Commerce Clause?
382(1)
H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. DuMond, Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets of New York
382(5)
The Dormant Commerce Clause Before 1938
387(1)
Aaron B. Cooley v. The Board of Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia
388(1)
The Contemporary Test for the Dormant Commerce Clause
389(1)
The Shift to a Balancing Approach
389(1)
South Carolina State Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., Inc.
390(1)
Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona ex rel. Sullivan, Attorney General
391(3)
Determining Whether a Law Is Discriminatory
394(1)
Facially Discriminatory Laws
394(1)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
395(2)
C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, New York
397(4)
Hughes v. Oklahoma
401(1)
Facially Neutral Laws
402(1)
Hunt, Governor of the State of North Carolina v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commn
402(2)
Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
404(3)
West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy, Commissioner of Massachusetts Dept. of Food and Agriculture
407(2)
State of Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.
409(2)
Analysis if a Law Is Deemed Discriminatory
411(1)
Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison, Wisconsin
411(1)
Maine v. Taylor and United States
412(2)
Analysis if a Law Is Deemed Non-Discriminatory
414(1)
Loren J. Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
415(1)
Bibb, Director, Dept. of Public Safety of Illinois v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
416(2)
Raymond Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. of Delaware
418(3)
CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of America
421(2)
Summary
423(1)
Exceptions to the Dormant Commerce Clause
423(1)
Congressional Approval
423(1)
Western & Southern Life Insurance Co. v. State Board of Equalization of California
424(2)
The Market Participant Exception
426(1)
Reeves, Inc. v. William Stake
426(3)
White v. Massachusetts Council of Construction Employers, Inc.
429(1)
South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Commissioner, Dept. of Natural Resources of Alaska
429(3)
The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV, § 2
432(13)
Introduction
432(1)
Analysis Under the Privileges and Immunities Clause
433(1)
What Are the ``Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship''?
433(2)
Toomer v. Witsell
435(1)
United Building and Construction Trades Council of Camden County v. Mayor and Council of the City of Camden
436(2)
Lester Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commn. of Montana
438(1)
What Justifications Are Sufficient to Permit Discrimination?
439(1)
Supreme Court of New Hampshire v. Kathryn A. Piper
439(6)
The Structure of the Constitution's Protection of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
445(74)
Introduction
445(1)
The Application of the Bill of Rights to the States
446(23)
The Rejection of Application Before the Civil War
446(1)
Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
447(1)
A False Start in Applying the Bill of Rights to the States: The Privileges or Immunities Clause and the Slaughter-House Cases
448(1)
Slaughter-House Cases: Butchers' Benevolent Assn. of New Orleans v. Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughter-House Co.
449(7)
Saenz v. Roe
456(2)
The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
458(1)
Twining v. New Jersey
458(2)
The Debate over Incorporation
460(1)
Palko v. Connecticut
460(1)
Adamson v. California
461(3)
The Current Law as to What's Incorporated
464(1)
Duncan v. Louisiana
464(3)
The Content of Incorporated Rights
467(2)
The Application of the Bill of Rights and the Constitution to Private Conduct
469(50)
The Requirement for State Action
469(1)
The Civil Rights Cases: United States v. Stanley
469(3)
The Exceptions to the State Action Doctrine
472(2)
The Public Functions Exception
474(1)
Marsh v. Alabama
474(2)
Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.
476(3)
Elections
479(1)
Terry v. Adams
479(1)
Private Property Used for Public Purposes
480(1)
Evans v. Newton
480(2)
Amalgamated Food Employees Union Local 590 v. Logan Valley Plaza, Inc.
482(2)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
484(1)
Hudgens v. National Labor Relation Board
485(2)
The Entanglement Exception
487(1)
Judicial and Law Enforcement Actions
487(1)
Shelley v. Kraemer
487(3)
Example: Prejudgment Attachment
490(1)
Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co.
490(2)
Example: Peremptory Challenges
492(1)
Edmondson v. Leesville Concrete Co.
493(2)
Government Regulation
495(1)
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority
495(2)
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis
497(2)
Government Subsidies
499(1)
Norwood v. Harrison
499(2)
Rendell-Baker v. Kohn
501(3)
Blum v. Yaretsky
504(4)
Initiatives Encouraging Violations of Rights
508(1)
Reitman v. Mulkey
508(4)
Entwinement
512(1)
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
512(7)
Economic Liberties
519(98)
Introduction
519(2)
Historical Overview
519(2)
Organization of the Chapter
521(1)
Economic Substantive Due Process
521(37)
Introduction
521(1)
The Early History of Economic Substantive Due Process
522(2)
Substantive Due Process of the Lochner Era
524(1)
Allgeyer v. Louisiana
524(2)
Lochner v. New York
526(5)
Laws Protecting Unionizing
531(1)
Coppage v. Kansas
531(2)
Maximum Hours Laws
533(1)
Muller v. Oregon
534(1)
Minimum Wage Laws
535(1)
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
536(1)
Consumer Protection Legislation
537(1)
Weaver v. Palmer Bros. Co.
537(2)
Nebbia v. New York
539(1)
Economic Substantive Due Process Since 1937
540(1)
Pressures for Change
540(1)
The End of Lochnerism
541(1)
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
541(2)
United States v. Carolene Products Co.
543(2)
Economic Substantive Due Process Since 1937
545(1)
Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Inc.
545(2)
BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore
547(4)
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell
551(7)
Too Much Deference?
558(1)
The Contracts Clause
558(16)
Introduction
558(1)
The Modern Use of the Contracts Clause
559(1)
Home Building & Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell
559(3)
Government Interference with Private Contracts
562(1)
Energy Reserves Group, Inc. v. Kansas Power & Light Co.
562(3)
Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
565(4)
Government Interference with Government Contracts
569(1)
United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey
569(5)
The Takings Clause
574(35)
Introduction
574(1)
Is There a ``Taking''?
575(1)
Possessory Takings
575(1)
Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.
575(3)
Regulatory Takings
578(1)
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon
578(2)
Miller v. Schoene
580(1)
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City
581(4)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council
585(6)
Nollan v. California Coastal Commn.
591(4)
Dolan v. City of Tigard
595(1)
Palazzolo v. Rhode Island
595(7)
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
602(7)
Is It for ``Public Use''?
609(3)
Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff
610(2)
What Is the Requirement for ``Just Compensation''?
612(5)
Brown v. Legal Foundation of Washington
613(4)
Equal Protection
617(198)
Introduction
617(6)
Constitutional Provisions Concerning Equal Protection
617(1)
A Framework for Equal Protection Analysis
618(1)
Question 1: What Is the Classification?
618(1)
Question 2: What Is the Appropriate Level of Scrutiny?
619(2)
Question 3: Does the Government Action Meet the Level of Scrutiny?
621(1)
The Protection of Fundamental Rights Under Equal Production
622(1)
The Rational Basis Test
623(23)
Introduction
623(1)
Does the Law Have a Legitimate Purpose?
624(1)
What Constitutes a Legitimate Purpose?
624(1)
Romer v. Evans
625(5)
Must It Be the Actual Purpose or Is a Conceivable Purpose Enough?
630(1)
United States Railroad Retirement Board v. Fritz
630(4)
The Requirement for a ``Reasonable Relationship''
634(1)
Tolerance for Underinclusiveness Under Rational Basis Review
634(1)
Railway Express Agency, Inc. v. New York
634(2)
Tolerance for Overinclusiveness Under Rational Basis Review
636(1)
New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
637(3)
Cases Where Laws Are Deemed Arbitrary and Unreasonable
640(1)
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture v. Moreno
640(3)
City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
643(3)
Classifications Based on Race and National Origin
646(106)
Race Discrimination and Slavery Before the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments
647(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford
648(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford
649(3)
The Post-Civil War Amendments
652(1)
Strict Scrutiny for Discrimination Based on Race and National Origin
652(1)
Proving the Existence of a Race or National Origin Classification
653(1)
Race and National Origin Classifications on the Face of the Law
654(1)
Race-Specific Classifications that Disadvantage Racial Minorities
654(1)
Korematsu v. United States
654(5)
Racial Classifications Burdening Both Whites and Minorities
659(1)
Loving v. Virginia
659(2)
Palmore v. Sidoti
661(1)
Laws Requiring Separation of the Races
662(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson
663(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson
663(3)
The Initial Attack on ``Separate but Equal''
666(1)
Brown v. Board of Education
667(1)
Brown v. Board of Education
667(3)
The Invalidation of Segregation in Other Contexts
670(1)
Facially Neutral Laws with a Discriminatory Impact or with Discriminatory Administration
671(1)
The Requirement for Proof of a Discriminatory Purpose
671(1)
Washington v. Davis
671(3)
McCleskey v. Kemp
674(6)
City of Mobile v. Bolden
680(4)
Is Proof of a Discriminatory Effect Also Required?
684(1)
Palmer v. Thompson
684(2)
How Is a Discriminatory Purpose Proven?
686(1)
Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
686(2)
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
688(2)
Application: Discriminatory Use of Peremptory Challenges
690(2)
Remedies: The Problem of School Segregation
692(1)
Introduction: The Problem of Remedies
692(1)
Brown v. Board of Education
692(2)
Massive Resistance
694(3)
Judicial Power to Impose Remedies in School Desegregation Cases
697(1)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
697(3)
Milliken v. Bradley
700(3)
When Should Federal Desegregation Remedies End?
703(1)
Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell
703(3)
Racial Classifications Benefiting Minorities
706(2)
The Emergence of Strict Scrutiny as the Test
708(1)
Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
708(8)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
716(4)
The Arguments For and Against Strict Scrutiny
720(2)
The Use of Race to Benefit Minorities in College and University Admissions
722(1)
Grutter v. Bollinger
722(18)
Gratz v. Bollinger
740(7)
Drawing Election Districts to Increase Minority Representation
747(1)
Easley v. Cromartie
748(4)
Gender Classifications
752(37)
The Level of Scrutiny
752(1)
Early Cases Approving Gender Discrimination
753(2)
The Emergence of Intermediate Scrutiny
755(1)
Frontiero v. Richardson
755(3)
Craig v. Boren
758(3)
United States v. Virginia
761(4)
Proving the Existence of a Gender Classification
765(1)
When Is It ``Discrimination''?
766(1)
Geduldig v. Aiello
766(3)
Gender Classifications Benefiting Women
769(1)
Gender Classifications Based on Role Stereotypes
769(1)
Orr v. Orr
769(2)
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
771(3)
Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
774(3)
Rostker v. Goldberg
777(3)
Gender Classifications Benefiting Women as a Remedy
780(1)
Califano v. Webster
780(1)
Classifications Benefiting Women Because of Biological Differences Between Men and Women
781(1)
Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service
782(7)
Alienage Classifications
789(15)
Strict Scrutiny as the General Rule
790(1)
Graham v. Richardson
790(2)
Alienage Classifications Related to Self-Government and the Democratic Process
792(1)
Foley v. Connelie
792(3)
Ambach v. Norwick
795(3)
Congressionally Approved Discrimination
798(1)
Undocumented Aliens and Equal Protection
798(1)
Plyler v. Doe
799(5)
Discrimination Against Non-Marital Children
804(3)
Laws Denying Benefits to All Non-Marital Children
805(1)
Laws that Provide a Benefit to Some Non-Marital Children
806(1)
Other Types of Discrimination: Only Rational Basis Review
807(8)
Age Classifications
807(1)
Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
807(3)
Discrimination Based on Disability
810(1)
Wealth Discrimination
811(1)
Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation
812(3)
Fundamental Rights Under Due Process and Equal Protection
815(230)
Introduction
815(3)
The Concept of Fundamental Rights
815(2)
The Ninth Amendment
817(1)
Procedural Due Process
817(1)
Framework for Analyzing Fundamental Rights
818(3)
First Issue: Is There a Fundamental Right?
818(1)
Second Issue: Is the Constitutional Right Infringed?
819(1)
Third Issue: Is There a Sufficient Justification for the Government's Infringement of a Right?
820(1)
Fourth Issue: Is the Means Sufficiently Related to the Purpose?
820(1)
Constitutional Protection for Family Autonomy
821(26)
The Right to Marry
821(1)
Loving v. Virginia
821(1)
Zablocki v. Redhail
822(5)
The Right to Custody of One's Children
827(1)
Stanley v. Illinois
827(2)
Michael H. v. Gerald D.
829(6)
The Right to Keep the Family Together
835(1)
Moore v. City of East Cleveland, Ohio
835(4)
The Right of Parents to Control the Upbringing of Their Children
839(1)
Meyer v. Nebraska
839(1)
Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary
840(2)
Troxel v. Granville
842(5)
Constitutional Protection for Reproductive Autonomy
847(58)
The Right to Procreate
847(1)
Buck v. Bell
847(2)
Skinner v. Oklahoma
849(1)
The Right to Purchase and Use Contraceptives
850(1)
Griswold v. Connecticut
850(6)
Eisenstadt v. Baird
856(2)
The Right to Abortion
858(1)
The Recognition and Reaffirmation of the Right to Abortion
859(1)
Roe v. Wade
859(8)
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
867(1)
Planned Parenthood V. Casey
867(11)
Government Regulation of Abortions
878(1)
Stenberg v. Carhart
879(12)
Government Restrictions on Funds and Facilities for Abortions
891(1)
Maher v. Roe
891(2)
Harris v. McRae
893(2)
Spousal Consent and Notice Requirements
895(1)
Planned Parenthood v. Danforth
895(2)
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
897(4)
Parental Notice and Consent Requirements
901(1)
Bellotti v. Baird
901(4)
Constitutional Protection for Medical Care Decisions
905(15)
Right to Refuse Treatment
905(1)
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health
906(6)
Right to Physician-Assisted Suicide
912(1)
Washington v. Glucksberg
913(5)
Vacco v. Quill
918(2)
Constitutional Protection for Sexual Orientation and Sexual Activity
920(12)
Lawrence v. Texas
920(12)
Constitutional Protection for Control over Information
932(3)
Whalen v. Roe
932(3)
Constitutional Protection for Travel
935(7)
Saenz v. Roe
936(6)
Restrictions on Foreign Travel
942(1)
The Right to Vote
942(40)
The Right to Vote as a Fundamental Right
942(2)
Restrictions on the Ability to Vote
944(1)
Poll Taxes
944(1)
Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
944(1)
Property Ownership Requirements
945(1)
Kramer v. Union Free School District
945(3)
Ball v. James
948(3)
Literacy Tests
951(1)
Prisoners' and Convicted Criminals' Right to Vote
952(1)
Dilution of the Right to Vote
953(1)
Reynolds v. Sims
953(4)
Wesberry v. Sanders
957(3)
Counting ``Uncounted'' Votes in a Presidential Election: Bush v. Gore
960(1)
The Events Leading to Bush v. Gore
960(3)
The Decision
963(1)
Bush v. Gore
963(19)
Issues to Consider Concerning Bush v. Gore
982(1)
Constitutional Protection for Access to Courts
982(17)
Filing Fees
984(1)
Boddie v. Connecticut
985(2)
United States v. Kras
987(5)
M.L.B. v. S.L.J.
992(2)
Prisoners' Right of Access to the Courts
994(1)
Bounds v. Smith
995(1)
Lewis v. Casey
996(3)
Constitutional Protection for a Right to Education
999(7)
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
999(7)
Procedural Due Process
1006(39)
What Is a ``Deprivation''?
1007(1)
Is Negligence Sufficient to Constitute a Deprivation?
1007(1)
Daniels v. Williams
1007(2)
County of Sacramento v. Lewis
1009(2)
When Is the Government's Failure to Protect a Person from Privately Inflicted Harms a Deprivation?
1011(1)
DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept. of Social Services
1011(5)
Is It a Deprivation of ``Life, Liberty, or Property''?
1016(1)
The ``Rights--Privileges'' Distinction and Its Demise
1016(1)
Goldberg v. Kelly
1017(4)
What Is a Deprivation of Property?
1021(1)
Board of Regents v. Roth
1021(5)
What Is a Deprivation of Liberty?
1026(1)
Reputation as a Liberty Interest
1027(1)
Goss v. Lopez
1027(2)
Paul v. Davis
1029(3)
Liberty Interest for Prisoners
1032(2)
Sandin v. Conner
1034(3)
What Procedures Are Required?
1037(1)
Mathews v. Eldridge
1037(4)
Government Employment
1041(1)
Family Rights
1042(3)
First Amendment: Freedom of Expression
1045(408)
Introduction
1045(8)
Historical Background
1045(2)
Why Should Freedom of Speech Be a Fundamental Right?
1047(1)
Self-Governance
1048(1)
Discovering Truth
1049(1)
Advancing Autonomy
1050(1)
Promoting Tolerance
1051(1)
Conclusion
1052(1)
The Issues in Free Expression Analysis
1052(1)
Free Speech Methodology
1053(97)
The Distinction Between Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws
1053(1)
The Importance of the Distinction
1054(1)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commn
1054(4)
How Is It Determined Whether a Law Is Content-Based?
1058(1)
Boos v. Barry
1058(2)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
1060(11)
Problems in Applying the Distinction Between Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws
1071(1)
City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
1071(3)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
1074(4)
United States v. American Library Assn., Inc.
1078(6)
Vagueness and Overbreadth
1084(1)
Vagueness
1085(1)
Coates v. City of Cincinnati
1085(2)
Overbreadth
1087(1)
Schad v. Borough of Mount Ephraim
1087(3)
Relationship Between Vagueness and Overbreadth
1090(1)
Board of Airport Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus
1090(2)
Prior Restraints
1092(1)
What Is a Prior Restraint?
1092(1)
Are Prior Restraints Really So Bad?
1093(2)
Court Orders as a Prior Restraint
1095(1)
Near v. State of Minnesota ex rel. Olsen
1095(2)
Court Orders to Protect National Security
1097(1)
New York Times Co. v. United States
1097(7)
Court Orders to Protect Fair Trials
1104(1)
Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart
1104(5)
Court Orders Seizing the Assets of Businesses Convicted of Obscenity Violations
1109(1)
Alexander v. United States
1109(2)
Licensing as a Prior Restraint
1111(1)
Lovell v. City of Griffin, Ga.
1112(1)
Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. v. Village of Stratton
1113(4)
Important Reason for Licensing
1117(1)
Clear Standards Leaving Almost No Discretion to the Government
1118(1)
City of Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Publishing Co.
1118(1)
Procedural Safeguards
1119(1)
Thomas and Windy City Hemp Development Board v. Chicago Park District
1120(3)
City of Littleton, Colorado v. Z.J. Gifts D-4, L.L.C.
1123(3)
What Is an Infringement of Freedom of Speech?
1126(1)
Civil Liability and Denial of Compensation for Speech
1126(1)
Prohibitions on Compensation
1127(1)
United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
1127(2)
Compelled Speech
1129(1)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
1129(3)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commn
1132(4)
Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, Inc.
1136(1)
Unconstitutional Conditions
1137(1)
Speiser v. Randall
1138(1)
Rust v. Sullivan
1139(4)
Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
1143(6)
Government Pressures
1149(1)
Types of Unprotected and Less Protected Speech
1150(192)
Incitement of Illegal Activity
1151(1)
Introduction
1151(1)
The ``Clear and Present Danger'' Test
1152(1)
Schenck v. United States
1153(1)
Frohwerk v. United States
1154(1)
Debs v. United States
1155(1)
Abrams v. United States
1156(3)
The Reasonableness Approach
1159(1)
Gitlow v. New York
1159(3)
Whitney v. California
1162(3)
The Risk Formula Approach
1165(1)
Dennis v. United States
1165(6)
The Brandenburg Test
1171(1)
Brandenburg v. Ohio
1171(2)
Fighting Words, the Hostile Audience, and the Problem of Racist Speech
1173(1)
Fighting Words
1174(1)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
1174(2)
Narrowing the Fighting Words Doctrine
1176(1)
Fighting Words Law Invalidated as Vague and Overbroad
1177(1)
Gooding v. Wilson
1177(2)
Narrow Fighting Words Laws as Content-Based Restrictions
1179(1)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota
1179(6)
The Hostile Audience Cases
1185(1)
Feiner v. New York
1186(3)
The Problem of Racist Speech
1189(1)
Beauharnais v. Illinois
1190(3)
Virginia v. Black
1193(9)
Sexually Oriented Speech
1202(1)
Obscenity
1203(1)
Supreme Court Decisions Finding Obscenity Unprotected
1203(1)
Roth v. United States
1203(2)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
1205(3)
Miller v. California
1208(2)
Should Obscenity Be a Category of Unprotected Speech?
1210(2)
Should There Be a New Exception for Pornography?
1212(1)
Child Pornography
1213(1)
New York v. Ferber
1213(3)
Ashcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition
1216(6)
Protected but Low-Value Sexual Speech
1222(1)
Zoning Ordinances
1222(1)
Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
1223(3)
Nude Dancing
1226(1)
City of Erie v. Pap's A.M.
1227(3)
Should There Be Such a Category as Low-Value Sexual Speech?
1230(1)
Government Techniques for Controlling Obscenity and Child Pornography
1231(1)
Stanley v. Georgia
1231(2)
Osborne v. Ohio
1233(1)
Profanity and ``Indecent'' Speech
1233(1)
Cohen v. California
1234(3)
The Broadcast Media
1237(1)
Federal Communications Commn. v. Pacifica Foundation
1237(3)
Telephones
1240(1)
Sable Communications of California, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commn
1240(2)
The Internet
1242(1)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
1242(3)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union
1245(5)
Cable Television
1250(2)
Commercial Speech
1252(1)
Constitutional Protection for Commercial Speech
1252(1)
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc.
1253(4)
Overview of the Section
1257(1)
What Is Commercial Speech?
1258(1)
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products Corp.
1258(2)
The Test for Evaluating Regulation of Commercial Speech
1260(1)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commn. of New York
1260(2)
Is Least Restrictive Alternative Analysis Applicable?
1262(2)
Advertising of Illegal Activities
1264(1)
False and Deceptive Advertising
1265(1)
Advertising that Inherently Risks Deception
1265(1)
Restrictions on Trade Names
1265(1)
Friedman v. Rogers
1265(1)
Attorney Solicitation of Prospective Clients
1266(2)
Solicitation by Accountants
1268(1)
Regulating Commercial Speech to Achieve Other Goals
1268(1)
``For Sale'' Signs on Houses
1269(1)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
1269(1)
Alcohol Products
1270(1)
44 Liquormarket, Inc. v. Rhode Island
1271(2)
Tobacco Products
1273(1)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
1274(6)
Gambling
1280(1)
Advertising by Lawyers and Other Professionals
1281(2)
Reputations, Privacy, Publicity, and the First Amendment: Torts and the First Amendment
1283(1)
Defamation
1284(1)
Public Officials as Defamation Plaintiffs
1284(1)
The New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1284(5)
Public Figures as Plaintiffs
1289(1)
Gertz v. Welch
1290(5)
Private Figures, Matters of Public Concern
1295(1)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
1296(2)
Private Figures, Matters Not of Public Concern
1298(1)
Conclusion
1298(1)
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
1299(1)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
1299(2)
Public Disclosure of Private Facts
1301(1)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
1301(2)
Florida Star v. B.J.F.
1303(3)
Information from Non-Government Sources
1306(1)
Bartnicki v. Vopper
1306(8)
Right of Publicity
1314(1)
Conduct that Communicates
1314(1)
What Is Speech?
1314(1)
When Is Conduct Communicative?
1315(1)
When May the Government Regulate Conduct that Communicates?
1316(1)
The O'Brien Test
1316(1)
United States v. O'Brien
1316(3)
Flag Desecration
1319(1)
Texas v. Johnson
1320(5)
Spending Money as Political Speech
1325(1)
Buckley v. Valeo
1325(7)
Criticisms of Buckley
1332(1)
The Continuing Distinction Between Contributions and Expenditures
1332(1)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
1333(5)
Is Corporate Spending Protected Speech?
1338(1)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
1338(4)
What Places Are Available for Speech?
1342(53)
Government Properties and Speech
1343(1)
Initial Rejection and Recognition of a Right to Use Government Property for Speech
1343(1)
Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization
1343(1)
Schneider v. New Jersey
1344(2)
What Government Property and Under What Circumstances?
1346(1)
Perry Education Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn.
1346(2)
Public Forums
1348(1)
Content Neutrality
1348(1)
Police Department of the City of Chicago v. Mosley
1348(2)
Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions
1350(1)
Hill v. Colorado
1351(6)
Licensing and Permit Systems
1357(1)
No Requirement for Use of the Least Restrictive Alternative
1358(1)
Ward v. Rock Against Racism
1358(2)
Designated (Limited) Public Forums
1360(1)
Non-Public Forums
1361(1)
Adderley v. Florida
1361(1)
Greer v. Spock
1362(2)
Lehman v. City of Shaker Heights
1364(2)
United States v. Kokinda
1366(3)
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
1369(2)
Arkansas Educational Television Commn. v. Forbes
1371(5)
Private Property and Speech
1376(1)
Speech in Authoritarian Environments: Military, Prisons, and Schools
1377(1)
Military
1377(1)
Parker v. Levy
1378(2)
Prisons
1380(1)
Thornburgh v. Abbott
1380(3)
Shaw v. Murphy
1383(1)
Schools
1384(1)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
1385(3)
Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser
1388(2)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
1390(5)
Freedom of Association
1395(21)
Laws Prohibiting and Punishing Membership
1396(2)
Laws Requiring Disclosure of Membership
1398(1)
NAACP v. State of Alabama, ex rel. Patterson
1398(2)
Campaign Finance Disclosure
1400(1)
Compelled Association
1400(1)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
1401(3)
Laws Prohibiting Discrimination
1404(1)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees
1405(4)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
1409(3)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
1412(4)
Freedom of the Press
1416(37)
Introduction: Are There Special Rights for the Press?
1416(2)
Freedom of the Press as a Shield to Protect the Press from the Government
1418(1)
Taxes on the Press
1418(1)
Minneapolis Star and Tribune Co. v. Minnesota Commissioner of Revenue
1418(4)
Application of General Regulatory Laws
1422(1)
Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
1423(2)
Keeping Reporters' Sources and Secrets Confidential
1425(1)
Branzburg v. Hayes
1425(7)
Laws Requiring that the Media Make Access Available
1432(1)
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Commn
1432(4)
Miami Herald v. Tornillo
1436(3)
Freedom of the Press as a Sword: A First Amendment Right of Access to Government Places and Papers?
1439(1)
Access to Judicial Proceedings
1439(1)
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia
1439(6)
Prisons
1445(1)
Pell v. Procunier
1445(4)
Houchins v. KQED
1449(4)
First Amendment: Religion
1453(108)
Introduction
1453(10)
Constitutional Provisions Concerning Religion and the Tension Between Them
1453(1)
History in Interpreting the Religion Clauses
1454(2)
What Is Religion?
1456(1)
The Attempt to Define Religion Under the Selective Service Act
1457(1)
United States v. Seeger
1457(2)
Requirement for Sincerely Held Beliefs
1459(1)
United States v. Ballard
1459(3)
The Relevance of Religious Dogma and Shared Beliefs
1462(1)
The Free Exercise Clause
1463(23)
Introduction: Free Exercise Clause Issues
1463(1)
The Current Test
1463(1)
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith
1464(8)
The Law Before Employment Division v. Smith
1472(1)
Sherbert v. Verner
1473(2)
Government Benefit Cases
1475(1)
Compulsory Schooling
1475(1)
Cases Rejecting Exemptions Based on the Free Exercise Clause
1476(1)
The Law After Smith
1477(1)
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
1478(4)
Is Denial of Funding for Religious Education a Violation of Free Exercise of Religion?
1482(1)
Locke v. Davey
1482(4)
The Establishment Clause
1486(75)
Competing Theories of the Establishment Clause
1486(1)
Strict Separation
1486(1)
Neutrality Theory
1487(2)
Accommodation
1489(2)
The Theories Applied: An Example
1491(1)
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter
1491(4)
Government Discrimination Among Religions
1495(1)
Larson v. Valente
1495(3)
The Lemon Test for the Establishment Clause
1498(1)
Lemon v. Kurtzman
1498(2)
The Requirement for a Secular Purpose
1500(1)
The Requirement for a Secular Effect
1500(1)
The Prohibition of Excessive Entanglement
1501(1)
Religious Speech and the First Amendment
1502(1)
Religious Group Access to School Facilities
1502(2)
Student Religious Groups' Receipt of Government Funds
1504(1)
Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia
1504(4)
Student-Delivered Prayers
1508(1)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
1508(5)
When Can Religion Become a Part of Government Activities?
1513(1)
Religion as a Part of Government Activities: Schools
1513(1)
Release Time
1513(1)
School Prayers and Bible Reading
1514(1)
Engel v. Vitale
1514(3)
Lee v. Weisman
1517(7)
Curricular Decisions
1524(1)
Religion as a Part of Government Activities: Legislative Chaplains
1525(1)
Marsh v. Chambers
1525(1)
When Can Government Give Aid to Religion?
1526(1)
Aid to Parochial Elementary and Secondary Schools
1526(1)
Mitchell v. Helms
1527(11)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1538(18)
Tax Exemptions for Religious Organizations
1556(1)
Aid to Religious Colleges and Universities
1557(2)
Aid to Religious Institutions Other than Schools
1559(2)
Table of Cases 1561(12)
Index 1573

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