Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction

by O'Grady; Archibald; Aronoff

• ISBN13: 9780312419363
• ISBN10: 0312419368
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-12-20
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

Contemporary Linguisticsis the gold standard of introductory linguistics textbooks. Meticulously prepared, it is one of the most comprehensive, authoritative, up-to-date introductory resources on the market. The book's extensive examples and exercises help students master the course material, and its lucid writing style makes complex concepts easy to understand.

Author Biography

WILLIAM O'GRADY teaches linguistics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and is the author of several scholarly books. His research focuses on syntactic theory, language acquisition, and Korean.

JOHN ARCHIBALD, in addition to teaching linguistics at the University of Calgary, studies the acquisition of phonology and has written several books on the subject.

MARK ARONOFF is professor of linguistics at Stony Brook University and President of the Linguistic Society of America for 2005. He has written numerous articles and several books on aspects of linguistic morphology, as well as on orthography and the teaching of linguistics.

JANIE REES-MILLER is director of international programs at Marietta College, Ohio. In research and teaching, she is concerned with the interface between theory and practice and with making linguistics accessible to nonlinguists. She is coeditor with Mark Aronoff of ~The Handbook of Linguistics~.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Preface to the First Edition	xi
List of Technical Abbreviations	xxv
Language: A Preview	1	(14)
Specialization for Language	1	(1)
A Creative System	2	(3)
Grammar and Linguistic Competence	5	(10)
Generality: All Languages Have a Grammar	6	(1)
Parity: All Grammars Are Equal	7	(1)
Universality: Grammars Are Alike in Basic Ways	8	(1)
Mutability: Grammars Change over Time	9	(1)
Inaccessibility: Grammatical Knowledge Is Subconscious	10	(1)
Summing Up	11	(1)
Key Terms	11	(1)
Recommended Reading	11	(1)
Exercises	12	(3)
Phonetics: The Sounds of Language	15	(42)
Phonetic Transcription	16	(2)
Units of Representation	17	(1)
Segments	17	(1)
The Sound-Producing System	18	(2)
Glottal States	19	(1)
Sound Classes	20	(1)
Vowels, Consonants, and Glides (Syllabic and Nonsyllabic Elements)	20	(1)
Consonant Articulation	21	(3)
The Tongue	22	(1)
Places of Articulation	22	(2)
Manners of Articulation	24	(8)
Oral versus Nasal Phones	24	(1)
Stops	24	(2)
Fricatives	26	(1)
Affricates	27	(1)
Voice Lag and Aspiration	28	(1)
Liquids	29	(1)
Syllabic Liquids and Nasals	30	(1)
Glides	31	(1)
Vowels	32	(3)
Simple Vowels and Diphthongs	32	(1)
Basic Parameters for Describing Vowels	33	(1)
Tense and Lax Vowels	34	(1)
Phonetic Transcription of American English Consonants and Vowels	35	(2)
Suprasegmentals	37	(6)
Pitch: Tone and Intonation	37	(4)
Length	41	(1)
Stress	42	(1)
Speech Production	43	(5)
Coarticulation	43	(1)
Articulatory Processes	43	(1)
Some Common Articulatory Processes	44	(4)
Other Vowels and Consonants	48	(9)
Summing Up	49	(1)
Key Terms	50	(2)
Recommended Reading	52	(1)
Exercises	52	(3)
For the Student Linguist: ``Don't Worry about Spelling''	55	(2)
Phonology: The Function and Patterning of Sounds	57	(54)
Segments in Contrast	59	(3)
Minimal Pairs	59	(2)
Language-Specific Contrasts	61	(1)
Phonetically Conditioned Variation: Phonemes and Allophones	62	(7)
Complementary Distribution	62	(1)
Phonemes and Allophones	63	(1)
Classes and Generalization in Phonology	64	(1)
Canadian Raising	65	(2)
English Mid Vowels and Glides	67	(1)
Language-Specific Patterns	68	(1)
Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription	69	(3)
Phonetic and Phonemic Inventories	71	(1)
Features	72	(11)
Why We Use Features	72	(4)
Feature Representations	76	(7)
Above the Segment: Syllables	83	(8)
Defining the Syllable	83	(2)
Onset Constraints and Phonotactics	85	(1)
Language-Specific Phonotactics	86	(1)
Setting Up Syllables	87	(2)
Syllabic Phonology	89	(2)
Derivations and Rules	91	(20)
The Form and Notation of Rules	92	(3)
Derivations	95	(1)
Rule Application	96	(1)
Processes and Rules: A Last Word	97	(1)
Summing Up	97	(1)
Key Terms	98	(1)
Recommended Reading	99	(1)
Appendix: Hints for Solving Phonology Problems	99	(2)
Exercises	101	(7)
For the Student Linguist: ``The Feature Presentation''	108	(3)
Morphology: The Analysis of Word Structure	111	(40)
Words and Word Structure	112	(6)
Morphemes	113	(1)
Analyzing Word Structure	114	(4)
Derivation	118	(5)
Some English Derivational Affixes	119	(3)
Two Classes of Derivational Affixes	122	(1)
Compounding	123	(4)
Properties of Compounds	124	(1)
Endocentric and Exocentric Compounds	125	(1)
Compounds in Other Languages	125	(2)
Inflection	127	(6)
Inflection in English	127	(1)
Inflection versus Derivation	128	(2)
How Inflection Is Marked	130	(3)
Other Inflectional Phenomena	133	(1)
Other Morphological Phenomena	133	(5)
Cliticization	134	(1)
Conversion	134	(1)
Clipping	135	(1)
Blends	135	(1)
Backformation	136	(1)
Acronyms	137	(1)
Onomatopoeia	137	(1)
Other Sources of New Words	137	(1)
Morphophonemics	138	(13)
Summing Up	139	(1)
Key Terms	139	(1)
Recommended Reading	140	(1)
Appendix: How to Identify Morphemes in Unfamiliar Languages	140	(2)
Exercises	142	(5)
For the Student Linguist: ``Bambification''	147	(4)
Syntax: The Analysis of Sentence Structure	151	(50)
Categories and Structure	152	(10)
Categories of Words	152	(3)
Phrase Structure	155	(5)
Sentences	160	(1)
Tests for Phrase Structure	161	(1)
Complement Options	162	(5)
Complement Options for Verbs	163	(1)
Complement Options for Other Categories	164	(1)
Complement Clauses	165	(2)
Move	167	(10)
Yes-No Questions	167	(4)
Deep Structure and Surface Structure	171	(1)
Do Insertion	172	(1)
Wh Movement	173	(4)
Universal Grammar and Parametric Variation	177	(5)
Verb Raising	178	(4)
Some Additional Structures	182	(19)
Coordination	182	(2)
Relative Clauses	184	(2)
Passives	186	(2)
Summing Up	188	(1)
Key Terms	188	(2)
Recommended Reading	190	(1)
Appendix: How to Build Tree Structures	190	(5)
Exercises	195	(3)
For the Student Linguist: ``Backwards''	198	(3)
Semantics: The Analysis of Meaning	201	(44)
The Nature of Meaning	202	(7)
Semantic Relations among Words	202	(2)
Semantic Relations Involving Sentences	204	(2)
What Is Meaning?	206	(3)
The Conceptual System	209	(8)
Fuzzy Concepts	210	(1)
Metaphor	211	(1)
The Lexicalization of Concepts	212	(4)
Grammaticization	216	(1)
Syntax and Sentence Interpretation	217	(11)
Constructional Meaning	217	(2)
Structural Ambiguity	219	(2)
Thematic Roles	221	(4)
The Interpretation of Pronouns	225	(3)
Other Factors in Sentence Interpretation	228	(17)
The Role of Beliefs and Attitudes	228	(1)
Setting	229	(1)
Discourse	230	(2)
Conversational Maxims	232	(2)
Summing Up	234	(1)
Key Terms	235	(1)
Recommended Reading	236	(1)
Exercises	236	(5)
For the Student Linguist: ``Elvis's Biggest Fan Cleans Out Bank--Accomplice Launders the Dough''	241	(4)
Historical Linguistics: The Study of Language Change	245	(46)
The Nature of Language Change	246	(3)
Systematicity of Language Change	247	(1)
Causes of Language Change	247	(2)
Sound Change	249	(11)
Sequential Change	249	(7)
Segmental Change	256	(1)
Auditorily Based Change	257	(1)
Phonetic versus Phonological Change	257	(3)
Morphological Change	260	(5)
Addition of Affixes	260	(1)
Loss of Affixes	261	(2)
From Synthetic to Analytic to Synthetic	263	(1)
Analogy	263	(1)
Reanalysis	264	(1)
Syntactic Change	265	(3)
Word Order	265	(2)
Inversion in the History of English	267	(1)
Lexical and Semantic Change	268	(4)
Addition of Lexical Items	268	(4)
Loss of Lexical Items	272	(1)
Language Reconstruction	272	(19)
Comparative Reconstruction	273	(1)
Techniques of Reconstruction	274	(5)
The Discovery of Indo-European	279	(3)
Summing Up	282	(1)
Key Terms	283	(1)
Recommended Reading	284	(1)
Exercises	284	(7)
The Classification of Languages	291	(34)
Some Preliminaries	291	(4)
Dialect and Language	292	(2)
Types of Classification	294	(1)
Typological Classification	295	(18)
Phonology	296	(7)
Morphology	303	(3)
Syntax	306	(4)
Explaining Universals	310	(3)
Genetic Classification	313	(12)
The Indo-European Family	314	(4)
Some Other Families	318	(3)
Language Phyla	321	(1)
Summing Up	321	(1)
Key Terms	321	(1)
Recommended Reading	322	(1)
Exercises	322	(3)
Indigenous Languages of North America	325	(18)
Origin and Classification	326	(3)
Ultimate Origins	326	(1)
Historical Relationships in North America	327	(2)
Phonetics and Phonology	329	(2)
Velar, Uvular, and Pharyngeal Articulations	329	(1)
Lateral Fricatives	329	(1)
Glottalized Stops and Affricates (Ejectives)	330	(1)
Vowels and Suprasegmental Features	330	(1)
Sounds Not Frequently Found	331	(1)
Morphology and Syntax	331	(9)
The Structure of Words	331	(3)
Grammatical Categories	334	(3)
Noun Classification	337	(3)
The Future of Indigenous North American Languages	340	(3)
Summing Up	341	(1)
Key Terms	341	(1)
Recommended Reading	342	(1)
Natural Sign Languages	343	(18)
Phonology	344	(4)
Formational Elements	345	(1)
Combining Formational Elements	346	(1)
Prosody	346	(2)
Morphology	348	(5)
Word Formation	348	(1)
Verb Agreement	349	(1)
Classified Constructions	350	(3)
Syntax	353	(5)
Recursion	353	(3)
Word Order	356	(1)
Sign Language and Universal Grammar	357	(1)
Language as an Art Form: Sign Language Poetry	358	(3)
Summing Up	359	(1)
Key Terms	359	(1)
Recommended Reading	360	(1)
First Language Acquisition	361	(38)
The Study of Language Acquisition	362	(2)
Methods	362	(2)
Phonological Development	364	(5)
Babbling	365	(1)
The Developmental Order	365	(1)
Early Phonetic Processes	366	(3)
Vocabulary Development	369	(6)
Strategies for Acquiring Word Meaning	370	(1)
Meaning Errors	371	(4)
Morphological Development	375	(3)
Overgeneralization	375	(1)
A Developmental Sequence	376	(1)
Word-Formation Processes	377	(1)
Syntactic Development	378	(7)
The One-Word Stage	378	(1)
The Two-Word Stage	379	(1)
The Telegraphic Stage	380	(1)
Later Development	381	(2)
The Interpretation of Sentence Structure	383	(2)
What Makes Language Acquisition Possible?	385	(14)
The Role of Adult Speech	386	(1)
The Role of Feedback	387	(2)
The Role of Cognitive Development	389	(1)
The Role of Inborn Knowledge	390	(2)
Is There a Critical Period?	392	(1)
Summing Up	393	(1)
Key Terms	393	(1)
Recommended Reading	394	(1)
Exercises	394	(5)
Second Language Acquisition	399	(36)
The Study of Second Language Acquisition	400	(5)
The Role of the First Language	400	(1)
The Nature of an Interlanguage	401	(1)
The Final State	402	(2)
Variation in Performance	404	(1)
Interlanguage Grammars	405	(15)
L2 Phonology	406	(6)
L2 Syntax	412	(3)
L2 Morphology	415	(3)
Morphology and Syntax	418	(2)
Factors Affecting SLA	420	(4)
Age	420	(1)
Individual Differences	421	(3)
The L2 Classroom	424	(11)
Modified Input	425	(1)
Modified Interaction	425	(1)
Focus on Form	425	(2)
Education in a Bilingual Environment	427	(4)
Summing Up	431	(1)
Key Terms	431	(1)
Recommended Reading	432	(1)
Exercises	433	(2)
Psycholinguistics: The Study of Language Processing	435	(28)
Methods of Psycholinguistic Research	436	(9)
Slips of the Tongue	436	(2)
Experimental Methods: Words in the Mind	438	(3)
Experimental Methods: Sentence Processing	441	(2)
Brain Activity: Event-Related Potentials	443	(2)
Language Processing and Linguistics	445	(9)
Phonetics and Phonology	445	(3)
Morphological Processing	448	(3)
Syntax	451	(3)
Putting It All Together: Psycholinguistic Modeling	454	(9)
The Use of Metaphors in Psycholinguistic Modeling	456	(3)
Which Model Is Right?	459	(1)
Summing Up	460	(1)
Key Terms	460	(1)
Recommended Reading	461	(1)
Exercises	461	(2)
Brain and Language	463	(22)
The Human Brain	464	(4)
The Cerebral Cortex	464	(1)
The Cerebral Hemispheres	464	(3)
The Lobes of the Cortex	467	(1)
Investigating the Brain	468	(4)
Autopsy Studies	468	(1)
Images of the Living Brain	469	(2)
Learning from Hemispheric Connections and Disconnections	471	(1)
Aphasia	472	(4)
Nonfluent Aphasia	473	(2)
Fluent Aphasia	475	(1)
Acquired Dyslexia and Dysgraphia	476	(2)
Reading and Writing Disturbances in Aphasia	476	(1)
Acquired Dyslexia as the Dominant Language Deficit	477	(1)
Linguistic Theory and Aphasia	478	(7)
Features, Rules, and Underlying Forms	478	(1)
Agrammatism	479	(1)
Function Words	479	(1)
The Loss of Syntactic Competence	480	(1)
Agrammatism in Other Languages	480	(1)
Where Is Language?	481	(1)
Summing Up	481	(1)
Key Terms	482	(1)
Recommended Reading	483	(1)
Exercises	483	(2)
Language in Social Contexts	485	(46)
Sociolinguistics of Language	486	(13)
Discourse Analysis	486	(6)
Solidarity and Power	492	(7)
Sociolinguistics of Society	499	(32)
Sociolinguistic Norms	499	(6)
Social Influence on Variation	505	(13)
Languages in Contact	518	(6)
Summing Up	524	(1)
Key Terms	525	(1)
Recommended Reading	526	(1)
Exercises	527	(1)
For the Student Linguist: ``When Language Goes Bad''	527	(4)
Writing and Language	531	(24)
Types of Writing	532	(1)
Logographic Writing	532	(1)
Phonographic Writing	532	(1)
The Early History of Writing	533	(2)
Prewriting	533	(1)
Pictograms	534	(1)
The Development of Writing	535	(6)
Rebuses	536	(1)
Toward Syllabic Writing	536	(1)
Another Middle Eastern Writing System: Hieroglyphs	537	(1)
The Emergence of Alphabets	538	(3)
Some Non-European Writing Systems	541	(5)
Chinese Writing	541	(2)
Japanese Writing	543	(2)
Korean Writing	545	(1)
Cherokee Writing	546	(1)
English Orthography	546	(4)
Irregularities	547	(2)
Obstacles to Reform	549	(1)
Writing and Reading	550	(5)
Summing Up	551	(1)
Key Terms	551	(1)
Recommended Reading	552	(1)
Exercises	552	(3)
Animal Communication	555	(32)
Nonvocal Communication	556	(1)
Communication Structure: The Study of Signs	556	(4)
Signs	557	(1)
Types of Signs	558	(1)
Sign Structure	559	(1)
A View of Animal Communication	559	(1)
The Bees	560	(3)
The System	561	(1)
Bees and Humans	562	(1)
The Birds	563	(4)
Bird Vocalization	563	(2)
Birds and Humans	565	(2)
Nonhuman Primates	567	(6)
Some Functions of Nonhuman Primate Communication	568	(1)
Prosimian Communication	568	(1)
Monkeys	569	(2)
Gibbons, Orangutans, and Chimpanzees	571	(2)
Testing Nonhuman Primates for Linguistic Ability	573	(7)
Some Experiments	573	(1)
Nonsigning Experiments	574	(1)
The Clever Hans Controversy	575	(1)
The Great Ape Debate	576	(3)
Implications	579	(1)
Comparing Communication Systems: Design Features	580	(7)
The Features	580	(3)
Summing Up	583	(1)
Key Terms	584	(1)
Recommended Reading	585	(1)
Exercises	585	(2)
Computational Linguistics	587	(40)
Computational Phonetics and Phonology	589	(5)
The Talking Machine: Speech Synthesis	589	(4)
Speech Recognition	593	(1)
Computational Morphology	594	(4)
Morphological Processes	594	(3)
Some Problems in Computational Morphology	597	(1)
Computational Syntax	598	(8)
Natural Language Analysis	598	(6)
Natural Language Generation	604	(2)
Computational Lexicography	606	(4)
Computational Semantics	610	(3)
Pragmatics	613	(2)
Reference Resolution	613	(1)
Discourse Markers	614	(1)
Spoken Dialogue	615	(1)
Applications of Computational Linguistics	615	(12)
Indexing and Concordances	616	(1)
Information Accessing and Retrieval	617	(2)
Automatic Summarization	619	(1)
Machine Translation	619	(2)
Spoken-Dialogue Systems	621	(1)
Summing Up	622	(1)
Key Terms	623	(1)
Recommended Web Sites	624	(1)
Recommended Reading	624	(1)
Exercises	625	(2)
Glossary	627	(38)
Language Index	665	(6)
Index	671