Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science

by Perry, John A.; Perry, Erna K.

• ISBN13: 9780205352630
• ISBN10: 0205352634
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This best-selling text offers an overview of how the various social sciences perceive the world around us, emphasizing social change and how it impacts society. Contemporary Society, Tenth Edition, uses a journalistic writing style, but does not skimp on scholarly data and references. The authors reinforce the idea that the transition from an industrial to a post-industrial order is fraught with difficulties, as was the transition from an agricultural to an industrial order. This framework also illustrates the increasing fragmentation of the social order, which leads people away from community and a common purpose to conflict and dissension.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
Through the Lens of Science	1	(19)
The Social Sciences	2	(1)
The Social World Seen through the Lens of Science	3	(1)
The Scientific Method	4	(4)
Concepts	4	(1)
Theories	5	(1)
Research	5	(1)
Steps of the Scientific Method	6	(2)
The Scientific Spirit: Skepticism, Objectivity, Relativity	8	(1)
The Social Science Disciplines	8	(4)
Anthropology	9	(1)
Economics	10	(1)
Geography	10	(1)
History	11	(1)
Political Science	11	(1)
Psychology	11	(1)
Sociology	11	(1)
Research Methods in the Social Sciences	12	(6)
Consilience	14	(1)
Sample Survey	14	(1)
Case Study	15	(1)
Participant Observation	15	(1)
The Experiment	15	(2)
Statistical Analysis	17	(1)
The Scientific Method in the Social Sciences	17	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	18	(1)
Terms to Remember	18	(1)
Suggested Reading	19	(1)
In the Beginning...	20	(23)
An Astrophysicist Views the Cosmos	21	(1)
The Beginnings of Life	22	(2)
Creating Life	23	(1)
The Emergence of the Theory of Evolution	24	(3)
A Revolution in Thought: Darwin and His Theory	25	(1)
Natural Selection	26	(1)
The Role of Heredity	26	(1)
Genetics	27	(3)
Population Genetics: Factors for Change	27	(3)
Human Evolution Designed by Humans	30	(1)
The Long Trek: Human Evolution	30	(5)
Split between Chimpanzee and Human Lines	32	(2)
The Road to Homo Sapiens	34	(1)
Homo Sapiens: Modern Humans	35	(2)
Agriculture: Cultivation and Domestication	37	(1)
The Evolution of Human Nature	38	(2)
Biological Foundations	39	(1)
Using Biology to Interpret History	39	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	40	(1)
Terms to Remember	41	(1)
Suggested Readings	42	(1)
Culture: Product and Guide to Life in Society	43	(24)
Culture: Concept and Importance	45	(4)
Biological Predispositions to Culture	46	(1)
The Birth of Culture	46	(2)
Cultural Evolution and Sociobiology	48	(1)
What, Then, Is Culture?	49	(1)
The Symbolic Nature of Culture	49	(1)
The Necessity of Sharing Symbols	50	(1)
Language: The Most Important System of Symbols	50	(3)
Does Language Create Reality?	52	(1)
The Content of Culture	53	(1)
Material Culture	53	(1)
Nonmaterial Culture	54	(1)
The Components of Nonmaterial Culture: Cognitive and Normative	54	(6)
The Normative System	54	(2)
Contradictory American Values	56	(1)
Categories of Norms: Folkways, Mores, Taboos, and Laws	57	(1)
The Need for Social Control	58	(1)
Overt and Covert, Real and Ideal Norms	59	(1)
Traits, Complexes, and Institutions	60	(1)
Pivotal Institutions	60	(1)
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity	60	(1)
Cultural Differences and Universals	61	(4)
African Genital Rite	62	(1)
Subcultures and Countercultures	62	(3)
The Chapter in Brief	65	(1)
Terms to Remember	65	(1)
Suggested Readings	66	(1)
Group Interaction: From Two to Millions	67	(22)
How Is the Social System Organized and Structured?	68	(4)
Elements of Social Structure: Statuses and Roles	69	(1)
Statuses: Ascribed and Achieved	70	(2)
The Multiplicity of Statuses and Roles	72	(2)
Real and Ideal Roles	72	(1)
Conflict, Strain, and Con fusion in Roles	72	(2)
Groups	74	(2)
Group Size	75	(1)
Primary and Secondary Groups	76	(2)
Additional Classification of Groups	77	(1)
Being Tall in the Land of the Small	78	(1)
Society	78	(3)
Classification of Societies	78	(1)
Classification According to Chief Mode of Subsistence	78	(1)
A Glimpse into the Human Past	79	(1)
Industrial Societies	80	(1)
Classification According to Social Organization	80	(1)
Interaction and Social Processes	81	(1)
Formal Organizations	82	(3)
Formal Organizations and Institutions Distinguished	82	(1)
Characteristics of Formal Organizations	83	(1)
Types of Formal Organizations	84	(1)
Bureaucracy	85	(1)
Dynamic Quality	85	(1)
In formal Side of Bureaucracy	86	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	86	(1)
Terms to Remember	87	(1)
Suggested Readings	88	(1)
Becoming a Person: The Birth of Personality	89	(23)
The Isolated and/or Feral Child	90	(1)
Personality	91	(3)
Personality: A Social Product on a Biological Basis	91	(1)
Heredity and Environment	92	(2)
Becoming Human: Socialization	94	(1)
Goals and Functions of Socialization	94	(1)
Theories of Socialization	95	(2)
The Looking-Glass Self: Cooley	95	(1)
Self in Society: Mead	96	(1)
You Are Who They Say You Are	97	(1)
The Self and the Unconscious: Freud	97	(1)
The Transitional Self: Erikson	98	(1)
Developmental Theories: Piaget	99	(1)
Moral Development: Kohlberg	99	(1)
Agents of Socialization	100	(6)
The Family	100	(1)
The School	101	(1)
The Maternal Bond: Its Impact on Personality	102	(1)
The Peer Group	103	(2)
The Media	105	(1)
Occupational Groups	105	(1)
Reverse Socialization	105	(1)
Resocialization	106	(1)
Socialization through the Life Cycle	106	(3)
Childhood	106	(1)
Adolescence	107	(1)
Adulthood	108	(1)
Old Age	108	(1)
Some Conclusions	109	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	110	(1)
Terms to Remember	110	(1)
Suggested Readings	111	(1)
Deviance and Criminality: The Need for Social Control	112	(25)
Deviance	114	(1)
The Relative Nature of Deviance	115	(1)
Functions of Deviance	116	(1)
Explaining Deviance	116	(3)
Biological Explanations	116	(2)
Why Are Humans Killers?	118	(1)
Psychological Explanations	119	(1)
Mental Disorders	119	(2)
Treatment of Mental Disorders	120	(1)
Deviance as Seen from a Sociological Perspective	121	(5)
Social Integration and Anomie	121	(1)
Natural Born Killers?	122	(2)
Cultural Transmission Differential Association)	124	(1)
Labeling Theory	125	(1)
Crime: Deviance That Hurts	126	(2)
Classification of Crimes	126	(2)
Crime Statistics: How Much Crime, and Who Commits It?	128	(4)
The Criminal Justice System	132	(2)
Imprisonment	133	(1)
Recidivism	133	(1)
What Price Punishment?	134	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	134	(1)
Terms to Remember	135	(1)
Suggested Readings	136	(1)
The Great Divide: Ranking and Stratification	137	(30)
Social Differentiation, Ranking, and Stratification	138	(1)
Stratification	139	(1)
Theoretical Views on Stratification	139	(3)
Structural-Functionalist Perspective	140	(1)
Conflict Perspective	141	(1)
Dimensions of Stratification: Class, Status, and Power	142	(4)
Class	142	(1)
Status	143	(1)
Power	144	(1)
Class, Status, and Power in America	145	(1)
Systems of Stratification	146	(2)
The Closed Society: Caste	146	(1)
The Estate System	147	(1)
The Open Society: Class System	147	(1)
Determining Social Class	148	(1)
Socioeconomic Status	148	(1)
Social Classes in the United States	148	(11)
The Upper Classes	149	(1)
The Middle Class	150	(1)
The Working Class	151	(1)
The Poor	151	(3)
The Ghetto Poor	154	(1)
The Homeless	155	(2)
The Growth of Inequality	157	(1)
Welfare: Are We Our Brothers' Keepers	158	(1)
Social Class and Its Consequences	159	(2)
Family Life	159	(1)
Child Rearing	159	(1)
Education	159	(1)
Religion	159	(1)
Politics	160	(1)
Health	160	(1)
Arrest and Conviction	160	(1)
Values	161	(1)
Social Mobility	161	(3)
The Upwardly Mobile: Who Are They?	161	(1)
Social Mobility in the United States	162	(1)
Global Inequality	163	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	164	(1)
Terms to Remember	165	(1)
Suggested Readings	166	(1)
Minority Status: Race and Ethnicity	167	(24)
Majority-Minorities Relations: Defining the Terms	168	(1)
Common Characteristics of Minorities	169	(1)
The Making of Pluralist Society	170	(2)
Ideologies Regarding the Treatment of Minorities	170	(2)
Majority and Minorities: Processes of Coexistence	172	(1)
In the Way: Obstacles to Pluralism	173	(5)
Prejudice	173	(1)
Hate: Prejudice and Discrimination among Castes in India	174	(1)
Why Are We Prejudiced?	174	(1)
Discrimination	175	(1)
Racism	176	(1)
An Ongoing Controversy: Affirmative Action	177	(1)
Racial Minorities	178	(7)
Native Americans	178	(2)
Asian Americans	180	(1)
African Americans	181	(3)
Hispanic Americans	184	(1)
Ethnic and Religious Minorities	185	(2)
White Ethnics: Catholics	186	(1)
Jewish Americans	187	(1)
The New Face of America	187	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	188	(1)
Terms to Remember	189	(1)
Suggested Readings	190	(1)
Minority Status: Age, Gender, and Sexuality	191	(28)
The Aging Society	192	(6)
Theoretical Framework	193	(1)
Ageism	193	(1)
The Elderly around the World	194	(4)
Women: Differentiation According to Gender	198	(4)
Biological Facts	198	(2)
Cultural Differences	200	(2)
Sex and Gender Differentiated	202	(1)
The Cultural Construction of Gender	202	(10)
Traditional Gender Roles	202	(1)
``The Opposite Sex Is Neither''	203	(1)
Gender Scripts	203	(1)
Male Dominance	204	(2)
Theories of Gender Role Development	206	(1)
Theories of Socialization	207	(2)
Agents of Gender Socialization	209	(2)
Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls	211	(1)
Sexuality	212	(4)
Homosexual Behavior	212	(2)
Acquiring a Homosexual Identity	214	(1)
Explanatory Theories of Homosexuality	214	(1)
A Dangerous Byproduct of Homosexuality	215	(1)
Bisexuality	216	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	216	(1)
Terms to Remember	217	(1)
Suggested Readings	218	(1)
From the Plow to the Computer: Change, Collective Behavior, and Social Movements	219	(28)
Society and Change	221	(2)
The United States: Then and Now	222	(1)
Levels of Change	223	(1)
Processes of Social and Cultural Change	223	(5)
Social Change: Planning, Reform, Revolution	224	(1)
Cultural Change: Innovation and Diffusion	224	(2)
The Sources of Change	226	(1)
The Physical Environment	226	(1)
Technology	227	(1)
Results of the First Technological Revolution	227	(1)
The Industrial Revolution	228	(2)
Inventions and Discoveries of the Industrial Revolution	228	(1)
Industrialism	229	(1)
Technology and Social Change	229	(1)
Modernization	230	(1)
Learning to Be Modern	230	(1)
Collective Behavior	231	(8)
Crowds	232	(1)
Masses	233	(1)
Mobs and Riots	233	(1)
The Theory of Mass Society	234	(1)
Rumors	235	(1)
Fashions, Fads, and Crazes	235	(1)
Panics and Mass Hysteria	236	(1)
Publics and Public Opinion	236	(1)
Public Opinion	237	(1)
Public Opinion and the Mass Media	237	(1)
Propaganda and Censorship	238	(1)
Social Movements	239	(2)
Types of Social Movements	240	(1)
Reformist Movements	241	(1)
Revolutionary Movements	241	(3)
Factors Encouraging Revolutinary Movements	241	(3)
The Chapter in Brief	244	(1)
Terms to Remember	245	(1)
Suggested Readings	246	(1)
Population, Urbanization, and Environment	247	(30)
Demographic Processes: Dynamics of Population Change	249	(3)
Birthrates	249	(1)
Death Rates	250	(1)
Migration	251	(1)
Immigration	251	(1)
Internal Migration	251	(1)
Characteristics and Composition of a Population	252	(2)
Sex Ratio	252	(1)
Age Structure	253	(1)
Population around the World	254	(1)
Malthus and Marx	254	(1)
Demographic Transition	255	(2)
Zero Population Growth	257	(1)
Population Policies	257	(3)
The Urban Society	260	(1)
Urbanization	260	(1)
The Industrial Revolution and the Growth of Cities	261	(2)
Urbanism	261	(1)
Urban Theories	262	(1)
American Cities	263	(3)
Suburbia	264	(1)
The Impact of the Consumer Culture on the Growth of Suburbia	264	(1)
Suburbia and Social Class	265	(1)
Metropolitanization and Megalopolis	266	(2)
Megalopolis	267	(1)
The Urban Crisis	268	(1)
Slums and Ghettos	268	(1)
Population Drain	268	(1)
Attempts to Reclaim the City	269	(1)
Urban Renewal	269	(1)
The Future of Cities	270	(1)
The Natural Environment	270	(4)
The World We Live In	270	(1)
The Ecosystem	271	(1)
Ecology	271	(1)
Disruption of Ecosystems	272	(1)
Environmental Pollution	272	(2)
The Chapter in Brief	274	(1)
Terms to Remember	275	(1)
Suggested Readings	276	(1)
Pivotal Institutions: Marriage and the Family	277	(25)
The Basic Institution: The Family	278	(2)
Family Forms	278	(1)
Kinship Systems	279	(1)
Family Functions	279	(1)
Marriage	280	(4)
Limitations on Marriage	281	(1)
Love and Marriage in America	281	(2)
Arranged Marriages	283	(1)
The Stages of Marriage	283	(1)
The Scientific Study of Marriage?	284	(1)
The Role of Power in Marriage	285	(1)
Changing Marital Patterns	285
Divorce	284	(8)
Remarriage	288	(1)
Divorce as the New Norm	288	(1)
Consequences of Divorce: Wounds That Do Not Heal	289	(3)
The New American Family	292	(3)
Forms of the New American Family	292	(3)
Some Unintended Effects of the Changing American Family	295	(5)
Child Care	295	(2)
Family Violence	297	(1)
Teenage Pregnancy	298	(2)
The Chapter in Brief	300	(1)
Terms to Remember	301	(1)
Suggested Readings	301	(1)
Pivotal Institutions: Religion and Education	302	(34)
The Great Religions of the World	303	(3)
Religion in the Social Sciences	306	(3)
Religion as Social Integration	306	(1)
A Functionalist View of Religion	306	(2)
A Conflict View of Religion	308	(1)
Religion and Social Control	309	(3)
The Institutional Context	309	(1)
Common Features of Religions	309	(3)
Religion in America	312	(3)
Religiosity in America	313	(1)
Religious Affiliation and Social Class	313	(1)
Religion, Race, and Ethnicity	314	(1)
The Sanctification of the American Way of Life	314	(1)
Contemporary Trends	315	(4)
Fundamentalism	316	(1)
The Electronic Church	317	(1)
Science and Religion	318	(1)
The Role of Women in Religion	318	(1)
Education	319	(5)
Education in America	319	(2)
The Functionalist View of Education	321	(2)
The Conflict View of Education	323	(1)
Characteristics of American Education	324	(8)
Upward Mobility as a Cure-All for Social Problems	324	(1)
Education, Class, and Race	324	(2)
Closing the Performance Gap	326	(1)
Attempts at Making Education Work	327	(2)
Separate and Unequal Again?	329	(1)
The Role of the Family	329	(1)
Higher Education	330	(1)
Some Contemporary Issues in Higher Education	331	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	332	(2)
Terms to Remember	334	(1)
Suggested Readings	334	(2)
Government: The Institution and the Theories and Ideologies That Underlie It	336	(23)
The Institution of Government	337	(1)
Government and Politics	337	(2)
The Purpose of Government	338	(1)
The Functions of Government	338	(1)
Political Power: Legitimacy and Authority	339	(3)
Legitimacy	340	(1)
Authority	340	(1)
Types of Legitimate Authority	340	(2)
The State	342	(2)
Theoretical Views of the State	344	(1)
Nation-State	344	(2)
Nationalism	345	(1)
The Ideologies behind the Nation-State	346	(2)
The Role of Ideology	346	(1)
Political Ideology	347	(1)
Autocratic Ideologies	348	(5)
Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism	348	(1)
Totalitarianism	348	(1)
Totalitarianism of the Right: Fascism and Nazism	349	(1)
Totalitarianism of the Le ft: Communism	350	(1)
Communism and the USSR	351	(1)
Communism in China	352	(1)
Democratic Ideologies: Democracy	353	(2)
Democratic Capitalism	354	(1)
Socialism	355	(1)
Democratic Socialism	355	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	356	(1)
Terms to Remember	357	(1)
Suggested Readings	358	(1)
The Government of the United States of America	359	(21)
The Constitutional Convention	361	(1)
The Constitutional Convention	361	(1)
What Is a Constitution?	362	(1)
The Constitution of the United States	363	(3)
Federalism	363	(1)
Constitutional Limits and Obligations	364	(1)
How Federalism Has Worked	365	(1)
Trend toward Centralization	365	(1)
The Impact of the Federal Government	366	(1)
Separation of Powers	366	(3)
How Checks and Balances Work	367	(2)
Criticism of the Separation of Powers	369	(1)
The Presidency: The Executive Branch	369	(2)
The Nature of the Presidency	369	(1)
The Roles of the President	370	(1)
Congress: The Legislative Branch	371	(4)
The Issue of Representation	372	(1)
Congressional Committees	372	(1)
The Subordinate Role of Congress	373	(2)
The Supreme Court: The Judicial Branch	375	(3)
The Court System	375	(1)
Functions of the Judicial System	376	(2)
The Importance of Limited Government	378	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	378	(1)
Terms to Remember	379	(1)
Suggested Readings	379	(1)
We, the People: Democracy in Action	380	(27)
American Democracy	381	(1)
How Is America Governed?	382	(3)
Elitism	383	(1)
Pluralism	384	(1)
Conflict and Consensus	384	(1)
A Realistic Democracy	385	(1)
Interest Groups	385	(5)
Functions of Interest Groups	386	(1)
Formation and Growth of Interest Groups	387	(1)
Lobbyists	388	(1)
Political Action Committees	388	(1)
Shortcomings of Interest Groups	389	(1)
Political Parties	390	(5)
Purpose of Political Parties	390	(1)
Functions of Political Parties	390	(2)
Features of the American Party System	392	(1)
Dealignment or Realignment?	393	(1)
The Party System in Decline	394	(1)
The High Cost of Campaigning	395	(2)
Voting	397	(6)
Peculiarities of American Voting	397	(1)
Factors in Voter Turnout	398	(2)
The Nonvoters	400	(2)
A President Elected as a Result of a Count, a Recount, and a Supreme Court Decision	402	(1)
Political Opinion Making	403	(2)
Public and Political Opinion	403	(1)
The Moss Media	403	(1)
Sound Bites	404	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	405	(1)
Terms to Remember	406	(1)
Suggested Readings	406	(1)
The Economy: Concepts and History	407	(29)
The Economic Institution	408	(5)
Economic Decision Making	409	(1)
Basic Elements of the Economy	409	(1)
Factors of Production	410	(1)
Economic Choices and Opportunity Costs	411	(1)
Limits to Output: The Production Possibilities Frontier	411	(1)
Specialization of Labor	411	(1)
Trade, Barter, and Money	412	(1)
Contemporary Economic Systems: How Choices Are Made	413	(1)
Western Economies in Historical Perspective	413	(2)
The Birth of Capitalism	414	(1)
Aspects of Industrial Capitalism	415	(3)
The Corporate Form of Industrial Organization	415	(2)
From Competition to Advertising	417	(1)
Diversification and Multinationalism	418	(1)
The Nature of Work in the Industrial Society	419	(1)
Shifting Sectors	420	(1)
Professionalization	420	(1)
The Corporate Bureaucracy	420	(4)
The Executive	421	(1)
Middle Management: White-Collar Workers	422	(1)
Industrial Workers	422	(1)
Methods of Production: Craft, Mass, and Lean	423	(1)
The Factory System	424	(1)
The American Labor Movement	424	(5)
Collective Bargaining	425	(1)
The Labor Movement Today	426	(1)
Decline of Unionism	426	(3)
American Labor and the Global Economy	429	(3)
Globalism's Foes	430	(2)
The Chapter in Brief	432	(2)
Terms to Remember	434	(1)
Suggested Readings	434	(2)
Principles of Economic Behavior: Microeconomics and Macroeconomics	436	(28)
The Small Picture and the Large Picture	437	(1)
Market Mechanisms	437	(4)
Who Makes Decisions?	437	(1)
Who Participates in the Economy?	437	(1)
Markets	438	(1)
The Circular Flow	439	(2)
Market Forces	441	(3)
Demand, Supply and Price	441	(1)
Equilibrium and Price Elasticity	442	(1)
The Principle of Laissez-Faire and Public Needs	442	(2)
A Macroview	444	(6)
The Public Interest: Socioeconomic Goals	445	(1)
Full Employment	445	(1)
Desirable Mix of Output	446	(1)
High and Equitably Distributed Incomes	447	(1)
Reasonable Price Stability	447	(1)
Adequate Growth	448	(2)
Instruments of Public Policy	450	(1)
Fiscal Policy	451	(1)
The Function of Price and Employment Stabilizers	451	(1)
The Federal Budget	451	(1)
Fiscal Decision Making	452	(1)
Monetary Policy	452	(2)
Banks	452	(1)
Interest Rates	453	(1)
Regulating Banks	453	(1)
The Federal Reserve	453	(1)
Incomes Policy	454	(5)
Economic Problems and Government Response	455	(1)
Business Cycles	456	(1)
Demand-Side Theories	456	(1)
Theory and Reality	457	(1)
Old and New Economies	458	(1)
Fitting into the Global Economy	459	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	460	(2)
Terms to Remember	462	(1)
Suggested Readings	463	(1)
Nation among Nations: Perspectives on International Relations	464	(34)
Regions of the World	466	(9)
Europe	466	(1)
The Former Soviet Union	467	(1)
The Middle East	468	(1)
Asia	469	(2)
Pacific Rim	471	(2)
Sub-Saharan Africa	473	(1)
Latin America	473	(1)
Anglo America	473	(1)
Other Ways of Classifying States	473	(2)
Rich Nations, Poor Nations	475	(1)
Interaction among Nations	475	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives	475	(1)
Realism	476	(1)
Contemporary Perspectives	476	(2)
Pluralism	476	(1)
Globalism	477	(1)
Neorealism	477	(1)
Participants in the International System	478	(3)
Actors in International Relations	478	(1)
The Emergence of the State	478	(1)
The State and the Nation	479	(1)
Nonstate Actors	480	(1)
The Goals of States	481	(2)
The Competition of Objectives	482	(1)
Means of Achieving Goals: Foreign Policy	483	(2)
Types of Foreign-Policy Decisions	484	(1)
Goals of American Foreign Policy	484	(1)
The Role of Ideology	485	(1)
Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions?	486	(1)
Instruments of Foreign Policy	486	(5)
The United Nations	486	(2)
Foreign Aid	488	(1)
Collective Security	488	(1)
The Military	489	(1)
Propaganda	490	(1)
Diplomacy and Diplomats	491	(1)
Treaties and Alliances	491	(1)
Morality in Foreign Policy	492	(1)
Power	492	(1)
The Balance-of-Power System	493	(2)
The Multipolar System	493	(1)
The World Wars	494	(1)
The Bipolar System	494	(1)
A New Multipolar World	494	(1)
The Chapter in Brief	495	(1)
Terms to Remember	496	(1)
Suggested Readings	497	(1)
The Constitution of the United States	498	(12)
References	510	(12)
Photo Credits	522	(1)
Index	523