Contracts : Cases, Discussion, and Problems

by Blum, Brian A.; Bushaw, Amy C.

• ISBN13: 9780735526129
• ISBN10: 0735526125
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-04-01
• Publisher: Wolters Kluwer

Summary

Teaching - and studying - contract law becomes more enjoyable with the publication of this direct and accessible casebook. The authors lead students to comprehension through: clear and straighforward text that illuminates cases, concepts, theory, questions, and problems and serves as a springboard to deeper analysis and understanding engaging cases carefully edited to heighten the effectiveness of case analysis as a primary teaching tool questions that encourage careful preparation and prompt class discussion manageable yet challenging problems to deepen the learning experience understandable presentation of cornerstone legal theory and policy traditional, familiar organization beginning with formation and proceeding through the sequence followed by the Restatement of Contracts and teh Restatements (2d) of Contracts, with some minor variations concise and efficient presentation keeping the book at a manageable length Instructors will find a wealth of assistance in the 368-page Teacher's Manual: guidance for structuring three-, four-, and six-credit courses clear articulation of the book's pedagogical design explanation of the overall themes that link topics and chapters answers to questions and analysis of problems raised in the book suggestions for presenting material, based on proven teaching techniques optional questions and hypotheticals additional source material for expanding teaching options

Table of Contents

Preface	xxxi
Acknowledgments	xxxv
Authors' Note	xxxvii
Introduction to Contracts	1	(28)
An Introduction to the Study of Contract Law	1	(14)
The Legal Definition of Contract	1	(1)
The Sources, Nature, and Traditions of Contract Law	1	(4)
The Doctrine of Precedent and Case Analysis	5	(4)
The Role of Scholarly Commentary	9	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on Contract Law	10	(5)
What Makes an Agreement into a Contract	15	(6)
Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.	16	(4)
Questions	20	(1)
The Enforcement of Contracts: An Introduction to Remedies	21	(8)
Keltner v. Washington County	22	(5)
Questions	27	(2)
Sales of Goods and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code	29	(14)
An Introduction to Article 2	29	(4)
The Creation of the Uniform Commercial Code	29	(1)
The Style and Jurisprudence of the UCC	30	(1)
UCC 1-102. Purposes; Rules of Construction; Variation by Agreement	31	(1)
Working with Article 2	31	(1)
The Organization of Article 2 and the Citation of Code Sections	32	(1)
The Official Comments to the UCC	33	(1)
The Scope of Article 2	33	(10)
Pass v. Shelby Aviation, Inc.	34	(4)
Questions	38	(1)
Custom Communications Engineering, Inc. v. E.F. Johnson Co.	39	(2)
Problem 2.1	41	(2)
Contractual Assent and the Objective Test	43	(18)
The Objective Standard for Determining Assent	43	(5)
Kabil Developments Corp. v. Mignot	44	(3)
Problem 3.1	47	(1)
Problem 3.2	48	(1)
The Determination of Objective Meaning: The Reasonable Person Construct	48	(1)
Problem 3.3	49	(1)
Deliberately Undisclosed Intent	49	(8)
Lucy v. Zehmer	50	(6)
Questions	56	(1)
Problem 3.4	56	(1)
Note on ``High as a Georgia Pine'': The Limits of the Objective Test	57	(1)
Remedies: Expectation Damages, Specific Performance, and the Distinction Between Law and Equity	57	(4)
Expectation Damages	57	(1)
Specific Performance	58	(1)
Law and Equity	58	(1)
The Contemporary Approach to the Choice Between Damages and Specific Performance	59	(2)
The Offer	61	(24)
What Is an Offer?	61	(7)
The Formation of Contracts: The Offer and Acceptance Model	61	(1)
The Definition of ``Offer''	61	(1)
Interpreting the Intent of a Communication to Determine if It Is an Offer	62	(1)
Fairmount Glass Works v. Grunden-Martin Woodenware Co.	63	(1)
People v. Braithwaite	64	(3)
Question	67	(1)
Problem 4.1	67	(1)
Is an Advertisement an Offer or a Solicitation?	68	(13)
What Makes a Proposal an Offer Rather than a Solicitation?	68	(2)
Leonard v. PepsiCo, Inc.	70	(6)
Questions	76	(1)
Note on Leonard as a Federal Court Opinion	77	(1)
Problem 4.2	78	(1)
The Remedial Issues in Lefkowitz, Harris, and Leonard	79	(1)
Question	80	(1)
The Impact of Legislation on the Interpretation of Advertisements	80	(1)
Question	81	(1)
Offers Under UCC Article 2	81	(4)
A Reminder About the Scope of Article 2	81	(1)
Question	82	(1)
Offers Under Article 2	82	(1)
UCC 2-204. Formation in General	83	(1)
Question	83	(2)
Acceptance	85	(46)
What Happens After an Offer Is Made? An Overview of the Offer and Acceptance Model	85	(1)
The Nature, Mode, and Effect of Acceptance	86	(13)
Acceptance: The Offeree's Signification of Assent to the Offer	86	(1)
Keller v. Bones	86	(3)
Questions	89	(1)
The Acceptance Must Accord with Both the Substantive Terms and the Procedural Requirements of the Offer	90	(2)
Roth v. Malson	92	(4)
Questions	96	(1)
Problem 5.1	97	(1)
Problem 5.2	97	(2)
The Effective Date of Acceptance	99	(3)
Questions	100	(1)
Problem 5.3	101	(1)
Inadvertent Manifestation of Acceptance	102	(3)
Glover v. Jewish War Veterans of United States, Post No. 58	102	(2)
Questions	104	(1)
Silence as Acceptance	105	(2)
Restatement, Second §69. Acceptance by Silence or Exercise of Dominion	106	(1)
Problem 5.4	106	(1)
Termination of the Power of Acceptance	107	(10)
The Ways in Which the Offeree's Power of Acceptance May Be Terminated	107	(1)
Lapse of an Offer by the Passage of Time	108	(1)
Vaskie v. West American Insurance Co.	108	(3)
Questions	111	(1)
Problem 5.5	111	(1)
Revocation of the Offer	112	(1)
Hendricks v. Behee	112	(2)
Questions	114	(1)
Problem 5.6	114	(1)
Dickenson v. Dodds	115	(1)
Questions	116	(1)
Problem 5.7	117	(1)
Acceptance by Performance---The Distinction Between Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts	117	(11)
The Bilateral-Unilateral Distinction	117	(2)
Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.	119	(1)
Questions	120	(2)
Harms v. Northland Ford Dealers	122	(3)
Questions	125	(1)
Performance as an Exclusive or Permissive Method of Acceptance	125	(1)
Problem 5.8	126	(1)
Communication of Acceptance by Performance	126	(1)
Acceptance of an Offer by an Act That Cannot Be Accomplished Instantaneously	127	(1)
Restatement, Second §45. Option Contract Created by Part Performance or Tender	127	(1)
Question	127	(1)
Restatement, Second §62. Effect of Performance by Offeree Where Offer Invites Either Performance or Promise	128	(1)
Problem 5.9	128	(1)
The Offer and Acceptance Model in Perspective	128	(3)
Acceptance Under UCC Article 2---Basic Principles and the Battle of the Forms	131	(28)
Basic Principles of Acceptance Under UCC Article 2	131	(7)
UCC 2-206. Offer and Acceptance in Formation of Contract	132	(1)
Problem 6.1	132	(1)
ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg	133	(4)
Questions	137	(1)
Problem 6.2	138	(1)
The Battle of the Forms---UCC 2-207	138	(21)
The Rationale and Aim of UCC 2-207	138	(2)
The Basic Structure of UCC 2-207	140	(1)
UCC 2-207. Additional Terms in Acceptance or Confirmation	140	(3)
UCC 2-104(1). Definitions: ``Merchant'' . . .	143	(1)
Problem 6.3	144	(3)
Expressly Conditional Acceptance	147	(1)
Problem 6.4	147	(2)
Conduct Recognizing a Contract Under UCC 2-207(3)	149	(1)
Problem 6.5	149	(1)
The Distinction Between Additional and Different Terms in an Acceptance	150	(2)
Questions	152	(1)
Confirmatory Memoranda	153	(1)
Klocek v. Gateway, Inc.	154	(2)
Questions	156	(3)
Preliminary and Incomplete Agreements	159	(16)
The Problem of Indefiniteness	159	(4)
Academy Chicago Publishers v. Cheever	160	(2)
Questions	162	(1)
Deferred Agreement	163	(3)
Joseph Martin, Jr., Delicatessen, Inc. v. Schumacher	163	(2)
Questions	165	(1)
The Effect of an Agreement to Reduce to Writing	166	(2)
Problem 7.1	167	(1)
The Obligation to Bargain in Good Faith	168	(4)
Jenkins v. County of Schuylkill	168	(3)
Questions	171	(1)
The Tort of Interference with Contract Relations: Liability for Enticing a Party to Abandon the Duty to Negotiate in Good Faith or to Renege on an ``Agreement in Principle''	172	(3)
The Statute of Frauds	175	(18)
The Basic Principle	175	(3)
The Statute of Frauds Relating to Contracts at Common Law	178	(11)
Sales and Transfers of Land	178	(1)
Problem 8.1	178	(1)
Questions	179	(1)
Contracts Not Performable Within One Year of Execution	180	(1)
C.R. Klewin, Inc. v. Flagship Properties, Inc.	180	(4)
Problem 8.2	184	(1)
The Part Performance Exception to the Statute of Frauds Relating to Contracts at Common Law	184	(1)
Burns v. McCormick	185	(3)
Questions	188	(1)
The Statute of Frauds Under UCC Article 2	189	(4)
UCC 2-201. Formal Requirements; Statute of Frauds	189	(1)
UCC 1-201(39). General Definitions: ``Signed''	190	(1)
Question	190	(1)
Problem 8.3	190	(3)
Consideration	193	(48)
Consideration---The Basic Doctrine	193	(19)
Introduction to Consideration Doctrine	193	(1)
Restatement, Second §17. Requirement of a Bargain	194	(1)
Restatement, Second §71. Requirement of Exchange; Types of Exchange	194	(1)
The Elements of Consideration	195	(1)
Congregation Kadimab Toras-Moshe v. DeLeo	195	(2)
Hamer v. Sidway	197	(3)
Questions	200	(1)
Patel v. American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology, Inc.	200	(2)
Questions	202	(1)
Problem 9.1	203	(1)
The Elusive Purpose of Consideration Doctrine	204	(2)
Carlisle v. T&R Excavating, Inc.	206	(5)
Questions	211	(1)
What Suffices as Consideration	212	(15)
Adequacy of Consideration	212	(1)
Apfel v. Prudential-Bache Securities, Inc.	213	(2)
Batsakis v. Demotsis	215	(3)
Preexisting Duties	218	(1)
Restatement, Second §73. Performance of Legal Duty	219	(1)
State v. Avis	219	(1)
Questions	220	(2)
Settlement Agreements	222	(1)
Restatement, Second §74. Settlement of Claims	223	(1)
Fiege v. Boehm	223	(4)
Questions	227	(1)
Mutuality and Its Limits	227	(14)
What ``Mutuality of Obligation'' Means	227	(2)
Performance as Consideration	229	(1)
Weiner v. McGraw-Hill, Inc.	229	(3)
Conditional Promises as Consideration	232	(1)
Iacono v. Lyons	233	(1)
Questions	234	(1)
Discretionary Promises as Consideration	234	(2)
Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon	236	(2)
Questions	238	(1)
Introduction to Exclusive Dealings, Output and Requirement Contracts under the UCC	238	(1)
UCC 2-306. Output, Requirements and Exclusive Dealings	239	(1)
Problem 9.2	239	(2)
Promissory Estoppel	241	(42)
An Overview of Promissory Estoppel	241	(7)
The Origins and Nature of Promissory Estoppel as a Theory of Recovery	241	(2)
Restatement, Second §90. Promise Reasonably Inducing Action or Forbearance	243	(1)
The Theoretical Context of Promissory Estoppel and Why It Matters	243	(3)
Deli v. University of Minnesota	246	(2)
Question	248	(1)
Promissory Estoppel and Non-Commercial Promises	248	(10)
Wright v. Newman	250	(4)
Questions	254	(1)
In re Morton Shoe Co.	255	(1)
Questions	256	(2)
Promissory Estoppel in the Commercial Context	258	(21)
Promissory Estoppel and Commercial Promises	260	(1)
East Providence Credit Union v. Geremia	260	(3)
Questions	263	(1)
Ypsilanti v. General Motors Corp.	264	(2)
Questions	266	(1)
Promissory Estoppel and Commercial Promises: The Specific Example of Employment Disputes	266	(2)
Lord v. Souder	268	(4)
Questions	272	(1)
Restatement, Second §139. Enforcement by Virtue of Action in Reliance	272	(1)
Question	272	(1)
Problem 10.1	273	(1)
Promissory Estoppel in Commercial Negotiations	274	(2)
Gruen Industries v. Biller	276	(2)
Questions	278	(1)
Remedies in Promissory Estoppel Actions	279	(4)
Questions	281	(1)
Problem 10.2	281	(2)
Options and Firm Offers	283	(14)
Option Contracts	283	(2)
Problem 11.1	285	(1)
Promissory Estoppel and Offers	285	(9)
Drennan v. Star Paving Co.	286	(3)
Questions	289	(2)
Pavel Enterprises, Inc. v. A.S. Johnson Co.	291	(3)
Questions	294	(1)
Firm Offers Under the UCC	294	(3)
UCC 2-205. Firm Offers	295	(1)
Problem 11.2	295	(2)
Obligation Based on Unjust Enrichment and Material Benefit	297	(26)
Unjust Enrichment	297	(13)
The Relationship Between Unjust Enrichment and Contract	297	(1)
The Elements of Unjust Enrichment	298	(2)
Terminology	300	(1)
The Distinction Between Factually and Legally Implied Contracts	301	(1)
Martin v. Little, Brown & Co.	301	(2)
Questions	303	(1)
Feingold v. Pucello	304	(2)
Questions	306	(1)
Volunteers and Intermeddlers	307	(1)
Estate of Cleveland v. Gorden	307	(2)
Questions	309	(1)
Problem 12.1	310	(1)
Moral Obligation and the Material Benefit Rule	310	(13)
The Meaning of ``Moral Obligation'' in This Context	310	(1)
The Application of the Doctrine of Moral Obligation Where a Debtor Promises to Pay a Preexisting Unenforceable Legal Debt	311	(2)
Moral Obligation Where the Prior Benefit Does Not Constitute an Unenforceable Legal Debt---The Material Benefit Rule	313	(1)
Webb v. McGowin	313	(3)
Questions	316	(1)
Restatement, Second §86. Promise for Benefit Received	317	(1)
Questions	317	(1)
Dementas v. Estate of Tallas	318	(2)
Problem 12.2	320	(3)
Policing Contracts for Improper Bargaining	323	(80)
General Introduction to the Doctrines in This Chapter	323	(1)
Misrepresentation and Fraud	324	(21)
The General Principles and Elements of Misrepresentation	324	(1)
Restatement, Second §164. When a Misrepresentation Makes a Contract Voidable	325	(1)
Restatement, Second §162. When a Misrepresentation Is Fraudulent or Material	325	(1)
Restatement, Second §160. When Action Is Equivalent to an Assertion (Concealment)	326	(1)
Restatement, Second §161. When Non-Disclosure Is Equivalent to an Assertion	326	(1)
Affirmative Fraud	326	(1)
Sarvis v. Vermont State Colleges	326	(4)
Questions	330	(1)
Silence as Fraud: Fraudulent Nondisclosure and the Duty to Speak	330	(1)
In re House of Drugs, Inc.	330	(3)
Stambovsky v. Ackley	333	(4)
Questions	337	(1)
Misrepresentation of Fact, Opinion, and Future Action	338	(1)
Cummings v. HPG International, Inc.	338	(2)
Questions	340	(1)
Problem 13.1	341	(1)
The Distinction Between Fraudulent and Negligent Misrepresentation	342	(1)
The Choice of Remedy for Fraud; Punitive Damages	343	(1)
Fraud in the Inducement Distinguished from Fraud in the Factum	344	(1)
Duress	345	(11)
The Elements of Duress	345	(1)
Restatement, Second §175. When Duress by Threat Makes a Contract Voidable	345	(1)
Restatement, Second §176. When a Threat Is Improper	346	(1)
Problem 13.2	346	(1)
Germantown Mfg. Co. v. Rawlinson	347	(4)
Questions	351	(1)
Market or Circumstantial Pressure Distinguished from Duress	352	(1)
Quigley v. KPMG Peat Marwick, LLP	352	(1)
Questions	353	(1)
Coercion by a Nonparty and the Distinction Between Void and Voidable Contracts Induced by Duress	354	(1)
Problem 13.3	355	(1)
Duress and Bad Faith in Relation to Contract Modification	356	(13)
The Application of Consideration Doctrine and the Preexisting Duty Rule to Modifications	356	(1)
Rinck v. Association of Reserve City Bankers	357	(2)
Questions	359	(1)
The Application of Duress Doctrine to Modifications	360	(1)
Austin Instrument, Inc. v. Loral Corp.	360	(4)
Questions	364	(1)
Supervening Difficulties as a Basis for Upholding a Modification Without Consideration	364	(2)
Questions	366	(1)
Contract Modifications Under UCC Article 2	367	(1)
UCC 2-209. Modification, Rescission and Waiver	367	(1)
Question	368	(1)
Problem 13.4	368	(1)
Undue Influence	369	(12)
Note on Rudolf Nureyev Dance Foundation v. Noureeva-Francois and Tinney v. Tinney	370	(4)
Questions	374	(1)
Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School District	375	(5)
Questions	380	(1)
Unconscionability	381	(22)
The Derivation and Meaning of ``Unconscionability''	381	(1)
UCC 2-302. Unconscionable Contract or Clause	382	(1)
Restatement, Second §208. Unconscionable Contract or Term	382	(1)
The Elements of Unconscionability	382	(1)
Note on Germantown Mfg. Co. v. Rawlinson	383	(1)
Questions	384	(2)
Questions	386	(1)
NEC Technologies, Inc. v. Nelson	387	(3)
Question	390	(1)
Problem 13.5	390	(1)
Problem 13.6	390	(1)
Problem 13.7	391	(1)
Unconscionability in Transactions Between Sophisticated Businesses	391	(1)
Southwest Pet Products, Inc. v. Koch Industries, Inc.	392	(3)
Problem 13.8	395	(1)
Relief for Unconscionability	395	(1)
Brower v. Gateway 2000, Inc.	396	(3)
Questions	399	(1)
Sosa v. Paulos	400	(2)
Questions	402	(1)
Policing Contracts on Grounds Other Than Improper Bargaining	403	(38)
Introduction	403	(2)
Illegality	405	(4)
Note on The Diversified Group v. Sahn	405	(1)
Question	406	(1)
Danzig v. Danzig	407	(2)
Questions	409	(1)
Contracts in Violation of Public Policy	409	(12)
Stevens v. Rooks Pitts & Poust	410	(2)
Questions	412	(1)
Note: The ``Rule of Reason''	413	(1)
Problem 14.1	414	(1)
Harmon v. Mount Hood Meadows, Ltd.	415	(2)
Questions	417	(1)
Note: Surrogate Parenting Contracts	418	(3)
Questions	421	(1)
Incapacity	421	(20)
Incapacity and Exploitation	421	(1)
Minority	422	(1)
Note on Webster St. Partnership, Ltd. v. Sheridan and Halbman v. Lemke	423	(2)
Questions	425	(2)
Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc.	427	(2)
Questions	429	(1)
Problem 14.2	430	(1)
Note on Shields v. Gross	430	(1)
Mental Incapacity	431	(1)
Restatement, Second §15. Mental Illness or Defect	432	(1)
Farnum v. Silvano	433	(3)
Questions	436	(1)
Problem 14.3	436	(1)
Problem 14.4	437	(1)
Problem 14.5	437	(2)
Question	439	(2)
Contract Interpretation and Construction	441	(38)
Interpretation	441	(19)
Interpretation, or the Search for Contract Meaning	442	(1)
Guilford Transportation Industries v. Public Utilities Commission	443	(3)
Questions	446	(1)
Sources of Contract Meaning and Standards of Interpretation	446	(1)
Restatement, Second §202. Rules in Aid of Interpretation	447	(1)
Restatement, Second §203. Standards of Preference in Interpretation	447	(1)
UCC 1-205. Course of Dealing and Usage of Trade	448	(1)
UCC 2-208. Course of Performance or Practical Construction	448	(1)
Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp.	449	(5)
Questions	454	(1)
Interpretation of Standard Contracts	454	(1)
Atwater Creamery Co. v. Western National Mutual Insurance Co.	455	(4)
Questions	459	(1)
Problem 15.1	460	(1)
Construction of Contract Obligations	460	(19)
Gap Fillers	461	(1)
Problem 15.2	462	(2)
Question	464	(1)
UCC 2-314. Implied Warranty: Merchantability; Usage of Trade	465	(1)
UCC 2-316. Exclusion or Modification of Warranties	466	(1)
Problem 15.3	466	(1)
Using Good Faith to Interpret and Construe Contracts	467	(1)
Note on Indiana-American Water Co. v. Town of Seelyville	468	(1)
Questions	469	(1)
Restatement, Second §205. Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing	470	(1)
UCC 1-203. Obligation of Good Faith	470	(1)
United Airlines, Inc. v. Good Taste, Inc.	470	(6)
Questions	476	(3)
The Parol Evidence Rule	479	(34)
Introduction to the Parol Evidence Rule	479	(3)
The Purpose, Premise, and Content of the Rule	479	(2)
The Process of Dealing with Parol Evidence	481	(1)
Application of the Parol Evidence Rule	482	(14)
Masterson v. Sine	485	(5)
Questions	490	(1)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage & Rigging Co.	490	(3)
Questions	493	(1)
Problem 16.1	493	(1)
Problem 16.2	494	(2)
Parol Evidence Under the UCC	496	(3)
UCC 2-202. Final Written Expression; Parol or Extrinsic Evidence	496	(1)
Problem 16.3	497	(2)
The Use of Merger or Integration Clauses	499	(7)
Bristow v. Drake Street, Inc.	499	(3)
Questions	502	(1)
Note on UAW-GM Human Resource Center v. KSL Recreation Corp.	502	(2)
Questions	504	(1)
Problem 16.4	504	(1)
Problem 16.5	505	(1)
Escape from the Parol Evidence Rule: Exceptions for Evidence of the Validity or Voidability of the Contract	506	(7)
Sound Techniques, Inc. v. Hoffman	507	(4)
Questions	511	(2)
Misunderstanding, Mistake, and Excuse Due to Changed Circumstances	513	(46)
Misunderstanding	514	(4)
Konic International Corp. v. Spokane Computer Services, Inc.	515	(3)
Questions	518	(1)
Mistake	518	(19)
Mutual Mistake	519	(1)
Mattson v. Rachetto	520	(3)
Questions	523	(1)
Restatement, Second §154. When a Party Bears the Risk of a Mistake	524	(1)
Estate of Nelson v. Rice	525	(2)
Dingeman v. Reffitt	527	(3)
Unilateral Mistake	530	(1)
Note on Drennan v. Star Paving Co.	531	(1)
Question	532	(1)
Problem 17.1	533	(1)
Relief for Mistake	534	(1)
Rancourt v. Verba	534	(3)
Excuse Due to Changed Circumstances	537	(22)
Impracticability	538	(1)
Restatement, Second §261. Discharge by Supervening Impracticability	539	(1)
UCC 2-615. Excuse by Failure of Presupposed Conditions	540	(1)
Ling v. Board of Trustees of Doane College	540	(3)
Questions	543	(1)
Clark v. Wallace County Cooperative Equity Exchange	544	(1)
Questions	545	(1)
Opera Company of Boston v. Wolf Trap Foundation	545	(6)
Frustration of Purpose	551	(1)
Restatement, Second §265. Discharge by Supervening Frustration	551	(1)
7200 Scottsdale Rd. General Partners v. Kuhn Farm Machinery, Inc.	551	(6)
Questions	557	(1)
Problem 17.2	558	(1)
Conditions and Promises	559	(42)
Components of a Contract: Conditions and Promises	559	(10)
The Nature of Promises and Conditions	559	(1)
Non-Events and Past Events	560	(1)
The Purpose of Conditions	561	(1)
Sequencing: Conditions Precedent and Concurrent Conditions	562	(1)
Conditions Subsequent	562	(1)
Express, Implied, and Construed Conditions	563	(1)
Pure and Promissory Conditions	564	(1)
Problem 18.1	565	(2)
Interpretation to Determine When an Event Is a Condition	567	(1)
Koch v. Construction Technology, Inc.	567	(1)
Questions	568	(1)
Express, Implied, and Construed Conditions	569	(10)
Oppenheimer & Co. v. Oppenheim, Appel, Dixon & Co.	570	(3)
Problem 18.2	573	(1)
Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent	573	(5)
Questions	578	(1)
Problem 18.3	578	(1)
The Various Uses of Conditions	579	(11)
The Use of a Condition to Allow a Party to Escape the Contract	579	(1)
Note on Merritt Hill Vineyards v. Windy Heights Vineyard, Inc. and Fry v. George Elkins Co.	580	(2)
Questions	582	(1)
Problem 18.4	582	(1)
Conditions of Satisfaction	583	(1)
Note on Incomm, Inc. v. Thermo-Spa, Inc.	584	(1)
Problem 18.5	585	(1)
Problem 18.6	586	(1)
The Use of Conditions to Provide for Alternative Performances	586	(1)
Problem 18.7	586	(1)
The Use of Conditions to Sequence Performances	587	(2)
Problem 18.8	589	(1)
Problem 18.9	590	(1)
Excuse of Conditions	590	(11)
Waiver and Estoppel	591	(1)
Note on Mercedes-Benz Credit Corp. v. Morgan and Gould v. Artisoft, Inc.	592	(1)
Questions	593	(1)
Problem 18.10	594	(1)
Obstructive or Uncooperative Conduct	594	(1)
Sullivan v. Bullock	595	(2)
Unfair Forfeiture	597	(1)
Note on J.N.A. Realty Corp. v. Cross Bay Chelsea, Inc.	598	(1)
Question	599	(2)
Material Breach, Substantial Performance, and Anticipatory Repudiation	601	(36)
The Distinction Between Material and Non-Material Breach	601	(8)
Seydel v. Ige	604	(2)
Questions	606	(1)
Worcester Heritage Society, Inc. v. Trussell	607	(1)
Questions	608	(1)
The Consequences of Substantial Performance	609	(5)
The Proper Measure of Relief for Substantial Performance	609	(1)
Lyon v. Belosky Construction, Inc.	609	(2)
Questions	611	(1)
The Recovery of the Breaching Party: Unjust Enrichment or Recovery Under the Contract	611	(1)
Note on Carrig v. Gilbert-Varker Corp.	612	(1)
Question	613	(1)
Problem 19.1	613	(1)
Breach and Substantial Performance Under UCC Article 2: Perfect Tender, Cure, and Installment Contracts	614	(11)
Perfect Tender Under Article 2	614	(1)
UCC 2-601. Buyer's Rights on Improper Delivery	614	(1)
Note on Printing Center of Texas, Inc. v. Supermind Publishing Co.	614	(2)
Question	616	(1)
Problem 19.2	616	(1)
Problem 19.3	616	(1)
The Seller's Right to Cure a Nonconforming Tender	617	(1)
UCC 2-508. Cure by Seller of Improper Tender or Delivery; Replacement	617	(1)
Ramirez v. Autosport	617	(3)
Problem 19.4	620	(1)
Installment Contracts	620	(1)
UCC 2-612. ``Installment Contract''; Breach	621	(1)
Graulich Caterer, Inc. v. Hans Holterbosch, Inc.	621	(3)
Problem 19.5	624	(1)
Problem 19.6	625	(1)
Anticipatory Repudiation and Prospective Nonperformance	625	(12)
Anticipatory Repudiation	625	(2)
Restatement, Second §250. When a Statement or an Act Is a Repudiation	627	(1)
Restatement, Second §253. Effect of a Repudiation as a Breach and on Other Party's Duties	628	(1)
UCC 2-610. Anticipatory Repudiation	628	(1)
Wholesale Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. Decker	628	(2)
Note on Drake v. Wickwire	630	(2)
Problem 19.7	632	(1)
Retraction of Repudiation	633	(1)
Prospective Inability to Perform	633	(1)
Restatement, Second §251. When a Failure to Give Assurance May Be Treated as a Repudiation	633	(1)
UCC 2-609. Right to Adequate Assurance of Performance	634	(1)
Problem 19.8	635	(1)
Problem 19.9	635	(1)
Problem 19.10	636	(1)
Contract Remedies	637	(148)
The Goal and Fundamental Principles of Contract Remedies	637	(8)
The Distinctions Among the Expectation, Reliance, and Restitution Interests	638	(1)
Restatement, Second §344. Purposes of Remedies	638	(2)
Freund v. Washington Square Press	640	(3)
Questions	643	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives on the Compensation Principle	643	(2)
The Expectation Interest	645	(15)
Components of Expectation Damages	645	(2)
Introduction to Measurement of the Expectation Interest	647	(1)
Restatement, Second §347. Measure of Damages in General	647	(1)
Carpel v. Saget Studios, Inc.	648	(3)
Questions	651	(1)
Measurement of the Expectation Interest by Reference to Market Value	651	(1)
Procopis v. G.P.P. Restaurants, Inc.	651	(1)
Questions	652	(1)
Measurement of the Expectation Interest by Reference to a Substitute Transaction	653	(1)
Handicapped Children's Education Bd. v. Lukaszewski	653	(3)
Questions	656	(1)
Problem 20.1	656	(1)
Measurement of the Expectation Interest When Performance Is Deficient	657	(2)
Note on Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal & Mining Co.	659	(1)
Questions	659	(1)
Problem 20.2	660	(1)
Expectation Damages Under the UCC	660	(12)
UCC 1-106. Remedies to Be Liberally Administered	660	(1)
Buyer's Remedies Under the UCC	661	(1)
UCC 2-711. Buyer's Remedies in General . . .	662	(1)
UCC 2-712. ``Cover''; Buyer's Procurement of Substitute Goods	663	(1)
UCC 2-713. Buyer's Damages for Non-Delivery or Repudiation	663	(1)
Chronister Oil Co. v. Unocal Refining & Marketing	664	(2)
Questions	666	(1)
UCC 2-714. Buyer's Damages for Breach in Regard to Accepted Goods	667	(1)
Seller's Remedies Under the UCC	667	(1)
UCC 2-703. Seller's Remedies in General	668	(1)
UCC 2-706. Seller's Resale Including Contract for Resale	669	(1)
UCC 2-708. Seller's Damages for Non-Acceptance or Repudiation	669	(1)
New England Dairies, Inc. v. Dairy Mart Convenience Stores, Inc.	670	(2)
Questions	672	(1)
Limitations on Recovery of Expectation Damages	672	(36)
Reasonable Certainty of Damages	673	(1)
Mears v. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co.	674	(3)
Locke v. United States	677	(3)
Questions	680	(1)
ESPN, Inc. v. Office of Commissioner of Baseball	681	(3)
Questions	684	(1)
Foreseeability of Damages	685	(1)
Hadley v. Baxendale	686	(2)
Questions	688	(1)
Question	689	(1)
Wullschleger & Co. v. Jenny Fashions, Inc.	689	(3)
Questions	692	(2)
Kenford Co. v. County of Erie	694	(2)
Questions	696	(1)
The Mitigation Principle	696	(2)
Parker v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.	698	(3)
Questions	701	(1)
Problem 20.3	702	(1)
Marchesseault v. Jackson	703	(2)
Questions	705	(1)
UCC 2-715. Buyer's Incidental and Consequential Damages	706	(1)
UCC 2-710. Seller's Incidental Damages	707	(1)
Problem 20.4	707	(1)
Reliance Damages as an Alternative to Expectation Damages	708	(17)
Introduction to Reliance Damages for Breach of Contract	708	(3)
Reliance Damages When Expectation Damages Are Inappropriate	711	(1)
Sullivan v. O'Connor	711	(5)
Questions	716	(1)
Reliance Damages When Expectation Damages Cannot Be Established	716	(1)
Hollywood Fantasy Corp. v. Gabor	716	(5)
Questions	721	(1)
Note on Sullivan v. Oregon Landmark-One, Ltd.	721	(1)
Reliance Damages in a Losing Contract	722	(1)
Restatement, Second §349. Damages Based on Reliance Interest	723	(1)
Note on Wartzman v. Hightower Productions, Ltd.	723	(2)
Questions	725	(1)
Restitution as an Alternative to Expectation or Reliance Damages	725	(12)
Introduction to Restitution as a Contract Remedy	726	(1)
Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. Bressler	726	(3)
Questions	729	(1)
Measurement of Restitution	730	(1)
Note on EarthInfo Inc. v. Hydrosphere Resource Consultants, Inc.	731	(1)
Limits on Recovery of Restitution	732	(2)
Problem 20.5	734	(1)
Restitution to the Party in Breach	734	(1)
United States ex rel. Palmer Construction, Inc. v. Cal State Electric, Inc.	735	(2)
Question	737	(1)
Agreed Remedies	737	(13)
Policing Liquidated Damages Clauses	739	(1)
Restatement, Second §356. Liquidated Damages and Penalties	739	(1)
UCC 2-718. Liquidation or Limitation of Damages; Deposits	739	(2)
Lake River Corp. v. Carborundum Co.	741	(4)
Questions	745	(1)
Problem 20.6	745	(1)
Remedy Limitations, Particularly Remedy Limitations Under the UCC	746	(1)
Wedner v. Fidelity Security Systems, Inc.	746	(3)
Questions	749	(1)
UCC 2-719. Contractual Modification or Limitation of Remedy	749	(1)
Problem 20.7	749	(1)
Noneconomic and Noncompensatory Damages	750	(13)
Damages for Pain, Suffering, and Emotional Distress	750	(3)
Lane v. Kindercare Learning Centers, Inc.	753	(1)
Questions	754	(2)
Johnson v. Jamaica Hospital	756	(2)
Questions	758	(1)
Restatement, Second §353. Loss Due to Emotional Disturbance	758	(1)
Problem 20.8	758	(1)
Punitive Damages	759	(1)
Restatement, Second §355. Punitive Damages	760	(2)
Problem 20.9	762	(1)
Problem 20.10	763	(1)
Specific Performance and Injunctions	763	(22)
Inadequacy of Damages	765	(2)
Van Wagner Advertising Corp. v. S&M Enterprises	767	(3)
Questions	770	(1)
Problem 20.11	770	(1)
Problem 20.12	771	(1)
The Discretionary Nature of the Remedy	771	(1)
Bloch v. Hillel Torah North Suburban Day School	772	(2)
Questions	774	(1)
Injunctive Relief as an Alternative to Specific Performance	774	(1)
New York Football Giants v. Los Angeles Chargers Football Club	775	(4)
Questions	779	(1)
Ticor Title Insurance Co. v. Cohen	779	(5)
Questions	784	(1)
The Rights of Nonparties	785	(38)
Third-Party Beneficiaries	785	(17)
The Intent to Confer Power of Enforcement on the Third Party	785	(1)
Restatement, Second §302. Intended and Incidental Beneficiaries	786	(1)
Restatement, Second §304. Creation of Duty to Beneficiary	786	(2)
Wolfgang v. Mid-America Motorsports, Inc.	788	(2)
Questions	790	(1)
Note on Noble v. Bruce	790	(2)
Questions	792	(1)
Problem 21.1	793	(1)
Members of the Public as Third-Party Beneficiaries of Government Contracts	793	(2)
Questions	795	(1)
Vesting of Rights in the Beneficiary and the Power of the Original Parties to Modify the Contract	796	(1)
Restatement, Second §311. Variation of a Duty to a Beneficiary	796	(1)
Problem 21.2	796	(1)
Defenses Available to the Promisor Against the Beneficiary	797	(1)
Problem 21.3	797	(1)
The Promisee's Rights of Enforcement	798	(1)
Smith v. Maescher	798	(3)
Questions	801	(1)
Assignment and Delegation	802	(21)
The Transfer of Contract Rights and Duties	802	(1)
Assignment: General Principles	802	(2)
Restatement, Second §317. Assignment of a Right	804	(2)
UCC 2-210(2). Delegation of Performance; Assignment of Rights	806	(1)
Note on Managed Health Care Associates, Inc. v. Kethan	806	(1)
Problem 21.4	806	(2)
Assignments That Violate Public Policy	808	(1)
Note on Picadilly, Inc. v. Raikos	808	(2)
Questions	810	(1)
Anti-Assignment Clauses	811	(1)
Restatement, Second §322. Contractual Prohibition of Assignment	811	(1)
Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Boston v. Stone Street Capital, Inc.	811	(5)
Questions	816	(1)
The Effect of Assignment, Notice of Assignment, and the Obligor's Defenses Against the Assignee	816	(1)
Problem 21.5	817	(1)
The Delegation of Contractual Duties	818	(1)
Restatement, Second §318. Delegation of Performance of Duty	819	(1)
Restatement, Second §328. Interpretation of Words of Assignment . . .	820	(1)
UCC 2-210. Delegation of Performance; Assignment of Rights	820	(1)
Problem 21.6	820	(1)
Problem 21.7	821	(1)
Problem 21.8	821	(1)
Problem 21.9	822	(1)
Table of Cases	823	(4)
Table of Secondary Sources	827	(4)
Table of Statutes, Laws, and Regulations	831	(2)
Index	833