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Each Chapter ends with "Looking Back and Moving Forward," Discussion Questions, and Suggestions for Further reading | |
Preface | |
About the Authors | |
The Changing Media Landscape | |
Mass Communication And Its Digital Transformation | |
Media Quiz: The Nature of "Intermass" Communication | |
Telephony: Case Study in Convergence | |
Three Types of Convergence | |
Technological Convergence | |
Economic Convergence | |
Cultural Convergence | |
Convergence Context: User-Generated Content: Creativity Or Piracy? | |
Convergence and Communications | |
Convergence and Content | |
Convergence and the Audience | |
Convergence Culture: Mapping Sex Offenders | |
Distribution Alters the Balance of Power | |
Audience Fragmentation and The Daily Me | |
Convergence and Communications Organizations | |
Convergence and Communications Professionals | |
international perspectives: Olympic Mascots Of The Apocalypse | |
Convergence and Global Media | |
Mass Communication in the Digital Age | |
Interpersonal Communication | |
Mass Communication | |
Whither Mass Communication? | |
Nature and Function of Mass Communication | |
Surveillance | |
Correlation | |
Cultural Transmission | |
Entertainment | |
Theories of Communication | |
Transmission Models | |
Critical Theory and Cultural Studies | |
Media Literacy And Ethics | |
Media Quiz: How Media Literate Are You? | |
Education and Media | |
What Is Media Literacy? | |
Variations in Media Use | |
Regulatory Factors | |
Sociocultural Factors | |
Technological Factors | |
Economic Factors | |
Convergence Culture: Text Messaging and the Thumb Tribe | |
Media Grammar | |
Subtext Messages | |
Print Media | |
Radio and Recorded Music | |
Film and Television | |
Online Media | |
How to Recognize Reliable Information and Evaluate Resources | |
Dos and Don'ts When Evaluating Online Information | |
Convergence Context: Wikipedia in Our Cites: The Trouble with Collaborative Knowledge | |
Fragmentation of Media Channels | |
The Multichannel Universe | |
Diversity of Voices | |
Mass Audiences | |
Commercial Forces That Shape Media Content | |
Profit and Nonprofit Media | |
Product Placement and Corporate Sponsorship | |
Commercial Forces in Public Service Media | |
Concentration of Media Ownership | |
Media Ethics | |
The Golden Rule | |
The Golden Mean | |
Categorical Imperative | |
Utilitarianism | |
The Veil of Ignorance | |
Discourse Ethics | |
Conflicts and Issues with Ethical Decision Making | |
Public Interests Versus Business Interests | |
New Worlds--or Cultural Imperialism? | |
International Perspectives: Giving Voice (and Video) to the Voiceless | |
Media Types Influencing Content | |
Mass-Communication Formats | |
Digital Media: Online And Ubiquitous | |
Media Quiz: How Tech Savvy Are You Really? | |
Key Concepts in Digital Media | |
Multimedia | |
Interactivity | |
Automation | |
Ethereality | |
Discussing Digital Media: Networks Are Key | |
Social and Cultural Implications of Digital Media | |
Pervasive Media | |
Fluid Media | |
Active Audiences | |
Trust, Transparency, and Reputation | |
Changing Conceptions of Privacy | |
Digital Divide | |
Convergence Context: The Trouble with "The Technology Made Me Do It" | |
Exploring the Foundations of Digital Media | |
Historical Development of the Internet and World Wide Web | |
Creating an Internet Protocol | |
Media Timeline: Milestones in the Development of the Internet | |
Creating the World Wide Web | |
Creating Graphical Web Browsers | |
The Internet Today | |
Bandwidth | |
Telephone and Cable Company Broadband Services | |
Broadband Changing Consumer Patterns | |
International Perspectives: Mobile Telephony in the Developing World | |
The World of Digital Media | |
Digital Print | |
Digital Books | |
Digital Newspapers and Magazines | |
Digital Audio | |
Digital Visual Media | |
Convergence Culture: A Brief History of Interactive TV | |
TV/PC Convergence | |
Digital Television: Preparing the Way for Convergence | |
Why DTV Matters in Mass Communication | |
Capabilities of DTV | |
Digital Media Economics | |
The Open-Source Movement | |
Revenue Models for Digital Media | |
Advertising | |
Subscriptions | |
Ecommerce | |
Books, Newspapers, And Magazines | |
Media Quiz: Print Media | |
Readership Patterns: Unconventional Wisdom | |
Print Media and Their Functions | |
Transmission of Culture | |
Diffusion of Ideas and Knowledge | |
Entertainment | |
Historical Development of Books | |
Monastic Scribes | |
Johannes Gutenberg | |
Beginnings of Mass Communication and Mass Literacy | |
Cheaper and Smaller Books | |
Dime Novels | |
Mass-Market Paperbacks | |
Print on Demand | |
International Perspectives: Education for All 2015 | |
Three Major Trends in Today's Book Industry | |
Book Sales and Readership | |
Newspapers and Their Functions | |
Local Newspapers | |
National Newspapers | |
Historical Development of Newspapers | |
Media Timeline: History (and Pre-History) of Newspapers | |
The Commercial Press | |
The Partisan Press | |
The Golden Age of Newspapers | |
Convergence Culture: Freesheets: Riding the Rails of Newspapers' Future? | |
Newspapers Today | |
Newspaper Readership, Circulation, and Advertising | |
Declining Number of Daily Newspapers | |
Declining Advertising | |
The Newspaper Industry Today | |
Newspaper Chains | |
Newspapers Change | |
Benefits of Chains | |
Problems with Chains | |
Leading Newspaper Chains | |
Gannett | |
Tribune Company | |
The McClatchy Company | |
Cox Enterprises | |
Advance Publications | |
The New York Times Company | |
E. W. Scripps | |
The Hearst Corporation | |
Newspaper Economics | |
The Future of Newspapers | |
Magazines and Their Functions | |
Historical Development of Magazines | |
Specialization of Magazines | |
Circulation Patterns and Titles | |
Content Specialization | |
Convergence Context: Will Printing on Dead Trees Ever Die? | |
The Future of Magazines | |
Audio Media: Music Recordings, Radio | |
Media Quiz: The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (It Will Be Listened To) | |
The Recording Industry | |
Functions of the Recorded-Music Industry | |
Historical Development: From Edison to CDs | |
The Recorded-Music Industry Today | |
Recording-Industry Business Model | |
Creation | |
Promotion | |
Distribution | |
Pricing Structure | |
Recording-Industry Reality Today: A Complex Landscape | |
What Is Broadcasting? | |
Convergence Context: The Alphabet Soup of Spectrum Allocation | |
Radio | |
Functions of Radio | |
Radio's Historical Development | |
Wireless Telegraphy | |
Exploring Radio's Early Potential | |
Media Timeline: Milestones in Early Radio-Technology Development | |
Voice Transmission | |
Radio Before, During, and After WW I | |
Widespread Public Adoption of Radio | |
FM Radio, Edwin Howard Armstrong, and David Sarnoff | |
Development of a Radio Business Model | |
The Networks | |
International Perspectives: Trusting in the Power of the Airwaves | |
Radio Station Programming | |
Convergence Culture: NPR and PRI: America's Public Radio Networks | |
Radio Stations: The United States Today | |
Radio Station Ownership | |
Satellite Radio | |
Visual Media: Movies And Television | |
Media Quiz: Eye-Q Test | |
Photography | |
Historical Development of Photography | |
Media Timeline: Early Photography | |
International perspectives: Photojournalist's Dilemma: Sudan, Starvation, and Suicide | |
Seeing Beyond the Human Eye | |
Movies | |
The Functions of the Movie Industry | |
Historical Development of Movies: The Early Years | |
Silent Era: New Medium, New Technologies, New Storytelling | |
George Mèliés and D. W. Griffith | |
F. W. Murnau and Sergei Eisenstein | |
Media Timeline: Selected Milestones in Early Motion Pictures | |
Sound and Color Come to Movies | |
Convergence Context: 3-D Movies: Perennial Fad, or Wave of the Future? | |
Introduction to the Movie Industry | |
The Hollywood Star System | |
The Motion Picture Industry Today | |
Exhibition Windows for Movies | |
Going Digital | |
Television | |
Functions of Television | |
Television's Historical Development | |
Seeing the Light: The First Television Systems | |
Modern Television Takes Shape | |
The Rise of Flat-Panel Displays | |
Television Distribution | |
Broadcast TV | |
Cable TV | |
Origins of Cable TV | |
Cable System Structure | |
Cable Services and Programming: Audience Fragmentation | |
Satellite | |
Direct Broadcast Satellite | |
Satellite-Cable Convergence | |
The Television Industry Today | |
The Shift to Digital Television | |
Convergence Culture: Television Learns Music's Lessons | |
How Digital Media Are Changing Our World | |
Information Overload, Usability, And Interactive Media | |
MEDIA QUIZ: Searching for Knowledge | |
Characteristics of Storage, Representation, and Retrieval | |
Longevity | |
Capacity | |
Portability | |
Accessibility | |
Reproducibility | |
Nonelectronic Media Versus Electronic Media | |
Media Timeline: Development of Electronic Recording Devices | |
Social and Political Impact of Storing Information | |
Stone Tablets to Papyrus | |
Vellum to Paper | |
The Kitchen Debate to Watergate | |
Rodney King to the Oval Office | |
Email to Facebook | |
Managing Information | |
Development of Digital Storage Devices | |
Media Timeline: Development of Digital Storage Media | |
Convergence Context: DVRs: Changing Television Viewing Habits--and the Industry | |
Compression of Digital Audio and Video | |
The Role of Search Engines | |
Social and Political Impact of Information Overload | |
The Importance of User Interface | |
Current Problems with User Interface | |
Development of the User Interface | |
The Television Screen | |
Television and Remote Control | |
The Computer Interface | |
The Creation of Intuitive Interfaces | |
Keyboards | |
International Perspectives: The Internet of Babel | |
Computer Mouse | |
Touch-Sensitive Screens | |
Natural Input Methods | |
Graphical User Interface | |
The Desktop Metaphor | |
Implications of User Interface for Mass Communication | |
Interactive Media | |
Interactivity Defined | |
The Importance of Interactive Media | |
Ethics of Interactive Media | |
Free Speech for Everyone? | |
Interactive Advertising | |
Convergence Culture: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the (Google) Bomb | |
Search Engine Keywords | |
Networks And Distributing Digital Content | |
Media Quiz: Network Knowledge | |
Historical Influences on Modern Networks | |
Government and Private Industry | |
Evolving Technology: From the Telegraph to Fiber Optics | |
Telegraphy | |
Telephony | |
Wireless Telecommunications | |
Satellites | |
International Perspectives: Al Jazeera: CNN of the Middle East? | |
Fiber Optics | |
The Nature of Networks: Key Concepts | |
Sarnoff's Law | |
Metcalfe's Law | |
Reed's Law | |
Computer Networks: Key Concepts | |
Peer-to-Peer Model | |
Client/Server Model | |
Wireless Networks | |
Connectivity | |
Quality of Service | |
Convergence Context: The Great Net Neutrality Debate | |
Characteristics of Digital Distribution | |
Distributing Bits | |
Low Distribution Costs | |
Perfect Infinite Copies | |
Instantaneous Distribution | |
New Distribution Dynamics | |
The Audience as Distributor | |
File-Sharing Services | |
Centralized File Sharing: The Case of Napster | |
Decentralized File Sharing | |
Gnutella | |
Freenet | |
Jabber | |
Streaming File Sharing: The Next Wave | |
Convergence Culture: SETI@home: Is There Anybody Out There? | |
New Distribution Technologies, New Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues | |
Legal Issues | |
Ethical Issues | |
Social Issues | |
Social Media And Web 2.0 | |
Media Quiz: How Connected Are You? | |
Defining Social Media | |
Differences with Traditional Media | |
What Is "Social" About Social Media? | |
Choice | |
Conversation | |
Curation | |
Creation | |
Collaboration | |
International Perspectives: Lily Allen: MySpace Star Reaches the Stars | |
Types of Social Media | |
Discussion Boards and Web Forums | |
Chat Rooms | |
Blogs | |
Wikis | |
Social-Networking Sites | |
Why Social Networks Matter | |
Convergence Culture: Are We Really Separated by Six Degrees? | |
Collaborative Media Work | |
Roots in the Open-Source Movement | |
Changing Audiences: From Consumers to "Produsers" | |
Reputation, Ratings, and Trust | |
Ethical and Legal Issues with Social Media | |
Privacy | |
Transparency | |
Convergence Context: Web 3.0: The Semantic Web | |
Media Perspectives | |
Journalism | |
Media Quiz: Nose for News | |
What Is News? | |
The Historical Development of Journalism | |
Objectivity and the Associated Press | |
Minority Newspapers | |
Pulitzer and Hearst: The Circulation Wars, Sensationalism, and Standards | |
Joseph Pulitzer | |
William Randolph Hearst | |
The Muckrakers | |
The Rise of Electronic Journalism | |
Murrow and News in TV's Golden Age | |
Changes in Television News Coverage | |
Foundations of Journalism | |
The Hutchins Commission and A Free and Responsible Press | |
The Separation of Editorial and Business Operations | |
Fairness and Balance in News Coverage | |
Framing the News | |
International Perspectives: Covering Islam | |
Expert Sources | |
The News Agenda of Newspapers | |
The News Agenda of Television News | |
From Event to Public Eye: How News Is Created | |
Gathering the News | |
Producing the News | |
Convergence Culture: Platypus Journalism: Journalism's Future, or Evolutionary Dead End? | |
Distributing the News | |
Types of Journalism | |
Alternative Journalism | |
Public Journalism | |
Citizen Journalism | |
An International Perspective | |
Journalism in the Digital World | |
The 24/7 News Cycle | |
Nontraditional News Sources | |
Online Users' Media Habits | |
Personalization | |
Contextualization of News | |
Convergent Journalism | |
Journalism Ethics | |
Privacy Rights Versus the Public's Right to Know | |
Going Undercover | |
Convergence Context: Do the Ends Justify the Means? | |
Victimizing the Victims | |
The Society of Professional Journalists Code of Ethics | |
The Business of Journalism | |
Salaries | |
Diversity in the Newsroom | |
Careers in Journalism | |
Specialized Journalism Types | |
Business and Financial Journalism | |
Arts and Entertainment Journalism | |
Sports Journalism | |
Health or Medical Journalism | |
Science and Technology Journalism | |
Environmental Journalism | |
Entertainment | |
Media Quiz: Are You an Entertainment Junkie? | |
Functions of Entertainment | |
The Historical Development of Entertainment | |
Entertainment Media | |
Television | |
Early Days: Programming and Genre Influences | |
Pushing the Programming Envelope | |
The MTV Generation and Rise of Cable | |
Cable Comes of Age | |
International Perspectives: Pay-TV Piracy in Asia | |
Public Service Broadcasting: Public Service in a Commercial World | |
Types of Programming | |
Changes in Media, Changes in Programming | |
Filling the Days | |
Convergence Culture: The Quiz Show That Became a Town | |
Filling the Nights | |
Sports | |
Questionable Programming | |
Movies | |
Hollywood's Legendary Movie Moguls | |
The Warner Brothers | |
Walt Disney | |
Samuel Goldwyn | |
Marcus Loew: Mogul of the East | |
Louis B. Mayer | |
Film Genres | |
The Director as Auteur | |
Technological Influences on Movie Genres | |
Other Entertainment Sources for Movies | |
DVDs and Videotapes | |
Video Games | |
Convergence Context: Is Playing Video Games Bad for You? | |
Music | |
From Tin Pan Alley to Hollywood | |
Roots of Rock and Roll | |
Redefining Rock | |
Music and MTV | |
Books and Magazines | |
Entertainment Ethics and Law | |
The Censorship of Comics | |
The Hays Code | |
Stereotypes in Entertainment | |
The Business of Entertainment | |
Careers in Entertainment | |
Salaries in Entertainment | |
Advertising And Public Relations | |
Media Quiz: The Power of Persuasion | |
Strategic Communications | |
Persuasive Communications | |
The Role of Media in Persuasion | |
Advertising | |
The Historical Development of Advertising | |
Greater Prominence of Advertising | |
Development of the Advertising Agency | |
Growth of Commercial Television | |
Commercialization of the Internet | |
Convergence Context: Me 2.0: The Guide to Branding Yourself | |
The Rise of Branding | |
Selling Products, Selling Ideas | |
Advertising Channels | |
Print Media | |
Electronic Media | |
Convergence Culture: The Super Bowl of Advertising | |
Outdoor | |
Direct Mail | |
Advertising in a Digital World | |
Email Marketing | |
Banner Ads | |
Pop-Ups, Interstitials, Superstitials, and Video | |
Classifieds and Auction Sites | |
Search Engine Ads | |
Viral Marketing | |
The Advertising Business | |
Advertising Agencies | |
Ethical Issues in Advertising | |
Deceptive Advertising | |
Puffery | |
International Perspectives: Finding the Right Formula for Advertising Regulations | |
Public Relations | |
The Historical Development of Public Relations | |
Trends in the Development of Public Relations | |
PR and Media Relations | |
Pseudo Events | |
Distributing News to the Media in the Digital Age | |
Finding Sources Online | |
PR Firms and the PR Industry | |
Ethical Issues in Public Relations | |
Changing Trends in Advertising and PR | |
Careers in Advertising and PR | |
Media And Society | |
Media Theory And Research: From Writing To Text Messaging | |
Media Quiz: Bringing Out Your Inner Researcher | |
The Role of Theory and Research | |
Media Research: What Type of Science Is It? | |
Quantitative Research | |
Qualitative Research | |
Qualitative and Quantitative Research Working Together | |
The First Media Revolution: The Written Word | |
Media Representations and Understanding the World | |
Semiotics | |
Media Ecology | |
Agenda Setting and Framing | |
Mass Society, Mass Communication | |
Media-Effects Research | |
Propaganda and the Magic Bullet | |
Payne Fund | |
Radio's Wider Impact | |
Television and Violence | |
Convergence Culture: Advertising and Its Negative Effects on Women | |
Limited Effects | |
Cultivation Analysis | |
Convergence Context: It's a Mean, Mean World--At Least on TV | |
Spiral of Silence | |
Third-Person Effect | |
Criticisms of Media-Effects Research | |
Understanding the Audience | |
Audiences Creating Meaning | |
Uses and Gratifications | |
Encoding/Decoding | |
Reception Analysis | |
Cultural Studies | |
Ideology and the Culture Industry | |
Political Economy | |
International Perspectives: Theories Old, Theories New, Theories Borrowed... | |
Criticisms of Cultural Studies | |
Digital Media Theory and Research | |
Information Society | |
Audiences as Consumers, Users, or Produsers? | |
Communication Law And Regulation In The Digital Age | |
Media Quiz: Legal Limits | |
The Legal Framework | |
The Foundations of Freedom of Expression | |
National Security | |
Clear and Present Danger | |
Prior Restraint | |
Libel | |
The New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) | |
Protecting Journalists Against Libel | |
Shield Laws | |
Censorship | |
Indecent Content | |
Obscenity | |
Criticism, Ridicule, or Humor | |
The Evolution of Regulating Electronic Media | |
Early Days and the Radio Act of 1912 (1911-1926) | |
Increasing Regulation and the Federal Radio Commission (1927-1933) | |
CONVERGENCE CULTURE: (Low) Power to the People | |
The Communications Act and Spectrum Scarcity (1934-1995) | |
The Telecommunications Act and Its Effects (1996-present) | |
Electronic Media Regulation Internationally | |
International Perspectives: The Rise and Fall of Russian Media | |
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) | |
Regulating Radio and Television | |
Universal Service | |
Spectrum Auction | |
The FCC, Station ID, and License Renewal | |
FCC Limits on Stations | |
Regulating Content | |
Commercial Speech | |
Tobacco and Alcohol Advertising | |
False Advertising | |
Political Speech | |
Equal-Time Rule | |
Fairness Doctrine | |
Children's Programming Protections | |
The Children's Television Act | |
Violent and Sexual Programming: The V-Chip | |
TV Parental Guidelines | |
Intellectual Property Rights | |
Fair Use | |
Legal Issues in the Digital World | |
Digital Rights Management | |
CONVERGENCE CONTEXT: Creative Commons License | |
Privacy | |
Content Rights and Responsibilities | |
Mass Communication And Politics In The Digital Age | |
Media Quiz: Playing Politics | |
Four Theories of International Mass Communication | |
The Authoritarian Theory | |
International Perspectives: Searching for Truth: Self-Censorship in China | |
The Libertarian Theory | |
The Social Responsibility Theory | |
The Soviet Theory | |
The Public, the Public Sphere, and Public Opinion | |
Political Issues with Media | |
Media in Developing Countries | |
The Digital Divide | |
The Role of Media in Political Elections | |
Sound Bites and Horse Races | |
Convergence Context: Sound Bite Shakespeare | |
The Changing Tone of Television Political Coverage | |
Opinion Polls | |
Political Advertising | |
The Impact of Negative Advertising | |
Negative Advertising Effectiveness | |
Political Debates | |
Convergence Culture: Image Is Everything | |
The Internet and Political Campaigns | |
The Role of YouTube | |
Changing Rules for Politicians | |
Online Media and Political Communications | |
Glossary | |
Notes | |
Credits | |
Index | |
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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