Corrections in America : An Introduction

by Allen, Harry E.; Simonsen, Clifford E.; Latessa, Edward J.

• ISBN13: 9780131027282
• ISBN10: 013102728X
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Table of Contents

PART 1: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES	1	(60)
CHAPTER 1: Early History (2000 B.C. to A.D.1800)	3	(21)
Overview	3	(1)
Behavior as a Continuum	4	(1)
Redress of Wrongs	5	(1)
Retaliation	5	(1)
Fines and Punishments	5	(1)
Early Codes	6	(2)
Babylonian and Sumerian Codes	6	(1)
Crime and Sin	7	(1)
Roman and Greek Codes	7	(1)
The Middle Ages	7	(1)
Punishment	8	(4)
Capital and Corporal Punishment	8	(1)
Deterrence	9	(1)
Emergence of Secular Law	10	(1)
Early Prisons	11	(1)
Workhouses	12	(1)
The Age of Enlightenment and Reform	12	(3)
Montesquieu and Voltaire: The French Humanists	13	(1)
Bentham and the Hedonistic Calculus	14	(1)
John Howard	15	(1)
Houses of Correction, Workhouses, and Gaols	15	(1)
Transportation Systems	16	(2)
Deportation to the American Colonies and Australia	16	(1)
Hulks: A Sordid Episode	17	(1)
Early Cellular Prisons	18	(3)
The Maison de Force at Ghent and the Hospice of San Michele	18	(1)
William Penn and the "Great Law"	18	(1)
The Walnut Street Jail	19	(2)
Summary	21	(1)
Review Questions	21	(1)
Words to Remember	21	(1)
Endnotes	22	(2)
CHAPTER 2: Prisons (1800 to the Present)	24	(19)
Overview	24	(1)
The Pennsylvania System	25	(1)
The Auburn System	26	(2)
Discipline at Auburn	26	(2)
Prison Competition	28	(1)
Rules	28	(2)
Maconochie and Crofton: A New Approach	30	(2)
Maconochie and the Indeterminate Sentence	31	(1)
Crofton and the Irish System	32	(1)
The Reformatory Era (1870 to 1910)	32	(2)
Post-Civil War Prisons	34	(1)
The Twentieth Century and the Industrial Prison	34	(2)
The Period of Transition (1935 to 1960)	36	(2)
The Modern Era	38	(1)
Internally Sought Reform	38	(2)
The Prison Population Boom	39	(1)
Summary	40	(1)
Review Questions	40	(1)
Words to Remember	40	(1)
Endnotes	40	(3)
CHAPTER 3: Correctional Ideologies: The Pendulum Swings	43	(18)
Overview	43	(1)
Conflicting Correctional Ideologies	44	(1)
The Punishment Ideology	44	(5)
Retribution	45	(1)
Deterrence	45	(2)
Incapacitation	47	(1)
The Effect of Punishment	47	(2)
The Treatment Ideology	49	(3)
The Prevention Ideology	51	(1)
The Pendulum Swings	52	(1)
Restorative Justice	53	(2)
Balanced and Restorative Justice Philosophy	54	(1)
The Balanced Approach and Its Application	54	(1)
Contemporary Corrections	55	(2)
Summary	57	(1)
Review Questions	57	(1)
Words to Remember	58	(1)
Endnotes	58	(1)
Suggested Readings: Part 1	59	(2)
PART 2: THE COURT PROCESS	61	(32)
CHAPTER 4: Sentencing	63	(16)
Overview	63	(1)
The Correctional Filter	64	(1)
The Prosecutor's Decision	64	(1)
The Sentencing Decision	65	(8)
Rapid Change in Sentencing Processes	65	(1)
New Goals	66	(1)
Reform Options	67	(1)
Reform Effects	68	(1)
Predicting Behavior	68	(1)
The Presentence Investigation	68	(1)
Judicial versus Administrative Sentencing	69	(1)
Practical Problems in Sentencing	70	(1)
Problems in Setting Prison Terms	71	(2)
Felony Sentences in State Court, 1998	73	(3)
Deterrence by Sentencing	76	(1)
Summary	76	(1)
Review Questions	77	(1)
Terms to Remember	77	(1)
Endnotes	77	(2)
CHAPTER 5: Appellate Review	79	(14)
Overview	79	(1)
The Issue of Due Process	80	(1)
The Path of a Criminal Case	81	(2)
The Mechanics of an Appeal	83	(2)
The Courts of Appeal	84	(1)
Appeals from Behind the Walls	85	(1)
Reform by Judicial Decree	85	(1)
Court Orders and Court Decrees	86	(1)
Appeals Flood the Courts	87	(2)
Types of Prisoner Petitions	87	(1)
Legislative Initiatives to Reduce Prisoner Litigation	88	(1)
Summary	89	(1)
Review Questions	89	(1)
Terms to Remember	89	(1)
Endnotes	90	(1)
Suggested Readings: Part 2	91	(2)
PART 3: ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT	93	(70)
CHAPTER 6: Jails and Detention Facilities	95	(21)
Overview	95	(2)
Jails: A Grim History	97	(2)
Jails Today	99	(1)
Jail Populations and Characteristics	100	(1)
The New Generation Jail	101	(4)
The Jail in Context	105	(3)
The Problem with Overcrowding	105	(2)
Problems with Personnel	107	(1)
Jail Standards	107	(1)
Health Care in Jails	108	(1)
Alternatives to Jail	108	(3)
Fines	108	(1)
Weekend Confinement	109	(1)
Community Work Orders	110	(1)
Alternatives to Jail at the Pretrial Stage	111	(2)
Summary	113	(1)
Review Questions	113	(1)
Words to Remember	114	(1)
Endnotes	114	(2)
CHAPTER 7: Probation	116	(23)
Overview	116	(1)
Suspended Sentence and Sanctuary	117	(1)
The History of Probation	118	(1)
The Spread of Probation	118	(3)
Organization and Administration of Probation	121	(5)
The Role of the Probation Agency	121	(1)
The Decision to Grant Probation	122	(1)
The Presentence Investigation Report	123	(1)
Private Presentence Reports	123	(1)
The Sentencing Hearing	124	(1)
Risk Assessment	125	(1)
Targeting Risk Factors: Challenge for Probation	126	(2)
Conditions of Probation	128	(2)
Probation Revocation	130	(3)
Felony Probation	133	(1)
The Broken Windows Approach	134	(1)
Probation and its Role in Corrections	134	(2)
Summary	136	(1)
Review Questions	136	(1)
Words to Remember	136	(1)
Endnotes	137	(2)
CHAPTER 8: Intermediate Sanctions	139	(24)
Overview	139	(1)
Overcrowding	140	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	141	(16)
Restitution Programs	142	(1)
Day Fines	143	(1)
Intensive Supervised Probation	144	(1)
Drug Courts	145	(2)
Community Service Programs	147	(1)
Home Detention	147	(2)
Electronic Monitoring	149	(2)
Community Residential Treatment Centers	151	(1)
Day Reporting Centers	152	(2)
Shock Incarceration	154	(1)
Shock Probation	154	(1)
Boot Camp Programs	154	(3)
Summary	157	(1)
Review Questions	158	(1)
Words to Remember	158	(1)
Endnotes	158	(3)
Suggested Readings: Part 3	161	(2)
PART 4: CORRECTIONAL SYSTEMS	163	(72)
CHAPTER 9: Imprisonment	165	(18)
Overview	165	(2)
Prison Populations Continue to Climb	167	(3)
Classification: A Basic Element of Corrections	170	(2)
Maximum-Security Prisons	172	(5)
Inside the Walls	174	(2)
Supermax: The Next Notch Up on Security	176	(1)
The Special Housing Unit: A Jail Within a Maximum Security Prison	177	(1)
Medium- and Minimum-Security Institutions	177	(1)
New Prisons: 1989 to 2002	178	(2)
Alternatives to Prison Overcrowding	180	(1)
The Future of Imprisonment	180	(1)
Summary	181	(1)
Review Questions	181	(1)
Words to Remember	181	(1)
Endnotes	181	(2)
CHAPTER 10: State and Local Prison Systems	183	(18)
Overview	183	(1)
State Correctional Institutions: The Core of the System	184	(5)
Organization of State Systems	186	(1)
Development of State Systems	187	(1)
Classification and Assignment in State Prisons	188	(1)
Inmates in State Prisons	189	(3)
Local Adult City-Operated Prisons	192	(1)
Are Prisons "Cruel and Unusual Punishment"?	193	(5)
Training in State Systems	198	(1)
Summary	199	(1)
Review Questions	199	(1)
Words to Remember	199	(1)
Endnotes	200	(1)
CHAPTER 11: The Federal System	201	(18)
Overview	201	(1)
The Use of State Facilities	202	(1)
Early Federal Prison Facilities	203	(1)
The Bureau of Prisons is Born	204	(4)
Early Growth of the Federal Bureau of Prisons	205	(1)
Recent Developments	205	(3)
Organization and Administration	208	(1)
Inmate Populations Explode	208	(1)
Community-Based Programs and Contract Facilities	208	(1)
A Model Inmate Classification System	209	(3)
Unicor: Federal Prison Industries, Inc.	212	(1)
Education and Training: Inmates and Staff	213	(1)
Federal Female Offenders	214	(1)
Community Corrections in the Federal System	215	(1)
Changing Population of Federal Institutions	216	(1)
Summary	217	(1)
Review Questions	217	(1)
Words to Remember	217	(1)
Endnotes	217	(2)
CHAPTER 12: Private Sector Systems	219	(16)
Overview	219	(1)
The Private Sector in Community Corrections	220	(1)
Some Historical Considerations	221	(2)
Early History	221	(2)
More Recent Developments	223	(1)
Private Sector Treatment Programs	223	(2)
Low-Security Custody Programs	225	(1)
Surveillance and Control Technologies	226	(1)
The Era of Expansion of Privatization	226	(2)
Correctional Privatization: Issues and Evidence	228	(3)
Training Needed for Staff	231	(1)
Summary	231	(1)
Review Questions	232	(1)
Words to Remember	232	(1)
Endnotes	232	(1)
Suggested Readings: Part 4	233	(2)
PART 5: CORRECTIONS FUNCTIONS	235	(48)
CHAPTER 13: Custody Functions	237	(24)
Overview	237	(1)
Institutions: Bureaucratic Control	238	(1)
Administration's Problem: Punish, Control, or Rehabilitate?	238	(1)
Custody: A Twenty-Four-Hour Impact	239	(1)
Wardens and Superintendents	240	(1)
Correctional Officers and Jailers: On The Front Lines	241	(4)
Correctional Officer Attitudes	241	(1)
Diminished Control	242	(2)
Unionization and the Correctional Officer	244	(1)
Inmate Organization: The Social System	245	(2)
Custody as a Way of Life	247	(7)
Discipline and Inmate Traffic Control	249	(2)
Contraband and Shakedowns	251	(3)
Prevention of Escape	254	(3)
Technology to Prevent Escapes: Electric Fences	254	(2)
Project Costs and Operational Savings	256	(1)
The Military Model	256	(1)
Unit Team and Other Methods to Avoid Compartmentalization	257	(1)
Upgrading Correctional Personnel	258	(1)
Summary	259	(1)
Review Questions	259	(1)
Words to Remember	259	(1)
Endnotes	259	(2)
CHAPTER 14: Management and Treatment Functions	261	(22)
Overview	261	(1)
The Treatment Model	262	(1)
Perceptions and Correctional Management	263	(1)
Classification for Security and Treatment	264	(1)
Treatment in Prison	264	(10)
Health and Medical Services	265	(4)
Religious Assistance and Services	269	(2)
Educational and Training Programs for Inmates	271	(3)
The Vocational-Rehabilitation Model	274	(2)
The Reintegration Model	276	(2)
Summary	278	(1)
Review Questions	278	(1)
Words to Remember	278	(1)
Endnotes	278	(2)
Suggested Readings: Part 5	280	(3)
PART 6: INSTITUTIONAL CLIENTS	283	(100)
CHAPTER 15: Female Offenders	285	(25)
Overview	285	(1)
Female Crime and Incarceration Rates	286	(2)
A Differential Justice System for Females?	288	(3)
Females in Jail	291	(3)
Females in Prison	294	(2)
Female Institutions	296	(2)
Special Problems for Incarcerated Females	298	(4)
The Co-Correctional Institution	302	(3)
Community Corrections and Female Offenders	305	(1)
Summary	306	(1)
Review Questions	306	(1)
Words to Remember	307	(1)
Endnotes	307	(3)
CHAPTER 16: Male Offenders	310	(18)
Overview	310	(1)
Prison Populations Continue to Soar	311	(1)
Prisoner Population	312	(7)
Criminal History	312	(3)
Dangerousness	315	(1)
Drugs and Alcohol	316	(1)
Education and Work	316	(1)
Reasons for the Soaring Prison Populations	317	(2)
Prisonization Plays a Big Role	319	(4)
Rape in All-Male Institutions	321	(2)
The Graying of America's Male Prisoners	323	(2)
Summary	325	(1)
Review Questions	325	(1)
Words to Remember	326	(1)
Endnotes	326	(2)
CHAPTER 17: Juvenile Offenders	328	(27)
Overview	328	(1)
Where Does the Juvenile Fit In?	329	(1)
Criminal Behavior Declines with Aging	330	(3)
Categories of Juvenile Offenders	333	(2)
Juvenile Rights: The Landmark Cases	335	(3)
Juveniles Held in Institutional Environments	338	(2)
A View from a Practitioner	340	(4)
The New Breed	340	(1)
The Early Years	341	(1)
Counseling Component	342	(1)
Unprecedented Growth	342	(1)
Today's Challenges	343	(1)
Who is a Juvenile Today?	344	(2)
The Juvenile Crime Problem	346	(1)
Juvenile Violence: A Growing Problem?	346	(1)
Juvenile Victims of Violence	347	(3)
Today's Approach to Juvenile Institutions	350	(2)
Institutional Treatment and Rehabilitation	352	(1)
Summary	352	(1)
Review Questions	353	(1)
Words to Remember	353	(1)
Endnotes	353	(2)
CHAPTER 18: Special Category Offenders	355	(28)
Overview	355	(1)
The Mentally Disordered Offender	356	(4)
Mentally Ill Inmates	357	(1)
Two Ways to Escape Criminal Responsibility	358	(1)
The Criminally Insane	359	(1)
The Problems of Prediction	360	(1)
The Developmentally Challenged Offender	360	(4)
A Historic Perspective	362	(2)
Sex Offenders	364	(5)
Common Sex Offenses	364	(3)
Sex Offenders and Probation	367	(1)
Sex Offenders in Prison	368	(1)
Aids in Prisons	369	(4)
HIV Positive Prison Inmates, by Offense and Prior Drug Use	370	(1)
AIDS and Custody Staff	371	(1)
AIDS and Inmates	372	(1)
Geriatric Inmates: The Graying of American Prisons	373	(4)
Washington State Efforts with Geriatric Prisoners	375	(2)
Summary	377	(1)
Review Questions	378	(1)
Words to Remember	378	(1)
Endnotes	378	(3)
Suggested Readings: Part 6	381	(2)
PART 7: RIGHTS OF CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS	383	(48)
CHAPTER 19: Inmate and Ex-Offender Rights	385	(26)
Overview	385	(1)
The Status of the Convicted Offender	386	(1)
Basic Inmate Rights	387	(7)
Visiting and Community Ties	387	(1)
Use of Mail	388	(1)
Contraband and Mail	389	(2)
Religious Rights in Prison	391	(1)
Access to Court and Counsel	391	(1)
The Right to Medical Treatment and Care	392	(2)
Tort Suits	394	(1)
Civil Rights Act "1983" Suits	395	(1)
Remedies for Violations of Rights	396	(1)
The Legend of the Ex-Con	397	(1)
Consequences of a Conviction	397	(4)
Stigma	397	(1)
The Transition Period	398	(1)
Loss of Civil Rights	398	(1)
Legal Consequences of a Felony Conviction	399	(2)
Right to Work Versus Need to Work	401	(2)
Restricted Trades: Barriers To Employment	403	(1)
The Problem With A Record	403	(3)
Registration of Criminals	404	(1)
Registration of Ex-Offenders	404	(1)
Expungement as a Response	405	(1)
Restoring Offenders' Rights	406	(1)
Summary	407	(1)
Review Questions	407	(1)
Words to Remember	408	(1)
Endnotes	408	(3)
CHAPTER 20: The Death Penalty-The Ultimate Right	411	(20)
Overview	411	(1)
Origins of the Death Penalty	412	(1)
Better Ways to Die?	412	(1)
Arbitrary and Infrequent Punishment	413	(2)
The Eighth Amendment and the Death Penalty	415	(3)
Prosecutor's Discretion	418	(1)
Deterrence of the Death Penalty	418	(2)
Public Opinion and the Death Penalty	418	(1)
The Controversy Continues	419	(1)
The Issue of Equability	420	(1)
Women and the Death Penalty	421	(2)
Juveniles and the Death Penalty	423	(2)
Justifications	424	(1)
The Death Penalty and Terrorism	425	(1)
Death Row Populations Continue to Mount	425	(1)
Summary	426	(1)
Review Questions	426	(1)
Words to Remember	426	(1)
Endnotes	426	(2)
Suggested Readings: Part 7	428	(3)
PART 8: REINTEGRATION SYSTEMS	431	(34)
CHAPTER 21: Parole and Reentry	433	(14)
Overview	433	(1)
The Development of Parole	434	(2)
The Roots of American Parole	434	(1)
Early Practices in Other Nations	434	(1)
Parole Comes to the United States	435	(1)
Pardon and Parole: Two Ways Out of Prison	436	(1)
What is Parole?	437	(1)
Parole Administration	438	(1)
The Parole Board	438	(1)
Parole Release	438	(1)
Parole Release Guidelines	439	(1)
Parole Conditions	440	(1)
Parole Revocation	441	(1)
Parole Remains a Major Segment of Corrections	441	(1)
Pardons	442	(2)
Reentry: The New Challenge	444	(1)
Summary	444	(1)
Review Questions	445	(1)
Words to Remember	445	(1)
Endnotes	445	(2)
CHAPTER 22: Community Corrections	447	(18)
Overview	447	(1)
Prisons: At a Turning Point	448	(1)
Diversion: Keeping the Offender out of the System	449	(3)
Community-Based Diversion Programs	449	(1)
Police-Based Diversion Programs	450	(1)
Court-Based Diversion Programs	450	(2)
Adjuncts to Institutionalization: An Intermediate Step	452	(1)
Probation and Parole: A Changing Role in the Community	453	(1)
Reentry Into the Community from the Institution	453	(2)
Halfway Houses as Alternatives to Incarceration	455	(1)
Models of Community Residential Programs	455	(3)
Is Cheaper Better?	457	(1)
Correctional Outcomes	458	(2)
The Integrated Contract Model: A Possible Compromise	460	(2)
Summary	462	(1)
Review Questions	462	(1)
Words to Remember	462	(1)
Endnotes	462	(2)
Suggested Readings: Part 8	464	(1)
PART 9: A LINK TO THE FUTURE	465	(10)
CHAPTER 23: The Futures of Corrections	467	(8)
Overview	467	(1)
Current Trends	468	(2)
Alternatives	470	(1)
Promising Changes	470	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	471	(1)
Creating Change	472	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	472	(1)
Endnotes	473	(1)
Suggested Readings: Part 9	474	(1)
GLOSSARY	475	(24)
INDEX OFAUTHORS	499	(6)
SUBJECT INDEX	505