Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession, Updated Edition

by Gladding, Samuel T.

• ISBN13: 9780132328623
• ISBN10: 0132328623
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This updated fifth edition reflects the 2005 ACA code of ethics and encompasses all that counseling is todayaddressing the history of counseling and the theory behind its practice; exploring the multicultural, ethical, legal environments in which counselors operate; and, examining the variety of skills today's counselors are expected to exhibit. Up-to-date references to contemporary theorists, trends, and challenges in the field ensures readers learn the current best practices and the most recently-adopted theoriesprepares them to practice in today's settings, with the most recent tools and information. Incorporation of multicultural and gender issues throughout the material broadens the scope of the book.Six chapters are dedicated to specific populations with whom counselors work and professional arenas in which they practice. Includes American Counseling Association and NBCC Ethical Guidelines for the practice of internet counseling. Emphasis on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) categories prepares future counselors for the "nitty-gritty" of diagnosisaddresses the stringent requirements of documentation demanded by third party payers.A key resource for counseling certification.

Table of Contents

PART I HISTORICAL AND PROFESSIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF COUNSELING	1	(118)
History of and Trends in Counseling	3	(30)
Definition of Counseling	4	(4)
Guidance	5	(1)
Psychotherapy	6	(1)
Counseling	6	(2)
History of Counseling	8	(12)
Before 1900	8	(1)
1900--1909	8	(1)
1910s	9	(1)
1920s	10	(1)
1930s	11	(1)
1940s	11	(1)
1950s	12	(2)
1960s	14	(1)
1970s	15	(1)
1980s	16	(3)
1990s	19	(1)
Current Trends in the New Millennium	20	(4)
Dealing with Violence, Trauma, and Crises	20	(1)
The Challenge of Managed Care	21	(1)
Promoting Wellness	21	(1)
Greater Emphasis on the Use of Technology	22	(1)
Leadership, Planning, and Advocacy	22	(1)
Identity	23	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	24	(1)
Summary Table---Highlights in the History of Counseling	25	(1)
Classroom Activities	26	(1)
References	27	(6)
Personal and Professional Aspects of Counseling	33	(24)
The Personality and Background of the Counselor	34	(4)
Negative Motivators for Becoming a Counselor	34	(1)
Personal Qualities of an Effective Counselor	35	(2)
Maintaining Effectiveness as a Counselor	37	(1)
Professional Aspects of Counseling	38	(3)
Levels of Helping	38	(1)
Professional Helping Specialties	39	(1)
The Education of Professional Counselors	40	(1)
Credentialing of Counselors	41	(3)
Inspection	42	(1)
Registration	42	(1)
Certification	42	(2)
Licensure	44	(1)
Attribution and Systematic Framework of the Counselor	44	(4)
Attributes	44	(2)
Systems of Counseling	46	(2)
Engaging in Professional Counseling-Related Activities	48	(3)
Continuing Education	48	(1)
Supervision	49	(1)
Advocacy	50	(1)
Portfolios	51	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	51	(1)
Classroom Activities	52	(1)
References	52	(5)
Ethical and Legal Aspects of Counseling	57	(28)
Definitions: Ethics, Morality, and Law	58	(1)
Ethics and Counseling	59	(1)
Professional Codes of Ethics and Standards	59	(3)
The Development of Codes of Ethics for Counselors	60	(1)
Limitations of Ethical Codes	61	(1)
Conflicts Within and Among Ethical Codes	62	(1)
Making Ethical Decisions	62	(2)
Other Guidelines for Acting Ethically	63	(1)
Educating Counselors in Ethical Decision Making	64	(1)
Ethics in Specific Counseling Situations	65	(4)
School Counseling and Ethics	68	(1)
Computers, Counseling, and Ethics	68	(1)
Marriage/Family Counseling and Ethics	68	(1)
Other Counseling Settings and Ethics	69	(1)
Multiple Relationships	69	(1)
Working with Counselors Who May Act Unethically	70	(1)
The Law and Counseling	71	(1)
Legal Recognition of Counseling	72	(1)
Legal Aspects of the Counseling Relationship	72	(2)
Civil and Criminal Liability	74	(1)
Legal Issues Involved When Counseling Minors	75	(1)
Client Rights and Records	75	(2)
The Counselor in Court	77	(1)
Ethics and the Law: Two Ways of Thinking	77	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	78	(1)
Classroom Activities	79	(1)
References	79	(6)
Counseling in a Multicultural and Diverse Society	85	(34)
Counseling Across Culture and Ethnicity	86	(1)
Defining Culture and Multicultural Counseling	87	(1)
History of Multicultural Counseling	88	(1)
Difficulties in Multicultural Counseling	89	(1)
Issues in Multicultural Counseling	90	(3)
Counseling Considerations with Specific Cultural Groups	93	(6)
European Americans	94	(1)
African Americans	94	(1)
Hispanics/Latinos	95	(1)
Asian and Pacific Islander Americans	96	(1)
Native Americans	96	(2)
International Counseling	98	(1)
Aged Populations	99	(3)
Old Age	100	(1)
Needs of the Aged	100	(1)
Counseling the Aged	101	(1)
Gender-Based Counseling	102	(6)
Counseling Women	103	(3)
Counseling Men	106	(2)
Counseling and Sexual Orientation	108	(1)
Counseling with Gays/Lesbians/Bisexuals/Transgenders	109	(1)
Counseling and Spirituality	109	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	111	(1)
Classroom Activities	112	(1)
References	112	(7)
PART II COUNSELING PROCESS AND THEORIES	119	(124)
Building a Counseling Relationship	121	(26)
Factors That Influence the Counseling Process	122	(9)
Structure	122	(1)
Initiative	123	(5)
The Physical Setting	128	(1)
Client Qualities	129	(1)
Counselor Qualities	130	(1)
Types of Initial Interviews	131	(4)
Client- versus Counselor-Initiated Interviews	131	(1)
Information-Oriented First Interview	132	(1)
Relationship-Oriented First Interview	133	(2)
Conducting the Initial Interview	135	(5)
Empathy	136	(1)
Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior	136	(2)
Nonhelpful Interview Behavior	138	(2)
Exploration and the Identification of Goals	140	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	141	(1)
Classroom Activities	142	(1)
References	142	(5)
Working in a Counseling Relationship	147	(24)
Counselor Skills in the Understanding and Action Phases	149	(12)
Changing Perceptions	150	(1)
Leading	151	(1)
Multifocused Responding	151	(2)
Accurate Empathy	153	(2)
Self-Disclosure	155	(1)
Immediacy	156	(1)
Humor	157	(1)
Confrontation	158	(1)
Contracting	159	(1)
Rehearsal	160	(1)
Transference and Countertransference	161	(4)
Transference	162	(2)
Countertransference	164	(1)
The Real Relationship	165	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	166	(1)
Classroom Activities	166	(1)
References	167	(4)
Termination of Counseling Relationships	171	(16)
Function of Termination	172	(1)
Timing of Termination	173	(1)
Issues of Termination	174	(2)
Termination of Individual Sessions	174	(1)
Termination of a Counseling Relationship	175	(1)
Resistance to Termination	176	(2)
Client Resistance	176	(1)
Counselor Resistance	177	(1)
Premature Termination	178	(2)
Counselor-Initiated Termination	180	(1)
Ending on a Positive Note	181	(1)
Issues Related to Termination: Follow-up and Referral	182	(1)
Follow-up	182	(1)
Referral and Recycling	182	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	183	(1)
Classroom Activities	184	(1)
References	184	(3)
Psychoanalytic, Adlerian, and Humanistic Theories of Counseling	187	(26)
Theory	188	(4)
Importance of Theory	189	(1)
Theory into Practice	190	(2)
Psychoanalytic Theories	192	(3)
Psychoanalysis	192	(3)
Adlerian Theory	195	(4)
Adlerian Counseling
Humanistic Theories	199	(9)
Person-Centered Counseling	199	(3)
Existential Counseling	202	(2)
Gestalt Therapy	204	(4)
Summary and Conclusion	208	(1)
Classroom Activities	208	(1)
References	209	(4)
Behavioral, Cognitive, Systemic, Brief, and Crisis Theories of Counseling	213	(30)
Behavior Counseling	214	(4)
Behavioral Therapy	214	(4)
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling	218	(6)
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)	219	(2)
Reality Therapy	221	(3)
Systems Theories	224	(7)
Bowenian Systems Theory	224	(3)
Structural Family Counseling	227	(2)
Strategic (Brief) Counseling	229	(2)
Brief Counseling Approaches	231	(4)
Solution-Focused Counseling	231	(2)
Narrative Counseling	233	(2)
Crisis Counseling Approaches	235	(3)
Crisis Counseling
Summary and Conclusion	238	(1)
Classroom Activities	238	(1)
References	239	(4)
PART III CORE COUNSELING ACTIVITIES IN VARIOUS SETTINGS	243	(98)
Groups in Counseling	245	(26)
A Brief History of Groups	246	(2)
Psychodrama	247	(1)
T-Groups	247	(1)
Encounter Groups	247	(1)
Group Marathons	248	(1)
Self-Help/Support Groups	248	(1)
Misperceptions and Realities About Groups	248	(1)
The Place of Groups in Counseling	249	(1)
Benefits and Drawbacks of Groups	250	(1)
Types of Groups	251	(2)
Psychoeducational Groups	251	(1)
Counseling Groups	252	(1)
Psychotherapy Groups	252	(1)
Task/Work Groups	253	(1)
Theoretical Approaches in Conducting Groups	253	(1)
Stages in Groups	254	(1)
Issues in Groups	255	(8)
Selection and Preparation of Group Members	257	(2)
Group Size and Duration	259	(1)
Open versus Closed Groups	260	(1)
Confidentiality	260	(1)
Physical Structure	261	(1)
Co-leaders	261	(1)
Self-disclosure	261	(1)
Feedback	262	(1)
Follow-up	262	(1)
Qualities of Effective Group Leaders	263	(1)
The Future of Group Work	263	(3)
Summary and Conclusion	266	(1)
Classroom Activities	266	(1)
References	267	(4)
Consultation	271	(20)
Consultation: Defining a Multifaceted Activity	272	(2)
Consultation versus Counseling	274	(1)
Four Conceptual Models	275	(1)
Levels of Consultation	276	(2)
Individual Consultation	276	(1)
Group Consultation	277	(1)
Organization/Community Consultation	277	(1)
Stages and Attitudes in Consultation	278	(2)
Specific Areas of Consultation	280	(3)
School Consultation	280	(2)
Agency Consultation	282	(1)
Training in Consultation	283	(3)
Summary and Conclusion	286	(1)
Classroom Activities	286	(1)
References	286	(5)
Evaluation and Research	291	(24)
The Nature of Evaluation and Research	292	(1)
Evaluation	293	(4)
Incorrect Evaluation Methods	293	(1)
Steps in Evaluation	293	(1)
Selecting an Evaluation Model	294	(3)
Counselors and Research	297	(1)
Research	298	(9)
Steps in the Research Process	298	(1)
The Relevance of Research	299	(1)
Choosing a Research Method	300	(1)
Emphases of Research	300	(2)
Major Research Methods	302	(4)
Guidelines for Using Research	306	(1)
Statistics	307	(2)
Statistical Concepts	307	(1)
Statistical Methods	308	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	309	(1)
Classroom Activities	309	(1)
References	310	(5)
Testing, Assessment, and Diagnosis in Counseling	315	(26)
A Brief History of the Use of Tests in Counseling	316	(2)
Tests and Test Scores	318	(1)
Problems and Potential of Using Tests	319	(1)
Qualities of Good Tests	320	(2)
Validity	321	(1)
Reliability	322	(1)
Standardization and Norms	322	(1)
Classification of Tests	322	(8)
Intelligence/Aptitude	323	(1)
Interest/Career	324	(2)
Personality	326	(3)
Achievement	329	(1)
Administration and Interpretation of Tests	330	(2)
Assessment	332	(2)
Diagnosis	334	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	335	(1)
Classroom Activities	336	(1)
References	336	(5)
PART IV COUNSELING SPECIALTIES	341	(148)
Career Counseling over the Life Span	343	(34)
The Importance of Career Counseling	345	(1)
Career Counseling Associations and Credentials	345	(1)
The Scope of Career Counseling and Careers	346	(1)
Career Information	347	(2)
Career Development Theories and Counseling	349	(9)
Trait-and-Factor Theory	349	(2)
Psychodynamic Theory	351	(2)
Developmental Theories	353	(3)
Social-Cognitive Theories	356	(1)
Comprehensive Career Counseling	357	(1)
Career Counseling with Diverse Populations	358	(11)
Career Counseling with Children	358	(3)
Career Counseling with Adolescents	361	(2)
Career Counseling with College Students	363	(1)
Career Counseling with Adults	363	(2)
Career Counseling with Women and Ethnic Minorities	365	(3)
Career Counseling with Gays/Lesbians/Bisexuals/Transgenders	368	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	369	(1)
Classroom Activities	369	(1)
References	370	(7)
Marriage and Family Counseling	377	(22)
The Beginnings of Marriage and Family Counseling	379	(2)
Trends	379	(1)
Family Therapy Pioneers and Contemporary Leaders	380	(1)
Associations, Education, and Research	381	(2)
Associations	381	(1)
Education	382	(1)
Research	382	(1)
Family Life and the Family Life Cycle	383	(3)
Marriage/Family Counseling versus Individual/Group Counseling	386	(1)
Overview of Marriage/Couples and Family Counseling	387	(3)
Marriage/Couples Counseling	387	(2)
Family Counseling	389	(1)
The Process of Marriage and Family Counseling	390	(5)
Presession Planning	391	(1)
Initial Session(s)	391	(1)
The Middle Phase of Family Counseling	392	(2)
Termination	394	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	395	(1)
Classroom Activities	395	(1)
References	396	(3)
Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School Counseling	399	(32)
Elementary School Counseling and Guidance	401	(9)
Emphases and Roles	402	(2)
Activities	404	(6)
Middle School Counseling and Guidance	410	(5)
Emphases and Roles	411	(1)
Activities	412	(3)
Secondary School Counseling and Guidance	415	(7)
Emphases and Roles	416	(1)
Activities	417	(5)
Twenty-First Century School Counseling	422	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	423	(1)
Classroom Activities	424	(1)
References	424	(7)
College Counseling and Student-Life Services	431	(24)
The Beginning of Student-Life Services and College Counseling	433	(1)
The Theoretical Bases and Professional Preparation for Working with College Students	434	(2)
Theoretical Bases	435	(1)
Professional Preparation	436	(1)
College Counseling	436	(6)
Emphases and Roles	436	(1)
Activities	437	(5)
Student-Life Professionals	442	(3)
Emphases and Roles	442	(2)
Activities	444	(1)
Counseling and Student-Life Services with Nontraditional Students	445	(2)
Older Students	445	(1)
First-Generation Students	446	(1)
Minority Culture Students	446	(1)
Student Athletes	447	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	447	(1)
Classroom Activities	448	(1)
References	448	(7)
Substance Abuse and Disability Counseling	455	(20)
Substance Abuse Counseling	456	(7)
The Nature of Substance Abuse	456	(1)
Affiliation, Certification, and Education of Substance Abuse Counselors	457	(1)
Preventing Substance Abuse	458	(1)
Treating Substance Abuse	459	(1)
Treating Alcohol Abuse	460	(1)
Treating Nicotine Addictions	460	(1)
Treating Illegal Drug Addiction	461	(1)
Treating Substance Abuse Families	461	(1)
Treating Work Addiction	462	(1)
Women and Cultural Groups in Substance Abuse Treatment	463	(1)
Counseling those with Disabilities	463	(6)
The Nature of Disabilities	464	(1)
The Affiliation, Certification, and Education of Disability Counselors	465	(1)
Working with the Disabled	465	(2)
Clients with Specific Disabilities	467	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	469	(1)
Classroom Activities	470	(1)
References	470	(5)
Mental Health and Community Counseling	475	(14)
Historical Overview of Mental Health and Community Counseling	476	(1)
Mental Health Counseling	476	(1)
Community Counseling	477	(1)
Mental Health Counseling as a Specialty	477	(6)
Theories and Functions	479	(4)
Community Counseling as a Specialty	483	(1)
Private Practice as a Specialty	484	(2)
Difficulties Setting Up a Private Practice	485	(1)
Advantages in Setting Up a Private Practice	485	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	486	(1)
Classroom Activities	486	(1)
References	487	(2)
Appendix A ACA Code of Ethics	489	(19)
Appendix B Ethics NBCC: The Practice of Internet Counseling	508	(3)
Appendix C DSM-IV-TR Classification	511	(9)
Appendix D Counseling-Related Organizations	520	(1)
Name Index	521	(14)
Subject Index	535