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DERALD WING SUE, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology and Education in the Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology at Teachers College, Columbia University, where he also holds a joint appointment with the School of Social Work. He is one of the most cited multicultural scholars in the United States.
DAVID SUE, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Psychology and an associate at the Center for Cross-Cultural Research at Western Washington University in Bellingham, Washington.
Preface xi
About the Authors xvii
SECTION ONE
The Multiple Dimensions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 1
PART I THE AFFECTIVE AND CONCEPTUAL DIMENSIONS OF
MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING/THERAPY 3
Chapter 1 The Multicultural Journey to Cultural Competence: Personal Narratives 5
My Personal and Professional Journey as a White Person: Reactions to Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice 8
Mark S. Kiselica
My Personal and Professional Journey as a Racial and Ethnic Minority Individual: Reactions to Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice 16
Le Ondra Clark
My Personal and Professional Journey as a Person of Color: The Heart and Soul of Counseling the Culturally Diverse 23
Derald Wing Sue
Implications for Clinical Practice 30
Chapter 2 The Superordinate Nature of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy 33
Theme 1: Cultural Universality Versus Cultural Relativism 35
Theme 2: The Emotional Consequences of Race 36
Theme 3: The Inclusive or Exclusive Nature of Multiculturalism 37
Theme 4: The Sociopolitical Nature of Counseling/Therapy 38
Theme 5: The Nature of Multicultural Counseling Competence 38
A Tripartite Framework for Understanding the Multiple Dimensions of Identity 40
Individual and Universal Biases in Psychology and Mental Health 44
The Impact of Group Identities on Counseling and Psychotherapy 45
What Is Multicultural Counseling/Therapy? 46
What Is Cultural Competence? 47
Multidimensional Model of Cultural Competence in Counseling 52
Implications for Clinical Practice 55
Chapter 3 Multicultural Counseling Competence for Minority Group Counselors/Therapists 57
Minority Group Counselors Working with Majority and Minority Group Clients 60
The Politics of Interethnic and Interracial Bias and Discrimination 62
The Historical and Political Relationships Between Groups of Color 65
Cultural Differences in Values and Perspectives Between Racial/Ethnic Groups 69
Counselors of Color and Dyadic Combinations with White Clients and Clients of Color: Situational Examples 73
Conclusions 83
Implications for Clinical Practice 83
PART II THE POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF MENTAL
HEALTH PRACTICE 87
Chapter 4 The Politics of Counseling and Psychotherapy: Social Justice in Counseling 89
The Education and Training of Mental Health Professionals 91
Definitions of Mental Health 93
Counseling and Mental Health Literature 97
Need to Treat Social Problems—Social Justice Counseling 102
Social Justice Counseling 108
Implications for Clinical Practice 112
Chapter 5 Systemic Oppression: Trust, Mistrust, Credibility, and Worldviews 115
Effects of Historical and Current Oppression 120
Credibility and Attractiveness in Multicultural Counseling 129
Formation of Worldviews 139
Implications for Clinical Practice 144
Chapter 6 Microaggressions in Counseling and Psychotherapy 147
Christina M. Capodilupo and Derald Wing Sue
Contemporary Forms of Oppression 150
Implications for Clinical Practice 173
PART III THE PRACTICE DIMENSIONS OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING/THERAPY 175
Chapter 7 Barriers to Multicultural Counseling and Therapy: Individual and Family Perspectives 177
Characteristics of Counseling/Therapy 181
Generic Characteristics of Counseling/Therapy 181
Culture-Bound Values 185
Class-Bound Values 191
Language Barriers 195
Patterns of “American” Cultural Assumptions and Multicultural
Family Counseling/Therapy 197
Generalizations and Stereotypes: Some Cautions 205
Implications for Clinical Practice 206
Chapter 8 Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies 209
Communication Styles 213
Sociopolitical Facets of Nonverbal Communication 221
Counseling and Therapy as Communication Style 227
Implications for Clinical Practice 231
Chapter 9 Multicultural Evidence-Based Practice 233
Evidence-Based Practice and Multiculturalism 238
Empirically Supported Treatment 239
Empirically Supported Relationships 243
Evidence-Based Practice and Diversity Issues in Therapy 253
Implications for Clinical Practice 257
Chapter 10 Non-Western Indigenous Methods of Healing: Implications for Counseling and Therapy 259
The Legitimacy of Culture-Bound Syndromes: Nightmare Deaths and the Hmong Sudden Death Phenomenon 261
The Principles of Indigenous Healing 269
Conclusions 281
Implications for Clinical Practice 282
PART IV THE RACIAL/CULTURAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND THERAPY 285
Chapter 11 Racial/Cultural Identity Development in People of Color: Therapeutic Implications 287
Racial/Cultural Identity Development Models 289
A Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model 295
Therapeutic Implications of the R/CID Model 305
Conclusions 309
Implications for Clinical Practice 310
Chapter 12 White Racial Identity Development: Therapeutic Implications 313
What Does It Mean to Be White? 314
The Invisible Whiteness of Being 317
Understanding the Dynamics of Whiteness 318
Models of White Racial Identity Development 320
The Process of White Racial Identity Development: A Descriptive Model 330
Overcoming Personal Racism and Developing a Nonracist
White Identity: Personal Strategies and Actions 335
Implications for Clinical Practice 339
SECTION TWO
Multicultural Counseling and Specific Populations 341
PART V UNDERSTANDING SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 343
Chapter 13 Culturally Competent Assessment 345
David Sue and Diane M. Sue
Therapist Variables Affecting Diagnosis 346
Cultural Competence and Preventing Diagnostic Errors 348
Contextual and Collaborative Assessment 352
Infusing Cultural Competence Into Standard Clinical Assessments 357
Implications for Clinical Practice 361
PART VI COUNSELING AND THERAPY WITH RACIAL/ETHNIC
MINORITY GROUP POPULATIONS 363
Chapter 14 Counseling African Americans 365
Characteristics and Strengths 366
Specific Challenges 374
Implications for Clinical Practice 377
Chapter 15 Counseling American Indians and Alaska Natives 379
Characteristics and Strengths 380
Specific Challenges 383
Implications for Clinical Practice 391
Chapter 16 Counseling Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders 393
Characteristics and Strengths 394
Specific Challenges 401
Implications for Clinical Practice 406
Chapter 17 Counseling Latinos 409
Diane M. Sue and David Sue
Characteristics and Strengths 410
Specific Challenges 417
Implications for Clinical Practice 423
Chapter 18 Counseling Individuals of Multiracial Descent 425
Multiracialism in the United States 426
Specific Challenges 429
A Multiracial Bill of Rights 435
Multiracial Strengths 436
Implications for Clinical Practice 437
PART VII COUNSELING AND SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES INVOLVING RACIAL/ETHNIC POPULATIONS 439
Chapter 19 Counseling Arab and Muslim Americans 441
Characteristics and Strengths 442
Specific Challenges 444
Implications for Clinical Practice 447
Chapter 20 Counseling Jewish Americans 449
Characteristics and Strengths 451
Specific Challenges 452
Implications for Clinical Practice 455
Chapter 21 Counseling Immigrants and Refugees 457
Challenges Facing Immigrants 459
Counseling Refugees 465
Implications for Clinical Practice 469
PART VIII COUNSELING AND THERAPY WITH OTHER MULTICULTURAL POPULATIONS 471
Chapter 22 Counseling LGBT Individuals 473
Understanding Sexual Minorities 474
Specific Challenges 478
Implications for Clinical Practice 484
Chapter 23 Counseling Older Adult Clients 487
Characteristics and Strengths 487
Specific Challenges of Older Adults 491
Implications for Clinical Practice 498
Chapter 24 Counseling Women 501
Diane M. Sue and David Sue
Specific Challenges 502
Embracing Gender Strengths 513
Implications for Clinical Practice 514
Chapter 25 Counseling and Poverty 517
Laura Smith
Characteristics and Strengths 518
Specific Challenges 520
Implications for Clinical Practice 525
Chapter 26 Counseling Persons With Disabilities 527
Understanding Disabilities 528
The Americans with Disabilities Act 533
Specific Challenges 535
Supports for Individuals with Disabilities 538
Counseling Issues with Individuals with Disabilities 539
Implications for Clinical Practice 541
References 543
Author Index 611
Subject Index 621
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