Crime Prevention : Approaches, Practices and Evaluations

by Lab, Steven P.

• ISBN13: 9781583605097
• ISBN10: 1583605096
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-30
• Publisher: Lexis Nexis Matthew Bender

Table of Contents

Crime and the Fear of Crime	p. 1
The Problem of Crime in Society	p. 1
Official Measures of Crime	p. 2
Measuring Victimization	p. 4
The Fear of Crime	p. 7
Defining and Measuring Fear	p. 7
Fear and Victimization	p. 10
Fear and Demographics	p. 10
Explaining the Divergent Findings	p. 11
Fear Summary	p. 14
Summary	p. 14
A Crime Prevention Model	p. 15
Crime Prevention Through the Ages	p. 15
Summary	p. 18
Defining Crime Prevention	p. 19
The Crime Prevention Model	p. 19
Primary Crime Prevention	p. 20
Secondary Crime Prevention	p. 20
Tertiary Crime Prevention	p. 22
Alternate Models	p. 22
An Overview of the Book	p. 23
Primary Prevention	p. 25
The Physical Environment and Crime	p. 27
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design	p. 27
Physical Design Features in Crime Prevention	p. 28
Access Control	p. 29
Surveillance	p. 30
Activity Support and Motivation Reinforcement	p. 30
The Impact of Physical Design	p. 31
The Effects of Individual Factors	p. 32
Residential Crime Prevention Programs--Physical Design	p. 39
Cpted in a Commercial Area	p. 41
Summary	p. 42
Incivility, Disorder, and Crime	p. 42
Summary	p. 44
Neighborhood Crime Prevention	p. 47
Types of Neighborhood Crime Prevention Approaches	p. 49
Neighborhood/Block Watch	p. 49
Community Anti-Drug Programs	p. 52
Citizen Patrols	p. 52
Police-Community Involvement	p. 53
Evaluation of Neighborhood Crime Prevention	p. 53
Effects on Community Cohesion	p. 54
Effects on Crime	p. 55
Community Anti-Drug Programs	p. 59
Citizen Patrols	p. 61
Neighborhood Crime Prevention and Fear of Crime	p. 62
Additional Evaluation Issues	p. 63
Citizen Participation and Support	p. 65
Who Participates?	p. 65
Organizing Neighborhood Crime Prevention	p. 67
Summary	p. 70
Chapter Summary	p. 70
Displacement and Diffusion	p. 73
Crime Displacement	p. 73
Types of Displacement	p. 74
Assumptions	p. 75
Displacement: Benign or Malign?	p. 76
Diffusion	p. 76
Offender Choice and Mobility	p. 77
Routine Activities	p. 78
Rational Choice	p. 79
Crime Pattern Theory	p. 82
Summary	p. 84
Evidence of Displacement and Diffusion	p. 85
Displacement Effects	p. 85
Diffusion Effects	p. 89
Implications of Displacement and Diffusion	p. 90
The Mass Media and Crime Prevention	p. 91
The Media and Crime	p. 91
The Level of Reported Crime	p. 92
Media Accounts and Actual Crime	p. 92
Does the Media Cause Crime and Fear?	p. 93
Mass Media Crime Prevention Activities	p. 97
"Taking A Bite Out of Crime"	p. 97
Other Campaigns	p. 100
Crime Newsletters	p. 101
Information Lines	p. 103
Crime-Time Television	p. 105
The Media's Responsibility for Crime Prevention	p. 106
Summary	p. 107
General Deterrence	p. 109
Deterrence	p. 109
General and Specific Deterrence	p. 109
Requirements for Deterrence	p. 111
The Deterrent Effect of Legal Sanctions	p. 112
Cross-Sectional Analyses	p. 112
Longitudinal Research	p. 115
Summary	p. 118
Perceptions and Deterrence	p. 119
Perceived Certainty	p. 119
Perceived Severity	p. 121
Combined Deterrence Factors	p. 122
Summary	p. 123
Secondary Prevention	p. 125
Prediction for Secondary Prevention	p. 127
Predicting Future Offending	p. 127
Types of Prediction	p. 128
Risk Factors and Prediction	p. 134
Family Factors	p. 135
Peer Factors	p. 136
Community Influences on Behavior	p. 136
Psychological/Personality Factors	p. 137
Biological Risk Factors	p. 137
Using Risk Factors as Predictors	p. 137
Predicting Places and Events	p. 139
Hot Spots for Crime	p. 139
Repeat Victimization	p. 141
Summary	p. 143
Implications for Crime Prevention	p. 144
Situational Crime Prevention	p. 145
The Growth of Situational Prevention	p. 145
The Theoretical Basis	p. 146
The Process of Situational Prevention	p. 148
Clarke's Initial Situational Typology	p. 148
An Expanded Typology	p. 150
Unresolved Issues	p. 153
Situational Prevention Studies	p. 155
Studies of Transit System Fare Avoidance	p. 155
Vandalism and Crime on Public Transport	p. 156
Motor Vehicle Theft	p. 157
Other Theft Offenses	p. 158
Targeting Revictimization	p. 159
Summary	p. 159
Community Policing	p. 161
What is Community Policing?	p. 161
Precursors to Community Policing	p. 162
Community Policing	p. 163
Problem Identification	p. 167
Community Policing Programs	p. 168
Civil Abatement	p. 169
"Weed and Seed" Programs	p. 170
Chicago's Alternative Police Strategy	p. 172
"Innovative Neighborhood-Oriented Policing"	p. 172
A Child Development-Community Policing Program	p. 173
Problems and Concerns	p. 174
Summary	p. 175
Drugs, Crime, and Crime Prevention	p. 177
The Scope of Drug Use	p. 178
Self-Reported Drug Use	p. 178
Drug Use Among Offending Populations	p. 183
Summary	p. 185
The Drugs-Crime Connection	p. 185
Interventions and Prevention	p. 188
Law Enforcement Efforts	p. 189
Treatment of Drug Users	p. 190
Prevention Programs	p. 193
Drugs and Crime Prevention	p. 196
The School and Crime Prevention	p. 197
Theoretical Views	p. 197
Educational Factors and Delinquency	p. 199
IQ and Delinquency	p. 199
School Practices and Delinquency	p. 200
Victimization and Fear in School	p. 201
Summary	p. 203
School Programs for Delinquency Prevention	p. 203
Preschool Programs	p. 204
Elementary and High School Programs	p. 206
Alternative Schools	p. 210
Academic, Vocational, and Employment Programs	p. 211
The Future of School/Educational Programs in Crime Prevention	p. 213
Tertiary Prevention	p. 215
Specific Deterrence and Incapacitation	p. 217
The Specific Deterrent Effect of Criminal Sanctions	p. 218
Studies of Imprisonment	p. 218
Alternate Studies of Specific Deterrence	p. 220
Summary	p. 223
Incapacitation	p. 223
Assumptions	p. 224
Collective Incapacitation	p. 224
The Costs of Collective Incapacitation	p. 226
Selective Incapacitation	p. 227
Future Implications	p. 229
Electronic Monitoring and Home Confinement	p. 231
The Growth of Home Confinement	p. 231
The Beginnings of Electronic Monitoring	p. 233
EMS Systems	p. 233
Expectations for EMS	p. 235
EMS Programs and Evaluation	p. 235
The Use of EMS	p. 236
Eligibility Criteria	p. 236
Offender Success on EMS	p. 237
EMS and Institutional Overcrowding	p. 239
Costs of Electronic Monitoring	p. 240
Other Client Impacts	p. 241
Problems and Concerns	p. 241
Operational Problems	p. 242
Net-Widening	p. 242
Legal Considerations	p. 243
Other Concerns	p. 244
The Future of Electronic Monitoring	p. 245
Rehabilitation	p. 247
The "What Works?" Argument	p. 247
Subsequent Analyses	p. 248
Alternative Outcome Measures	p. 249
Levels of Evaluation	p. 250
Summary	p. 251
Evaluations of Recent Rehabilitation Programs	p. 251
Intensive Supervision	p. 251
Restitution	p. 254
Boot Camps	p. 255
Privatization in Corrections	p. 257
Assessing Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention	p. 259
Some Closing Thoughts on Crime Prevention and the Future	p. 261
The State of the Evidence	p. 261
Improving Our Knowledge	p. 263
Recognizing the Diversity in Crime Prevention	p. 265
Summary	p. 266
References	p. 267
Name Index	p. 315
Subject Index	p. 323
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