Crime Prevention

by Lab, Steven P.

• ISBN13: 9780870845130
• ISBN10: 0870845136
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-06-01
• Publisher: Anderson Pub Co

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Crime and the Fear of Crime	1	(14)
The Problem of Crime in Society	1	(5)
Official Measures of Crime	2	(1)
Measuring Victimization	3	(3)
The Fear of Crime	6	(8)
Defining and Measuring Fear	6	(3)
Fear and Victimization	9	(1)
Fear and Demographics	10	(1)
Explanning the Divergent Findings	10	(3)
Fear Summary	13	(1)
Summary	14	(1)
Chapter 2 A Crime Prevention Model	15	(10)
Crime Prevention Through the Ages	15	(4)
Summary	18	(1)
Defining Crime Prevention	19	(1)
The Crime Prevention Model	19	(4)
Primary Crime Prevention	20	(2)
Secondary Crime Prevention	22	(1)
Tertiary Crime Prevention	22	(1)
An Overview of the Book	23	(2)
Section I Primary Prevention	25	(112)
Chapter 3 The Physical Environment and Crime	27	(20)
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design	27	(1)
Physical Design Features in Crime Prevention	28	(3)
Access Control	29	(1)
Surveillance	29	(1)
Activity Support and Motivation Reinforcement	30	(1)
The Impact of Physical Design	31	(11)
The Effects of Individual Factors	32	(6)
Residential Crime Prevention Programs--Physical Design	38	(3)
CPTED in a Commercial Area	41	(1)
Summary	42	(1)
Incivility, Disorder, and Crime	42	(2)
Alternative Models of Primary Prevention	44	(1)
Summary	44	(3)
Chapter 4 Neighborhood Crime Prevention	47	(26)
Types of Neighborhood Crime Prevention Approaches	49	(5)
Neighborhood/Block Watch	49	(3)
Citizen Patrols	52	(1)
Police-Community Involvement	53	(1)
Evaluation of Neighborhood Crime Prevention	54	(9)
Defining "Neighborhood"	54	(1)
Effects on Community Cohesion	55	(2)
Effects on Crime	57	(4)
Neighborhood Crime Prevention and Fear of Crime	61	(1)
Additional Evaluation Issues	62	(1)
Citizen Participation and Support	63	(6)
Who Participates?	63	(3)
Organizing Neighborhood Crime Prevention	66	(3)
The Effectiveness of Citizen Patrols	69	(2)
The Guardian Angels	70	(1)
The Impact of Police Patrol	70	(1)
Summary of the Evidence	71	(2)
Chapter 5 Displacement and Diffusion	73	(20)
Crime Displacement	73	(4)
Types of Displacement	74	(1)
Assumptions	74	(2)
Displacement: Benign or Malign?	76	(1)
Diffusion	77	(1)
Offender Choice and Mobility	78	(7)
Routine Activities	78	(1)
Choice of Targets	79	(3)
Cognitive Maps	82	(3)
Evidence of Displacement and Diffusion	85	(6)
Journey to Crime	86	(1)
Studies of Displacement	87	(2)
Diffusion Effects	89	(2)
Implications of Displacement and Diffusion	91	(2)
Chapter 6 The Mass Media and Crime Prevention	93	(18)
The Media and Crime	93	(6)
The Level of Reported Crime	94	(1)
Media Accounts and Actual Crime	94	(1)
Does the Media Cause Crime and Fear?	95	(4)
Mass Media Crime Prevention Activities	99	(9)
"Taking A Bite Out of Crime"	99	(3)
Other Campaigns	102	(1)
Crime Newsletters	103	(3)
Information Lines	106	(1)
Crime-Time Television	107	(1)
The Media's Responsibility for Crime Prevention	108	(1)
Summary	109	(2)
Chapter 7 General Deterrence	111	(16)
Deterrence	111	(3)
General and Specific Deterrence	111	(2)
Requirements for Deterrence	113	(1)
The Deterrent Effect of Legal Sanctions	114	(16)
Cross-Sectional Analyses	114	(3)
Longitudinal Research	117	(3)
Summary	120	(1)
Perceptions and Deterrence	120	(5)
Perceived Certainty	121	(2)
Perceived Severity	123	(1)
Combined Deterrence Factors	124	(1)
Summary	125	(2)
Chapter 8 Social Crime Prevention	127	(10)
The Crime Problem	127	(2)
The Limitations of Present Responses to Crime	129	(2)
A Social Prevention Approach to Crime	131	(4)
An Early Example	131	(1)
Suggestions for Future Social Efforts	132	(3)
The Prospects for Social Prevention	135	(1)
Summary	135	(2)
Section II Secondary Prevention	137	(84)
Chapter 9 Prediction for Secondary Prevention	139	(14)
Issues in Prediction	139	(2)
Outcome Measures	139	(1)
Predictive Factors	140	(1)
False Predictions	141	(1)
Types of Prediction	141	(5)
Clinical Prediction	141	(2)
Actuarial Prediction	143	(3)
Criminal Career Research	146	(4)
Case Studies	147	(1)
Studies of Specialization	147	(1)
Patterns of Offending	147	(1)
Summary	149	(1)
Implications for Crime Prevention	150	(3)
Chapter 10 Situational Crime Prevention	153	(16)
The Growth of Situational Prevention	153	(9)
The Theoretical Basis	154	(2)
The Process of Situational Prevention	156	(1)
Clarke's Initial Situational Typology	156	(2)
An Expanded Typology	158	(3)
Unresolved Issues	161	(1)
Situational Prevention Studies	162	(5)
Studies of Transit System Fare Avoidance	162	(1)
Vandalism of Public Transport	163	(1)
Motor Vehicle Theft	164	(1)
Other Theft Offenses	165	(1)
An Overview of the Results	166	(1)
Summary	167	(2)
Chapter 11 Community Policing	169	(14)
What is Community Policing?	169	(5)
Precursors to Community Policing	170	(1)
Community Policing	171	(3)
Problem Identification	174	(3)
"SARA"	174	(1)
Hot Spots Research	175	(2)
Community Policing Programs	177	(5)
Example Programs	178	(3)
Problems and Concerns	181	(1)
Summary	182	(1)
Chapter 12 Drugs, Crime, and Crime Prevention	183	(20)
The Scope of Drug Use	184	(5)
Self-Reported Drug Use	184	(3)
Drug Use Among Offending Populations	187	(2)
Summary	189	(1)
The Drugs-Crime Connection	189	(4)
Interventions and Prevention	193	(8)
Law Enforcement Efforts	193	(1)
Treatment of Drug Users	194	(4)
Prevention Programs	198	(3)
Drugs and Crime Prevention	201	(2)
Chapter 13 The School and Crime Prevention	203	(18)
Historical and Theoretical Views	204	(1)
Educational Factors and Delinquency	205	(5)
IQ and Delinquency	206	(1)
The Larger Societal Makeup	207	(1)
School Practices Leading to Delinquency	207	(2)
Victimization and Fear in School	209	(1)
Summary	210	(1)
School Programs for Deliquency Prevention	210	(9)
Preschool Programs	211	(2)
Elementary and High School Programs	213	(3)
Alternative Schools	216	(1)
Academic, Vocational, and Employment Programs	217	(2)
The Future of School/Educational Programs in Crime Prevention	219	(2)
Section III Tertary Prevention	221	(54)
Chapter 14 Specific Deterrence and Incapacitation	223	(16)
The Specific Deterrent Effect of Criminal Sanctions	224	(6)
Studies of Imprisonment	224	(3)
Alternative Studies of Specific Deterrence	227	(2)
Summary	229	(1)
Incapacitation	230	(6)
Assumptions	230	(1)
Collective Incapacitation	231	(2)
The Costs of Collective Incapacitation	233	(1)
Selective Incapacitation	234	(2)
Future Implications	236	(3)
Chapter 15 Electronic Monitoring and Home Confinement	239	(16)
The Growth of Home Confinement	239	(4)
The Beginnings of Electronic Monitoring	240	(1)
EMS Systems	241	(1)
Expectations for EMS	242	(1)
EMS Programs and Evaluation	243	(6)
The Use of EMS	243	(1)
Eligibility Criteria	244	(1)
Offender Success on EMS	245	(2)
EMS and Institutional Overcrowding	247	(1)
Costs of Electronic Monitoring	248	(1)
Other Client Effects	249	(1)
Problems and Concerns	249	(4)
Operational Problems	249	(1)
Net-Widening	250	(1)
Legal Considerations	251	(1)
Other Concerns	252	(1)
The Future of Electronic Monitoring	253	(2)
Chapter 16 Rehabilitation	255	(14)
The "What Works?" Argument	255	(5)
Subsequent Analyses	256	(2)
Alternative Outcome Measures	258	(1)
Levels of Evaluation	259	(1)
Summary	260	(1)
Evaluations of Recent Rehabilitation Programs	260	(6)
Intensive Supervision	260	(2)
Restitution	262	(2)
Boot Camps	264	(2)
Privatization in Corrections	266	(2)
Assessing Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention	268	(1)
Chapter 17 The State of the Art and the Future	269	(6)
A Brief Review of the Evidence	269	(3)
Primary Prevention	269	(2)
Secondary Prevention	271	(1)
Tertiary Prevention	272	(1)
The Future of Crime Prevention	272	(3)
References	275	(44)
Subject Index	319	(6)
Name Index	325