Crimes of War : What the Public Should Know

by GUTMAN ROY (ED)

• ISBN13: 9780393047462
• ISBN10: 0393047466
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: W W Norton & Co Inc

Summary

We see and read about brutal and seemingly senseless warfare in the news every day --Rwanda, Bosnia, Chechnya, to name a few. This A-to-Z guidebook reveals --through case studies, definitions of key terms, and explanations of what's legal and what's not --what the public needs to know about war and the law. Laws of war exist. They define and categorize those acts of signal cruelty and murder that are universally known as war crimes. The laws of war have never been more developed, yet never before have so many innocent civilians been the victims of war crimes. It is clear that the laws are not being adhered to, nor have these laws been brought to light for the public or the journalists reporting on conflicts. Crimes of War is a timely and important book, especially in light of the recent creation of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal to try war criminals in Rwanda and Bosnia and the development of a permanent International Criminal Court. Authors Sidney Schanberg and Peter Maass, reporters Tom Gjelton from NPR and Roger Cohen from the New York Times, and photojournalists Gilles Peress and Susan Meiselas, along with many other award-winning writers and photographers, have contributed to this powerful book. The 145 entries define terms from Armistice to Wanton Destruction as well as give case studies of recent and ongoing conflicts.

Table of Contents

Preface	8	(6)
Roy Gutman
David Rieff
Foreword	14	(4)
Richard Goldstone
International Humanitarian Law: An Overview	18	(6)
Lawrence Weschler
A
Act of War	24	(1)
David Turns
Aggression	25	(1)
Steven R. Ratner
Apartheid	26	(2)
Steven R. Ratner
Arab-Israeli War	28	(10)
Benny Morris
Israel's Views of the Application of IHL to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip	38	(1)
Kenneth Anderson
Armistice	39	(3)
Howard S. Levie
B
Belligerent Status	42	(1)
Ewen Allison
Robert K. Goldman
Biological Experiments [see also Medical Experiments on POWs]	43	(3)
Sheldon H. Harris
Biological Weapons	46	(2)
Terence Taylor
Blockade as Act of War	48	(2)
Christopher Greenwood
Bosnia	50	(8)
Florence Hartmann
Bullets [see Weapons]
C
Cambodia	58	(8)
Sydney Schanberg
Carpet or Area Bombing	66	(2)
Horst Fischer
Cease-fire [see Armistice]
Chechnya	68	(6)
Barry Renfrew
Chemical Weapons [see also Poisonous Weapons]	74	(2)
Peter Pringle
Child Soldiers	76	(2)
Anna Cataldi
Children as Killers	78	(2)
Corinne Dufka
Civil Defense	80	(1)
Heike Spieker
Civil Patrols	81	(1)
Ewen Allison
Robert K. Goldman
Civil War [see also Belligerent Status]	82	(2)
A. P. V. Rogers
Civilian Immunity	84	(1)
Heike Spieker
Civilians, Illegal Targeting of	85	(3)
Joel Greenberg
Cluster Bombs [see Weapons]
Collateral Damage	88	(1)
Horst Fischer
Collective Punishment	89	(3)
Daoud Kuttab
Colombia	92	(5)
Douglas Farah
Combatant Status [see also Soldiers, Rights of]	97	(1)
A. P. V. Rogers
Command Responsibility	98	(2)
Nomi Bar-Yaacov
Common Article 3 [see International vs. Internal Armed Conflict]
Compelling Military Service	100	(2)
Patrick J. Sloyan
Concentration Camps	102	(5)
Ed Vulliamy
Crimes against Humanity	107	(2)
M. Cherif Bassiouni
Crimes against Peace	109	(1)
Steven R. Ratner
Cultural Property and Historical Monuments	110	(3)
Peter Maass
Customary Law	113	(3)
Theodor Meron
D
Dangerous Forces: Dams, Dikes, and Nuclear Stations	116	(2)
Erich Rathfelder
Dead and Wounded	118	(3)
H. Wayne Elliott
Death Squads	121	(2)
Jean-Marie Simon
Deportation	123	(2)
Roy Gutman
Detention [see Concentration Camps and Unlawful Confinement]
Disappearances [see also Death Squads]	125	(2)
Corinne Dufka
Distinction, Principle of [see also Death Squads]
Due Process	127	(3)
Gideon Levy
Due Process Rights
E	130	(254)
Enforced Prostitution [see Sexual Violence: Forced Prostitution and Enslavement]
Environmental Warfare	132	(2)
Mark Perry
Ed Miles
Kuwaiti Oil Wells	134	(2)
Robert Block
Ethnic Cleansing	136	(3)
Roger Cohen
Evacuation of Civilians from the Battlefield	139	(3)
H. Wayne Elliott
Executions, Extrajudicial	142	(3)
Don Oberdorfer
The Camera as Witness	145	(3)
Alex Levac
Extermination of Civilian Population [see Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide]
F
Food Convoys [see Humanitarian Aid, Blocking of]
Forced Labor	148	(3)
John Ryle
Free Fire Zones	151	(2)
Lewis M. Simons
G
Gases [see Chemical Weapons and Poisonous Weapons]
Genocide	153	(5)
Diane F. Orentlicher
Grave Breaches [see War Crimes, Categories of]
Gray Areas in International Humanitarian Law	158	(1)
Ewen Allison
Robert K. Goldman
Guerrillas	159	(3)
Jon Lee Anderson
Gulf War	162	(8)
Frank Smyth
H
Health Care System	170	(2)
Eric Stover
Hors de Combat	172	(2)
Kurt Schork
Hospitals	174	(3)
Charles Lane
Hostages	177	(2)
Sean Maguire
Humanitarian Aid, Blocking of	179	(2)
David Rieff
Humanitarian Intervention	181	(5)
David Rieff
I
Identification [see also Dead and Wounded]	186	(2)
H. Wayne Elliott
Illegal or Prohibited Acts	188	(1)
Ewen Allison
Robert K. Goldman
Immunity from Attack	189	(2)
Emma Daly
Imprisonment of Civilian Population
Ewen Allison
Robert K. Goldman
Incendiary Weapons [see Weapons]	191	(1)
Incitement to Genocide	192	(3)
Colette Braeckman
Indiscriminate Attack	195	(3)
Roy Gutman
Daoud Kuttab
Types of Indiscriminate Attack	198	(1)
Internal Displacement	199	(3)
Maud S. Beelman
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)	202	(3)
Michael Ignatieff
International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission	205	(1)
Frits Kalshoven
International vs. Internal Armed Conflict	206	(1)
Steven R. Ratner
Common Article 3	207	(1)
Iran-Iraq War	208	(8)
Jonathan C. Randal
Irregulars	216	(2)
Ewen Allison
Robert K. Goldman
J
Journalists, Protection of	218	(2)
William A. Orme, Jr.
Journalists in Peril	220	(2)
Frank Smyth
Judicial Proceedings [see Due Process]
Jurisdiction, Universal	222	(1)
Francoise Hampson
Jus ad Bellum/Jus in Bello	223	(1)
Karma Nabulsi
Just and Unjust War	224	(2)
Karma Nabulsi
L
Labor Camps [see Concentration Camps and Forced Labor]
Legitimate Military Targets	226	(3)
Gaby Rado
Levee en Masse	229	(1)
Karma Nabulsi
Liberia	230	(6)
Mark Huband
Limited War	236	(2)
Peter Rowe
M
Mass Graves	238	(3)
Elizabeth Neuffer
Medical Experiments on POWs	241	(2)
Sheldon H. Harris
Medical Transports	243	(1)
Michael Ignatieff
Medical Personnel	244	(1)
Eric Stover
Medico-Legal Investigations of War Crimes	245	(3)
David Rohde
Mercenaries	248	(3)
Elizabeth Rubin
Military Necessity	251	(2)
Francoise Hampson
Military Objectives	253	(3)
Hamilton DeSaussure
Mines	256	(2)
John Ryle
Murder of Civilians [see Willful Killing]
N
NATO and the Geneva Conventions	258	(2)
Roy Gutman
Nuclear Weapons	260	(3)
Burrus M. Carnahan
O
Occupation of Territory	263	(3)
Caryle Murphy
P
Paramilitaries	266	(3)
Christiane Amanpour
Parlementaires	269	(1)
Ewen Allison
Partisans [see Civil Patrols]
Perfidy and Treachery	270	(2)
David Rohde
Persecutions on Political, Racial, or Religious Grounds	272	(4)
William Shawcross
Pillage	276	(3)
Thomas Goltz
Poisonous Weapons	279	(3)
Gwynne Roberts
Prisoner of War Camps	282	(4)
H. Wayne Elliott
Prisoners of War, Non-repatriation of	286	(2)
Mark Huband
Property: Civilian, Destruction of	288	(4)
Amira Hass
Property: Wanton Destruction	292	(2)
Victoria Brittain
Proportionality, Principle of	294	(1)
Horst Fischer
Protected Persons	295	(3)
Heike Spieker
Q
Quarter, Giving No	298	(3)
John Burns
R
Rape [see Sexual Violence]
Red Cross/Red Crescent Emblem	301	(3)
Christian Jennings
Refoulement	304	(2)
David Rieff
Refugees, Rights of	306	(3)
David Rieff
Reprisal	309	(1)
Frits Kalshoven
Reprisal Killings	310	(2)
Kenneth Anderson
Resistance Fighters [see Guerrillas]
Rwanda---The Genocide	312	(4)
Mark Huband
Rwanda---Refugees and Genocidaires	316	(4)
Lindsey Hilsum
S
Safety Zones	320	(1)
Adam Roberts
Sanctions	321	(2)
Tom Gjelten
Sexual Violence	323	(4)
Thom Shanker
Sexual Violence: Systematic Rape	327	(1)
Alexandra Stiglmayer
Sexual Violence: Enslavement and Forced Prostitution	328	(2)
George Rodrigue
Shields	330	(4)
Robert Block
Sick and Wounded	334	(2)
Eric Stover
Siege	336	(3)
Tom Gjelten
Slavery	339	(3)
Pierre Richard
Soldiers, Rights of	342	(2)
Peter Rowe
Starvation	344	(4)
Marita Vihervuori
T
Terrorism	348	(3)
Rich Mkhondo
Terrorism against Civilians	351	(1)
Serge Schmemann
Torture	352	(3)
Nicole Pope
Total War	355	(1)
Peter Rowe
Training in International Humanitarian Law	356	(1)
Michael H. Hoffman
Transfer of Civilians	357	(3)
Thomas Goltz
Treachery [see Perfidy and Treachery]
Truce [see Armistice]
U
Undefended Towns	360	(1)
Adam Roberts
United Nations and the Geneva Conventions	361	(4)
Roy Gutman
Unlawful Confinement	365	(4)
Ed Vulliamy
V
Victims, Rights of	369	(3)
Lindsey Hilsum
W
Wanton Destruction	372	(2)
Jeremy Bowen
War Crimes, Categories of	374	(3)
Steven R. Ratner
Water Supplies and Works, Destruction of	377	(2)
Emma Daly
Weapons	379	(2)
Burrus Carnachar
Willful Killing	381	(2)
Peter Maass
Willfulness	383	(1)
A. P. V. Rogers
Afterword	384	(2)
Kenneth Anderson
Note on the Law and Legal Terms	386	(1)
Alan Dorsey
Major International Humanitarian Law	386	(2)
Some Titles for Further Reading	388	(1)
Selected Legal Resources On-Line	388	(1)
Contributors	389	(9)
Acknowledgements	398
Roy Gutman