Criminal Investigation : An Analytical Perspective

by Brandl, Steven G.

• ISBN13: 9780205359479
• ISBN10: 0205359477
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

";Several recent studies show that police chiefs think that new recruits who come out of college programs do not have the critical thinking skills that they reasonably should have as a result of their college experience. College students should be able to think, and think critically, about important issues and problems in criminal justice and, in particular, criminal investigation. Police work and criminal investigations are more complicated now than ever. The work requires that individuals have a solid understanding of what it is that they are expected to do, and the problems and pitfalls with this work. In particular, individuals who enter police work should have a critical understanding of evidence, the strengths and weaknesses of different forms of evidence, and how different types of evidence can be used to establish proof. This knowledge represents a necessary foundation for the study of criminal evidence and investigation, and they can get this knowledge from my book."; -Steven G. Brandl

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Acknowledgments	xii
CHAPTER 1 THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIME	1	(27)
Objectives	1	(1)
Important Terms	1	(1)
Introduction	2	(2)
Criminal Investigation and Evidence Defined	4	(2)
Types of Criminal Investigations	6	(1)
Information Theory and the Criminal Investigation Process	7	(1)
The Role of Chance, Accident, and Discovery in Criminal Investigations	7	(2)
The Role of Logic, Analysis, and Inference in Criminal Investigations	9	(2)
Criminal Investigation in the Context of the Criminal Justice System	11	(6)
Levels of Investigation	17	(9)
Questions for Discussion and Review	26	(1)
Related Internet Sites	27	(1)
Answers to Logic Problems	27	(1)
CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORY OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION	28	(22)
Objectives	28	(1)
Important Terms	29	(1)
Introduction	29	(3)
The Importance of History in Understanding the Present and the Future	32	(1)
The Evolution of the Investigative Task: English Developments	33	(2)
The Evolution of the Investigative Task: American Developments	35	(13)
Questions for Discussion and Review	48	(1)
Related Internet Sites	49	(1)
CHAPTER 3 THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS	50	(31)
Objectives	50	(1)
Important Terms	51	(1)
Introduction	51	(3)
Forms of Police Action	54	(1)
Stages of the Reactive Criminal Investigation Process	55	(6)
Other Reactive Investigative Strategies	61	(1)
Outcomes of Reactive Investigations	62	(9)
Undercover Investigations	71	(4)
Outcomes of Undercover Investigations	75	(1)
Other Proactive Police Strategies	76	(3)
Questions for Discussion and Review	79	(1)
Related Internet Sites	80	(1)
CHAPTER 4 THE ROLE OF EVIDENCE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS	81	(25)
Objectives	81	(1)
Important Terms	82	(1)
Introduction	82	(10)
The Meaning of Criminal Evidence	92	(1)
Standards of Proof	92	(1)
The Meaning and Nature of Probable Cause	93	(3)
Types of Evidence	96	(6)
The Functions of Evidence	102	(2)
Questions for Discussion and Review	104	(1)
Related Internet Sites	105	(1)
CHAPTER 5 THE LAW AND CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION	106	(32)
Objectives	106	(1)
Important Terms	107	(1)
Important U.S. Supreme Court Cases	107	(1)
Introduction	107	(4)
Basic Legal Terminology	111	(3)
The Rules and Admissibility of Evidence	114	(2)
Constitutional Constraints on the Collection of Evidence	116	(20)
Questions for Discussion and Review	136	(1)
Related Internet Sites	137	(1)
CHAPTER 6 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE	138	(47)
Objectives	138	(1)
Important Terms	139	(1)
Introduction	139	(6)
The Role of Physical Evidence in the Criminal Investigative Process	145	(4)
The Role of Physical Evidence in the Criminal Justice Process	149	(1)
The Crime Scene and Associated Procedures	149	(9)
Types of Physical Evidence	158	(16)
DNA Analysis and Its Impact on the Usefulness of Physical Evidence	174	(8)
The Role of Crime Laboratories in Criminal Investigations	182	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	183	(1)
Related Internet Sites	184	(1)
CHAPTER 7 INTERVIEWS	185	(40)
Objectives	185	(1)
Important Terms	186	(1)
Introduction	186	(14)
Interviews Defined	200	(1)
Types of Witnesses	201	(1)
Types of Information Obtained from Witnesses	201	(1)
Methods of Eyewitness Identification	202	(6)
Value of Eyewitness Identifications in Establishing Proof	208	(1)
The Memory Process and the Identification Task	208	(1)
Why Is Eyewitness Identification Evidence Often Inaccurate?	209	(2)
Guidelines for the Collection of Eyewitness Evidence	211	(5)
Investigative Tools in Interviewing	216	(7)
Questions for Discussion and Review	223	(1)
Related Internet Sites	224	(1)
CHAPTER 8 INTERROGATIONS	225	(40)
Objectives	225	(1)
Important Terms	226	(1)
Introduction	226	(9)
Interrogations Defined	235	(1)
The Psychology of Persuasion	236	(1)
The Role of Police Deception in Interrogations	237	(4)
The Ingredients of a Successful Interrogation	241	(5)
Steps in the Interrogation of Suspects	246	(3)
The Issue of False Confessions	249	(2)
Investigative Tools in Recognizing Deception	251	(11)
Questions for Discussion and Review	262	(2)
Related Internet Sites	264	(1)
CHAPTER 9 BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE	265	(25)
Objectives	265	(1)
Important Terms	266	(1)
Introduction	266	(3)
Psychological Profiling	269	(10)
Geographical Profiling	279	(2)
Psycholinguistics	281	(7)
Questions for Discussion and Review	288	(1)
Related Internet Sites	289	(1)
CHAPTER 10 OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION	290	(25)
Objectives	290	(1)
Important Terms	290	(1)
Introduction	291	(6)
The Role of the Public and Media in Criminal Investigations	297	(6)
Crime Analysis and Mapping	303	(4)
Computer Databases and Information Networks	307	(4)
Psychics	311	(2)
Questions for Discussion and Review	313	(1)
Related Internet Sites	314	(1)
CHAPTER 11 ISSUES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF VIOLENT CRIME	315	(35)
Objectives	315	(1)
Important Terms	316	(1)
Introduction	316	(6)
Homicide and Battery	322	(11)
Forcible Rape and Other Sexual Assaults	333	(8)
Robbery	341	(6)
Questions for Discussion and Review	347	(2)
Related Internet Sites	349	(1)
CHAPTER 12 ISSUES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF PROPERTY CRIME	350	(33)
Objectives	350	(1)
Important Terms	350	(1)
Introduction	351	(6)
Burglary	357	(8)
Vehicle Theft	365	(5)
Arson	370	(6)
Larceny and Fraud	376	(5)
Questions for Discussion and Review	381	(1)
Related Internet Sites	382	(1)
CHAPTER 13 THE DOCUMENTATION AND PRESENTATION OF EVIDENCE	383	(22)
Objectives	383	(1)
Important Terms	383	(1)
Introduction	384	(4)
The Adversarial Process	388	(2)
Reasons for Errors in Justice Outcomes	390	(6)
The Role of Investigative Reports	396	(1)
The Role of Testimony in Court	397	(4)
The Role of the Jury	401	(2)
Questions for Discussion and Review	403	(1)
Related Internet Sites	404	(1)
CHAPTER 14 THE FUTURE OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION	405	(23)
Objectives	405	(1)
Important Terms	405	(1)
Introduction	406	(6)
History as a Guide to the Future of Policing	412	(1)
The History of Policing	413	(3)
The Future of Policing	416	(6)
Technology and the Future of Crime Detection and Criminal Investigation	422	(3)
The Implications of Technology on Crime Detection and Criminal Investigation	425	(1)
Questions for Discussion and Review	426	(1)
Related Internet Sites	427	(1)
Court Cases Cited	428	(2)
References	430	(13)
Index	443