Criminal Justice The Essentials

by Lab, Steven P.; Williams, Marian R.; Holcomb, Jefferson E.; Burek, Melissa W.; King, William R.; Buerger, Michael E.

• ISBN13: 9780195332490
• ISBN10: 0195332490
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-08-09
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Criminal Justice: The Essentials is an innovative alternative to large, overwhelming texts that attempt to cover every conceivable issue, a goal that cannot realistically be accomplished in a single academic term. Ideal for introductory courses in criminal justice, this volume covers all the fundamental issues faced by law enforcement, the courts, corrections, and juvenile justice, but leaves detailed specifics and tangential topics to the discretion of instructors to cover in class. This approach provides instructors with a great deal of flexibility in orienting their courses, as they can use whatever supplementary materials they feel are most suitable. Each chapter covers the background, current issues and problems, and operational challenges of the subject area. All important materials are incorporated into the normal flow of the text, with abundant examples, but a minimum of sidebars and "highlights." Therefore, students are not forced to sift through encyclopedic amounts of material in order to determine what is the most significant, since only the essentials are presented. Timely data and current examples sustain student interest. The text is also supplemented by a Companion Website and an Instructor's Manual.

Author Biography

Steven P. Lab, Chair, Director, and Professor in Bowling Green State University's Department of Criminal Justice Marian R. Williams, Associate Professor in Bowling Green State University's Department of Criminal Justice Jefferson E. Holcomb, Assistant Professor in Bowling Green State University's Department of Criminal Justice Melissa W. Burek, Assistant Professor in Bowling Green State University's Department of Criminal Justice William R. King, Associate Professor in Bowling Green State University's Department of Criminal Justice Michael E. Buerger, Associate Professor in Bowling Green State University's Department of Criminal Justice

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Crime, Criminal Justice, and Policy	p. 1
Key Words	p. 1
What Is Crime?	p. 1
Measuring Crime	p. 3
Official Statistics	p. 4
Self-Report Statistics	p. 5
Victimization Studies	p. 6
Criminal Justice System Policy	p. 7
What Is Policy?	p. 8
Criminal Justice System Philosophy	p. 9
The Classical School	p. 10
The Positivist School	p. 10
Retribution	p. 11
Deterrence	p. 11
Rehabilitation	p. 13
Incapacitation	p. 13
A System of Checks and Balances	p. 14
Individual Liberty Versus Societal Civility	p. 14
Crime Control Versus Due Process	p. 15
Other Competing Ideologies	p. 15
A Loosely Coupled System	p. 16
The Four Cs of the Criminal Justice System (Citizens, Cops, Courts, and Corrections)	p. 17
Citizens	p. 17
Cops	p. 19
Courts	p. 20
Corrections	p. 20
Recent Trends in Criminal Justice	p. 21
Conclusion	p. 24
Issues of Law	p. 27
Key Words	p. 27
History of Law in the United States	p. 28
Sources of Law in the United States	p. 29
Constitutions	p. 29
Legislative	p. 30
Executive	p. 30
Judicial	p. 30
Substantive Law	p. 31
Types of Crimes	p. 34
Crimes Against the Person	p. 34
Crimes Against Property	p. 34
Crimes Against Public Order	p. 37
Drug Offenses	p. 38
White-Collar Offenses	p. 38
Defenses to Criminal Liability	p. 40
Justification	p. 40
Mental Capacity	p. 41
Recent Trends in Substantive Criminal Law	p. 43
Fetal Protection Legislation	p. 43
Cybercrime	p. 44
Procedural Law	p. 45
U.S. Constitution	p. 45
Incorporation	p. 52
Recent Trends in Procedural Criminal Law	p. 54
Conclusion	p. 55
Policing and Law Enforcement	p. 57
Key Words	p. 57
Law Enforcement	p. 59
Order Maintenance	p. 60
Service	p. 61
Structure	p. 62
Local	p. 62
Sheriff	p. 62
County Police	p. 63
Constables	p. 63
Special Police	p. 63
State	p. 64
Federal	p. 64
Tribal	p. 66
Private Police	p. 67
Organization	p. 68
Sworn Versus Civilian	p. 68
Specialization	p. 68
Geography	p. 69
Time	p. 70
Police Work and Career Paths	p. 71
The Hiring Process	p. 72
Field Training	p. 73
Promotion	p. 73
Historical Background	p. 75
The American Experience	p. 79
Political Era	p. 79
Professional Era	p. 80
Community Policing Era	p. 81
Enduring Elements and Issues	p. 87
Police Subculture	p. 87
Police Corruption	p. 88
Harassment	p. 89
Improper Use of Force and Police Brutality	p. 90
The Blue Wall of Silence	p. 92
Policing the Police	p. 92
Special Constituencies	p. 93
Future Issues	p. 94
Conclusion	p. 96
The Court System	p. 97
Key Words	p. 97
Basic Tenets of the Court System	p. 98
History of the Courts	p. 100
History of Federal Courts	p. 101
History of State Courts	p. 106
Actors in the Court System	p. 110
Judges	p. 110
Prosecutors	p. 114
Defense Attorneys	p. 115
Other Court Actors	p. 118
Movement of Cases Through the Court System	p. 119
Initial Stages to Formal Charging	p. 119
Trial	p. 126
Sentencing	p. 127
Appeals	p. 131
Trends in the Court System	p. 132
Specialized Courts	p. 132
Increased Victim Involvement	p. 134
Conclusion	p. 135
Institutional Corrections	p. 137
Key Words	p. 137
History of Punishment	p. 138
Eras of Punishment	p. 139
The Era of the Penitentiary	p. 139
The Era of Reform	p. 140
The Era of Industry	p. 141
The Era of Rehabilitation	p. 142
The Era of Retribution	p. 144
Size and Costs of Imprisonment	p. 144
Jails	p. 147
Modern Prisons	p. 149
Prison Types	p. 149
Custody and Security Within Institutions	p. 153
Prison Violence and Prison Discipline	p. 154
Prison Life	p. 155
Special Offender Populations	p. 157
Inmates and HIV/AIDS	p. 157
Inmates and Substance Use	p. 159
Aging and Elderly Inmates	p. 160
Inmates and Mental Illness	p. 161
Problems, Rights, and Implications in Modern Prisons	p. 163
Inmate Rights	p. 164
Crowding	p. 165
Violence	p. 166
Inmate Subcultures	p. 167
Solutions	p. 168
Future Directions for Institutional Corrections	p. 169
Conclusion	p. 171
Community Corrections	p. 173
Key Words	p. 173
History of Community Corrections	p. 174
Contemporary Community Corrections	p. 178
Community Supervision	p. 184
Offender Responsibilities	p. 184
Officer Responsibilities	p. 185
Supervision Violations	p. 186
Probation and Intermediate Sanctions	p. 187
Probation	p. 187
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 189
The Effectiveness of Probation and Intermediate Sanctions	p. 199
Postrelease Supervision and Reintegration	p. 202
Types of Release	p. 202
Prisoner Reentry and Reintegration	p. 203
Conclusion	p. 206
The Juvenile Justice System	p. 209
Key Words	p. 209
The Development of Juvenile Justice	p. 210
The Growth of Juvenile Institutions	p. 211
The Juvenile Court	p. 212
The Philosophy of the System	p. 213
Defining Delinquency	p. 215
Measuring Delinquency	p. 219
Official Arrest Records	p. 219
Self-Report Measures	p. 220
The Juvenile Court Process	p. 221
Detention	p. 222
The Intake Decision	p. 225
The Transfer (or Waiver) Decision	p. 226
Adjudication	p. 229
Disposition	p. 230
Due Process for Juveniles	p. 231
Institutional Corrections	p. 235
Institutional and Residential Interventions	p. 236
Alternative Residential Interventions	p. 238
Deinstitutionalization	p. 240
Community Interventions	p. 241
Probation	p. 241
Aftercare	p. 242
Issues in Supervision	p. 242
Special Topics	p. 244
Gangs	p. 244
Restorative Justice	p. 247
Capital Punishment and Juveniles	p. 248
Calls to Eliminate the Juvenile System	p. 249
Conclusion	p. 250
Glossary	p. 251
References	p. 283
Index	p. 297
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