Criminal Justice (with InfoTrac)

by Samaha, Joel

• ISBN13: 9780534645571
• ISBN10: 0534645577
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-17
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Samaha's CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Seventh Edition has retained its role as a leader in the introduction to criminal justice market. It offers a unique decision-making approach that engages students and promotes critical thinking while providing a thorough and engaging introduction to the field. This edition retains and enhances these strengths with such features as "Fact or Fiction?"-a new feature that gets students thinking about the major topics at the beginning of each chapter, "Make Your Decision"-a new multi-page section that concludes each chapter, and "Criminal Justice and Technology" -a new feature that highlights the impact of rapidly changing technology on the system. The new format includes a rich variety of full-color illustrations and photos that add to the engaging writing to hold students' interest. Also, the book features up-to-the-minute coverage of the hottest topics in the field, including the impact of world terrorism and rapidly changing technologies. This manageable 15-chapter text now includes separate chapters on the explanations of criminal behavior (Chapter 3), on trial and guilty pleas (Chapter 10) and on juvenile justice (Chapter 15).

Table of Contents

PART 1 Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice in the United States	2	(32)
Crime Control in a Constitutional Democracy	5	(2)
CJ & Technology: Government Thermal Imaging of Your Home: An Invasion of Privacy?	7	(1)
Criminal Justice Decision Making	8	(7)
The Criminal Justice Structure	8	(1)
The Criminal Justice Process	9	(1)
Producers and Products	9	(1)
Interdependent Decision Making	10	(1)
Formal and Informal Decision Making	10	(2)
Formal Decision Making	12	(1)
Informal (Discretionary) Decision Making	13	(1)
The Complexity of Decision Making	13	(1)
Legitimate versus Discriminatory Decision Making	14	(1)
In Focus: Crime and Punishment in New Haven: A Gender Gap?	15	(1)
Criminal Justice Models	16	(6)
The Wedding Cake Model	16	(2)
The Funnel Model	18	(1)
The Crime Control and Due Process Models	19	(1)
The Crime Control Model	19	(2)
The Due Process Model	21	(1)
The History of Crime Control and Due Process	22	(5)
The Early History of Criminal Justice	24	(1)
Colonial America	25	(1)
Revolution and the Early Republic	25	(1)
Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration	26	(1)
The Due Process Revolution	26	(1)
The Return to Crime Control	26	(1)
Research and Criminal Justice	27	(1)
Make Your Decision: Is There a Wartime Exception to the Bill of Rights?	28	(4)
Facts	28	(1)
Majority Opinion	29	(1)
Dissenting Opinion	30	(2)
Chapter Summary	32	(1)
Key Terms	32	(1)
Web Resources	32	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	33	(1)
Crime, Criminals, and Victims	34	(34)
The Types of Crime	36	(7)
Crimes against the State	38	(1)
Old Crimes against the State: Treason, Sedition, Sabotage, and Espionage	38	(1)
Antiterrorist Crimes	39	(1)
White-Collar Crimes	40	(1)
Recent Cases	41	(2)
CJ & Technology: Hot Off the Wireless	43	(2)
Definitions	43	(1)
Hate Crimes	44	(1)
Measuring Crime	45	(6)
Official Police Reports	45	(1)
Crime Index (Part I) Offenses	45	(1)
Part II Offenses	45	(1)
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)	45	(3)
Victim Surveys	48	(1)
Self-Reports	49	(2)
Trends in Crime	51	(2)
Criminals	53	(5)
Female Criminals	53	(2)
White and Black Criminals	55	(2)
The Relationship between Criminals and Victims	57	(1)
Crime Victims	58	(4)
The Types of Victim	59	(1)
Victim Protection and Assistance	60	(2)
Make Your Decision: Can We Identify Career Criminals before Their Careers Start?	62	(4)
Does the Evidence Support the Need for a Career Criminal Policy?	62	(1)
Are Super Predators Born That Way?	62	(2)
Do We Know the Path to Becoming a Super Predator?	64	(2)
Chapter Summary	66	(1)
Key Terms	66	(1)
Web Resources	67	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	67	(1)
Explanations of Criminal Behavior	68	(38)
Classical Theories	72	(6)
The Rational Choice Theory	72	(2)
Motivation	74	(1)
Risk	75	(2)
Policy Implications	77	(1)
The Routine Activities Theory	77	(1)
Elements	77	(1)
In Focus: Rational Choice Theory: A Sound Basis for Policy?	78	(2)
Policy Implications	79	(1)
The Seductions of Crime Theory	79	(1)
Biological Theories	80	(6)
Genetics	81	(1)
Biological Markers of Violent Behavior	82	(1)
Hormones and Male Violence	82	(1)
Hormones and Female Violence	82	(1)
Neurotransmitters	83	(1)
Brain Abnormalities and Dysfunctions	83	(1)
Diet	84	(1)
Criminal Justice Policy Implications	85	(1)
Psychological Theories	86	(2)
Low Intelligence	86	(1)
Personality	87	(1)
Sociological Theories	88	(7)
Social Structure Theories	88	(1)
The Strain Theory	88	(2)
Strain and Illegitimate Opportunity Theory	90	(1)
Social Process Theories	90	(1)
Social Learning Theories	90	(1)
The Social Control Theory	91	(1)
The Labeling Theory	91	(1)
Developmental Theories	92	(1)
Early Childhood Theories	92	(1)
The Life-Course Theory	93	(1)
Desistance Theories and the Life Course	93	(2)
Criminal Law Theories	95	(5)
The Consensus Theory	96	(2)
The Conflict Theory	98	(1)
The Radical Theory	98	(2)
Make Your Decision: Do Broken Windows Cause Serious Crime?	100	(4)
Do Broken Windows Lead to Serious Crime?	100	(4)
Chapter Summary	104	(1)
Key Terms	104	(1)
Web Resources	105	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	105	(1)
Criminal Justice and the Law	106	(30)
Criminal Law	109	(6)
Constitutional Limits on Criminal Law	109	(2)
The Elements of Crime	111	(1)
The Criminal Act	111	(1)
The Criminal Intent	112	(1)
The Concurrence of Act and Intent	113	(1)
Causing a Criminal Harm	113	(1)
The Defenses to Crime	114	(1)
The Defenses of Justification	114	(1)
In Focus: Should Evidence of Rape Victims' Sexual Activities Be Off Limits in Rape Trials?	115	(4)
The Defenses of Excuse	116	(3)
In Focus: Was He Too Drunk to Be Guilty of Murder?	119	(4)
Classifying and Grading Crimes	122	(1)
Felony, Misdemeanor, and Violation	122	(1)
In Focus: Are Some Crimes Inherently Evil?	123	(1)
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita	123	(1)
Crimes and Torts	124	(1)
The Law of Criminal Procedure	124	(1)
CJ & Technology: Privacy and Terrorism: The Naked Crowd	125	(5)
Due Process of Law	125	(3)
The Equal Protection of the Law	128	(2)
Make Your Decision: Are Battered Women Justified in Killing Their Batterers?	130	(4)
Judy Ann Norman	130	(2)
Pros and Cons of a Battered Woman's Self-Defense	132	(2)
Chapter Summary	134	(1)
Key Terms	134	(1)
Web Resources	134	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	135	(1)
PART 2 The Police
Missions and Roles of the Police	136	(48)
The History of Police and Policing	138	(9)
The Constable/Night Watch System, 1066--1850	139	(1)
The Municipal Police Department Era, 1851--1920	139	(3)
The Reform Model Era, 1921--1960	142	(1)
The Turbulent 1960s	143	(1)
The Community Policing Era, 1970--	144	(1)
The History of Policewomen and Women Policing	144	(1)
Policewomen as Social Workers, 1900-1930	145	(1)
From Social Workers to Crime Fighters, 1931--Present	146	(1)
Police Structure and Organization	147	(3)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	148	(1)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)	148	(2)
CJ & Technology: The DEA ``Operation Web Tryp''	150	(8)
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)	150	(1)
Other Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	151	(1)
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)	151	(1)
State Law Enforcement Agencies	152	(1)
County Law Enforcement Agencies	153	(1)
Municipal Police Departments	153	(1)
Formal Police Structure	154	(1)
The Informal Police Decision-Making Process	154	(1)
Private (Nongovernment) Police and Policing	155	(1)
Business Nongovernment Police	155	(1)
Residential Community Nongovernment Police	156	(1)
The Private Security Business	157	(1)
Private Security Personnel	157	(1)
Police Missions	158	(1)
Criminal Law Enforcement	158	(1)
In Focus: Which Laws Should the Police Enforce?	159	(3)
Order Maintenance	159	(1)
Public Service	160	(1)
The Overlapping of Missions	160	(1)
Possible Shifts in Mission Priorities	161	(1)
Police Officers	162	(3)
Officer Selection, Training, and Promotion	162	(2)
The Police Academy	164	(1)
Field Training	164	(1)
In Focus: Does Field Training Make Better Cops?	165	(15)
Higher Education	166	(2)
The Police ``Working Personality''	168	(1)
How Police Look at the World	168	(1)
Police Stress	169	(2)
The Working Personality and Discretionary Decision Making	171	(1)
Adventure/Machismo	171	(1)
Safety	171	(1)
Competence	171	(1)
Morality	172	(1)
Solidarity	173	(2)
Law	175	(1)
Women and Minority Officers	176	(1)
Women Officers	176	(2)
Minority Officers	178	(2)
Make Your Decision: Are Business Improvement Districts Good Public Policy?	180	(3)
Business Improvement Districts (BID), New York City	180	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Privatization	181	(2)
Chapter Summary	183	(1)
Key Terms	183	(1)
Web Resources	183	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	183	(1)
Policing Strategies	184	(36)
Patrol: The ``Backbone'' of Policing	187	(3)
Mobilizing Patrol	187	(1)
Types of Preventive Patrol	188	(1)
Vehicle Patrol	188	(1)
Foot Patrol	189	(1)
In Focus: Is Preventive Patrol a Waste of Police Time and Taxpayers' Money?	190	(1)
Single-Officer Patrol	190	(1)
Criminal Investigation	191	(2)
Preliminary Investigation	192	(1)
Follow-Up Investigation	193	(1)
Proactive Policing	193	(3)
``Hot Spots'' Patrol	194	(1)
Crackdowns	194	(1)
Field Interrogation	195	(1)
Specific Crime Attack	195	(1)
Gun Violence	195	(1)
In Focus: Were the Field Interrogations Appropriate?	196	(3)
Drug Hot Spots	197	(1)
Domestic Violence	198	(1)
Community-Oriented (COP) and Problem-Oriented (POP) Policing	199	(5)
Community-Oriented Policing (COP)	200	(2)
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)	202	(1)
Evaluating Community- and Problem-Oriented Policing	203	(1)
In Focus: Problem-Oriented Policing in Chicago	204	(2)
Law Enforcement Technology	206	(4)
DNA	207	(3)
CJ & Technology: 3-D Mug Shot	210	(6)
Solving Crimes	212	(1)
Cost-Effectiveness	212	(1)
Compstat (Computerized Statistics)	213	(3)
Make Your Decision: Are the Streets ``Less Mean'' Because of Compstat?	216	(2)
Yes	216	(1)
We Need More Information	216	(2)
Chapter Summary	218	(1)
Key Terms	218	(1)
Web Resources	218	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	219	(1)
Police and the Law	220	(48)
Law Enforcement and the Constitution	223	(2)
Arrest	225	(1)
The Definition of Arrest	225	(1)
Probable Cause	225	(1)
Arrest Warrants	225	(1)
In Focus: Was There Probable Cause to Arrest?	226	(1)
Searches	226	(5)
The Definition of Search	227	(1)
The Meaning of Unreasonable Search	228	(1)
Searches of Homes	229	(1)
Searches at the Time of Arrest	229	(1)
Consent Searches	230	(1)
Stops and Frisks	230	(1)
In Focus: Do You Have to Identify Yourself to Police Officers?	231	(5)
``Knock and Announce'' Rule: U.S. v. Banks, 124 S. Ct. 521 (2003)	232	(1)
Car Search: Thornton v. U.S., 124 S. Ct. 2127 (2004)	233	(1)
Border Searches: U.S. v. Flores-Montano, 124 S.Ct. 1582 (2004)	234	(1)
Roadblock: Illinois v. Lidster, 124 S. Ct. 885 (2004)	235	(1)
Interrogation	236	(4)
Miranda v. Arizona	236	(1)
Delay in Giving Warnings: Missouri v. Seibert, 124 S.Ct. 2601 (2004)	237	(1)
Warnings to a 17-Year-Old: Yarborough v. Alvarado, 124 S.Ct. 2140 (2004)	237	(1)
Suspect Interrupts Warnings, Says He Knows His Rights: U.S. v. Patane, 124 S.Ct. 2620 (2004)	238	(1)
Incriminating Statements at Home before Warnings at Jail: Fellers v. U.S., 124 S. Ct. 1019 (2004)	238	(1)
The Ban on ``Compelled'' Self-Incrimination	239	(1)
In Focus: Do Officers Have to Mirandize Suspects When It Would Endanger an Officer or Someone Nearby?	240	(1)
Eyewitness Identification of Strangers	240	(4)
The Dangers of Mistaken Identifications	241	(1)
Lineups and Mistaken Identifications	242	(1)
The Makeup of Lineups	242	(1)
Administering Lineup Identification	243	(1)
Due Process and Lineup Misidentifications	243	(1)
Police Use of Force	244	(3)
The Types of Force	245	(1)
Knockdown Force	245	(1)
Deadly Force	246	(1)
CJ & Technology: Are Tasers Safe?	247	(5)
High-Speed Chases	248	(1)
The Use of Force and the Constitution	249	(2)
Race and Deadly Force	251	(1)
In Focus: Interrogating Terrorist Suspects: Does the Constitution Allow It?	252	(1)
Racial Profiling	252	(3)
``Driving While Black or Brown''	253	(2)
Profiling and the Constitution	255	(1)
Police Misconduct	255	(7)
Police Corruption	255	(1)
Remedies for Police Misconduct	256	(1)
Criminal Punishment	257	(1)
Civil Lawsuits	257	(1)
Internal Review	258	(1)
External Review	259	(1)
The Exclusionary Rule	260	(1)
Other Responses to Misconduct	261	(1)
Make Your Decision: Did Ethnicity Infect the Decision to Stop?	262	(4)
Facts	262	(1)
North Carolina's Brief	263	(1)
Villeda's Brief	264	(2)
Chapter Summary	266	(1)
Key Terms	266	(1)
Web Resources	266	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	267	(1)
PART 3 The Courts
Courts and Courtroom Work Groups	268	(26)
The Criminal Court Structure	270	(2)
Lower Courts	271	(1)
In Focus: Does Speed Trump Justice?	272	(3)
Felony Courts	274	(1)
Appellate Courts	274	(1)
The U.S. Supreme Court	274	(1)
Criminal Court Missions	275	(2)
The Due Process Mission	276	(1)
The Crime Control Mission	276	(1)
In Focus: Gun Courts: Breaking the Cycle?	277	(1)
The Social Justice Mission	277	(1)
The Organizational Mission	278	(1)
The Courtroom Work Group	278	(1)
In Focus: Drug Courts: A Good Idea for the Federal Justice System?	279	(6)
Judges	280	(2)
Prosecutors	282	(2)
Formal and Informal Missions	284	(1)
In Focus: Is Police-Prosecutor Cooperation Worth the Effort?	285	(5)
Structure and Management	286	(1)
Community Prosecution	286	(1)
Defense Counsel	287	(3)
Make Your Decision: How Can You Defend These People?	290	(3)
Confessions of a Criminal Lawyer	290	(2)
The Best Defense	292	(1)
Chapter Summary	293	(1)
Key Terms	293	(1)
Web Resources	293	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	293	(1)
Proceedings before Trial	294	(32)
The Decision to Charge	296	(5)
The Influences on the Decision to Charge	298	(1)
The Strength of the Case	298	(1)
Informal Influences	299	(2)
CJ & Technology: If You Can't Measure It, You Can't Manage It	301	(2)
Race, Gender, and the Decision to Charge	301	(1)
The Consequences of the Decision to Charge	302	(1)
The First Appearance	303	(6)
The Appointment of Defense Counsel	303	(2)
When the Right to Counsel ``Kicks In''	305	(1)
The Meaning of ``All Criminal Prosecutions''	306	(1)
The Right to ``Effective'' Counsel	307	(1)
The Standard of Indigence	308	(1)
The Reality of the Criminal Defense of the Poor	308	(1)
In Focus: Did His Lawyer Represent Him ``Effectively''?	309	(6)
Bail and Detention	310	(1)
The Money Bail System	311	(1)
Race and Gender Bias in Bail Decisions	312	(1)
Preventive Detention	312	(2)
Defendant Misconduct during Pretrial Release	314	(1)
Testing the Government's Case	315	(2)
The Preliminary Hearing	315	(1)
The Indictment	316	(1)
The Information	316	(1)
In Focus: Grand Jury: Sword against Terror and Corporate Crime or Shield against Government Power?	317	(1)
A Summary of the Tests	318	(1)
Arraignment and Pretrial Motions	318	(2)
Make Your Decision: Are Decisions to Charge in Sexual Assault Cases Infected by Race and Stereotypes of Women?	320	(4)
The Decision to Charge, Dade County (Miami), Florida	320	(4)
Chapter Summary	324	(1)
Key Terms	324	(1)
Web Resources	324	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	325	(1)
Conviction by Trial and Guilty Plea	326	(36)
Disposition by Trial	328	(8)
Juries	329	(1)
The Jury as a Political Institution	329	(1)
Jury Nullification	330	(1)
Jury Selection	331	(1)
12-Member Juries and Unanimous Verdicts	332	(1)
A Fair Trial	333	(1)
Proving Guilt ``Beyond a Reasonable Doubt''	333	(2)
Opening Statements	335	(1)
Calling and Examining Witnesses	335	(1)
CJ & Technology: The Remote Defendant	336	(2)
Admissible Evidence	337	(1)
Closing Arguments	338	(1)
Charging the Jury	338	(1)
Jury Deliberations	338	(1)
Disposition by Negotiation	338	(12)
The Types of Guilty Pleas	339	(1)
Straight Pleas	339	(2)
Negotiated Pleas	341	(2)
Plea-Bargaining Criteria	343	(1)
The Strength of the Case	343	(1)
The Seriousness of the Offense	344	(1)
The Dangerousness of the Defendant	344	(1)
Heavy Caseloads	345	(1)
The Prosecutor and Plea Bargaining	345	(1)
Defense Counsel and Plea Bargaining	346	(1)
Judges and Plea Bargaining	347	(1)
Defendants and Plea Bargaining	348	(1)
The U.S. Supreme Court and Guilty Pleas	349	(1)
In Focus: ``Guilty but Not Guilty Because I'm Innocent'': A Voluntary Plea?	350	(6)
The Plea-Bargaining Debate	350	(2)
Punishing Innocent Defendants	352	(1)
Punishing Guilty Defendants Less Than They Deserve	353	(1)
Pretrial Settlement Conferences	354	(1)
Administrative Rule Making	354	(1)
Ban on Plea Bargaining	355	(1)
Make Your Decision: Should Plea Bargaining Be Banned?	356	(4)
The Impropriety of Plea Agreements: A Tale of Two Counties	356	(1)
Caseloads, Work Avoidance, and Coercion	356	(2)
Workgroup Pathologies	358	(1)
Other Negative Aspects of Plea Bargaining	358	(1)
Convicting the Innocent	358	(1)
Conclusion	359	(1)
Chapter Summary	360	(1)
Key Terms	360	(1)
Web Resources	360	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	361	(1)
Sentencing	362	(42)
The Purposes of Sentencing	365	(3)
Retribution	365	(1)
Prevention	366	(1)
Restitution and Restorative Justice	367	(1)
The History of Sentencing	368	(3)
Determinate and Indeterminate Sentencing, Before 1870	369	(1)
Indeterminate Sentencing, 1870--1970	369	(1)
The Return to Determinate Sentencing, 1971-Present	370	(1)
The Types of Determinate Sentencing	371	(8)
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws	371	(2)
Do Mandatory Minimum Sentence Laws Work?	373	(2)
``Truth in Sentencing'' and ``Three Strikes and You're Out'' Laws	375	(4)
In Focus: Three-Strikes Law: Time for Change?	379	(3)
Sentencing Guidelines	380	(1)
The Types of Guidelines	380	(1)
The Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines	381	(1)
In Focus: Sentencing Guidelines: Denial of the Right to a Jury Trial?	382	(2)
The Presentence Investigation	384	(1)
Disparity and Discrimination in Sentencing	384	(3)
Blacks and Disparity	385	(1)
Hispanics and Disparity	385	(1)
Women and Disparity	386	(1)
The Death Sentence	387	(5)
Facts about the Death Sentence	387	(1)
The Death Penalty and the Constitution	387	(2)
Executing Mentally Retarded Offenders	389	(1)
Executing Juvenile Offenders	390	(2)
In Focus: U.S. Supreme Court Ban on Capital Punishment for Juveniles: Who's Next?	392	(2)
Public Opinion and the Death Penalty	392	(2)
CJ & Technology: Crime, Culpability, and the Adolescent Brain	394	(4)
Four Tough Questions about Capital Punishment	396	(1)
Is the Death Penalty Right? (The Moral Question)	396	(1)
Does It Work? (The Utilitarian Question)	396	(1)
Does the Death Penalty Kill Innocent People? (The Fallibility Question)	397	(1)
In Focus: To Kill or Not to Kill?	398	(2)
Does the Death Penalty Discriminate? (The Fairness Question)	399	(1)
Make Your Decision: Is It Time to Lift the Moratorium on the Death Penalty in Illinois?	400	(2)
Chapter Summary	402	(1)
Key Terms	402	(1)
Web Resources	402	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	403	(1)
PART 4 Corrections
Community Corrections	404	(32)
Probation and Parole	406	(8)
The History of Probation and Parole	407	(1)
The History of Probation	407	(1)
The History of Parole	408	(1)
The Missions of Probation and Parole	409	(1)
The Missions of Probation	409	(1)
The Missions of Parole	410	(1)
Granting Probation and Parole	410	(1)
Granting Probation	410	(1)
Felons on Probation	411	(1)
Granting Parole	411	(2)
The Conditions of Probation and Parole	413	(1)
In Focus: Required Church Attendance: An Unconstitutional Condition of Probation?	414	(4)
Revoking Probation and Parole	414	(2)
Probation, Parole, and the Law	416	(1)
The Effectiveness of Probation and Parole	416	(1)
The Effectiveness of Probation	416	(1)
The Effectiveness of Parole	417	(1)
In Focus: Is Probation Dreaded More than Prison?	418	(2)
The Side Effects of Parole	419	(1)
Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Community Corrections	419	(1)
Intermediate Punishments	420	(6)
The Types of Intermediate Punishments	421	(1)
Intensive Supervised Probation (ISP)	422	(1)
Home Confinement: Electronic Monitoring	423	(1)
Correctional Boot Camps	424	(1)
Fines	424	(2)
In Focus: Boot Camps: Do They ``Work''?	426	(4)
Community Service	427	(1)
Day Reporting Centers	428	(1)
Evaluating Intermediate Punishments	429	(1)
Make Your Decision: Satellite Monitoring of Probationers: Does It Work? Is It Constitutional?	430	(4)
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)	430	(1)
GIS Crime Mapping	431	(1)
Is It Effective?	432	(1)
Civil Liberties Concerns	432	(1)
The Future	432	(2)
Chapter Summary	434	(1)
Key Terms	434	(1)
Web Resources	435	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	435	(1)
Prisons, Jails, and Prisoners	436	(42)
The History of U.S. Prisons	439	(4)
The Penitentiary, 1785--1890	439	(1)
The Massachusetts System	439	(1)
The Pennsylvania System	440	(1)
The Auburn System	441	(1)
The ``Correctional'' Institution, 1891--1970	442	(1)
Prisons, 1971--Present	443	(1)
The Prison Population Boom	443	(3)
Public Response to the Crime Boom	444	(1)
Political Opportunism	444	(1)
The ``War'' on Drugs	445	(1)
Improved Criminal Justice System Efficiency	445	(1)
Race and Ethnicity	446	(1)
The Side Effects of Imprisonment	446	(3)
Diverting Resources from Other Public Services	447	(1)
Diverting Resources to Other Communities	447	(1)
The Loss of Income	447	(1)
The Effects on Offenders' Children	448	(1)
The Effects of Incarcerated Fathers	448	(1)
The Effects of Incarcerated Mothers	449	(1)
Prisons	449	(1)
Prison Security Levels	449	(1)
CJ & Technology: Corrections Data Mining	450	(12)
Maximum Security Prisons	450	(5)
Medium and Minimum Security Prisons	455	(1)
Women's Prisons	456	(1)
Private Prisons	456	(2)
Prison Management	458	(2)
Corrections Officers	460	(1)
The Supervision Hierarchy	460	(1)
Women and Minority Corrections Officers	461	(1)
Officer Training	462	(1)
Corrections Officers' Unions	462	(1)
Jails	462	(4)
Women in Jail	463	(1)
Jail Programs	463	(1)
Jail Conditions	463	(2)
New-Generation Jails	465	(1)
In Focus: Atlanta Jail: Time for the Sheriff to Go?	466	(3)
Prisoners	469	(2)
Women Prisoners	469	(1)
Repeat Offenders	469	(2)
Special-Management Prisoners	471	(1)
The Length of Imprisonment	471	(1)
Make Your Decision: Does Sending More People to Prison Reduce Crime Rates?	472	(4)
What Recent Studies Do (and Don't) Tell Us about Imprisonment and Crime	472	(4)
Chapter Summary	476	(1)
Key Terms	477	(1)
Web Resources	477	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	477	(1)
Prison Life	478	(50)
Male Prison Society	481	(3)
Indigenous and Importation Theories	481	(1)
The ``Pains'' of Men's Imprisonment	482	(1)
Enforced Poverty	483	(1)
CJ & Technology: Is There a Doctor in the House?	484	(2)
Ban on Sex	485	(1)
In Focus: Ban Sex in Prison?	486	(14)
Coping with Stress from the Pains of Imprisonment	487	(1)
Individual Male Violence	488	(1)
Prisoner-Officer Violence	488	(1)
Sexual Assault	489	(1)
Prison Gangs and Violence	489	(1)
Race, Ethnicity, and Violence in Men's Prisons	490	(1)
Coping with Violence	491	(1)
Collective Male Violence (Riots)	492	(1)
Men's Prison Programs	493	(1)
Education in Men's Prisons	494	(2)
Work in Prison	496	(1)
Prison Work Programs	497	(1)
Recreation	498	(1)
Religious Programs	498	(1)
Drug Treatment	498	(1)
The Cognitive Model of Rehabilitation	499	(1)
Program Debate	500	(1)
Life in Women's Prisons	500	(7)
The ``Pains'' of Women's Imprisonment	501	(1)
Female Prisoners' Control over Their Lives	502	(1)
Continuity and Change in Women Prisoners' ``Doing Time''	503	(2)
Women's Prison Programs	505	(1)
Needs of and Programs for Women Prisoners	505	(1)
What ``Works'' in Women's Prison Programs?	506	(1)
Law in Prison Society	507	(3)
The Hands-Off Doctrine	508	(1)
Overview of Prisoners' Rights	508	(1)
The Right to Go to Court	509	(1)
Due Process of Law	509	(1)
In Focus: Do Death Row Prisoners Have a ``Right'' to Watch TV?	510	(2)
Equal Protection of the Laws	510	(1)
Free Speech, Association, and Religion	511	(1)
In Focus: Do Prisoners Have a Right against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures?	512	(6)
Right against Cruel and Unusual Punishment	512	(1)
Right against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures	513	(1)
Prisoners' Rights in Operation	514	(1)
Internal Grievance Mechanisms	515	(1)
Common Grievances and Disciplinary Violations	515	(1)
Grievance Procedures and Their Effects	516	(2)
Leaving Prison	518	(6)
Where Do Released Prisoners Go?	519	(1)
Which Reentry Programs ``Work''?	520	(2)
The Right to Vote and Reentry	522	(2)
Make Your Decision: A Provocative Proposal: Reentry Courts	524	(2)
Judges as Reentry Managers	524	(1)
Incarceration as a Prelude to Reentry	524	(1)
Setting the Terms of Release	525	(1)
Making the Contract Work	525	(1)
Chapter Summary	526	(1)
Key Terms	526	(1)
Web Resources	527	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	527	(1)
PART 5 Juvenile Justice
Juvenile Justice	528	(24)
The History of Juvenile Justice	530	(2)
Juvenile Justice and the U.S. Constitution	532	(1)
In Focus: Life Sentence for 12-Year-Old?	533	(1)
Juvenile Delinquency	534	(1)
Measuring Delinquency	534	(1)
In Focus: Juvenile Delinquency: Arrest or Detention for Wearing a Low-Cut Midriff Top?	535	(2)
Juvenile Arrests	535	(2)
The Juvenile Justice System: Law Enforcement, the Courts, and Corrections	537	(3)
Law Enforcement and Juveniles	537	(3)
In Focus: Arrest a 13-Year-Old for DWI?	540	(7)
Juvenile Court	540	(1)
Intake	541	(1)
Adjudicatory Hearing	541	(1)
Disposition	541	(1)
Transfer to Adult Criminal Court	542	(2)
Juvenile Corrections	544	(1)
Probation	544	(1)
Institutional Corrections	544	(3)
In Focus: Juvenile Detention of Mentally Ill Juveniles: Substitute for Mental Health Care?	547	(1)
Make Your Decision: Juvenile Corrections: Rehabilitation or Punishment?	548	(3)
Chapter Summary	551	(1)
Key Terms	551	(1)
Web Resources	551	(1)
Search Online with InfoTrac College Edition	551	(1)
Appendix: Constitution of the United States	552	(8)
Glossary	560	(6)
Bibliography	566	(20)
Case Index	586	(2)
Name Index	588	(4)
Subject Index	592	(16)
Photo Credits	608