Criminal Justice (with Interactive Companion Website Access Card)

by Albanese, Jay S.

• ISBN13: 9780205337187
• ISBN10: 020533718X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Criminal Justice, 2/e is written by an experienced author, scholar, and past president of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Jay Albanese. It is carefully written in an appealing narrative style and is comprehensive without attempting to be encyclopedic. Albanese emphasizes critical thinking and problem solving in every chapter. Themes of this edition include: the role of balance in the criminal justice system, the role of social, cultural, political, economic, and historical contexts of crime, the law, and punishment, and the influence of mass media and popular culture on criminal justice. For anyone interested in learning more about criminal justice.

Table of Contents

Features	xxv
Preface	xxvi
Perspectives on Criminal Justice	1	(24)
Perspectives on Crime	3	(10)
Media Perspectives on Crime	3	(1)
The Political Perspective on Crime	4	(3)
Crime and Other Life Events	7	(1)
Effects of Fear	8	(4)
The Universality of Crime	12	(1)
What Is Crime?	13	(4)
Historical and Political Contexts of Crime	13	(4)
Origins of the Criminal Justice System	17	(1)
Justice in the Colonial Period	18	(1)
The Evolution of Due Process	19
That's Fact: Perspectives on Fear of Crime	10	(4)
Media and Criminal Justice: Television Crime Dramas and the Causes of Homicide	14	(6)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Carjackings in the United States	20	(5)
Binge Drinking	21	(4)
The Nature and Causes of Crime	25	(34)
Defining Deviance	27	(1)
Thinking versus Acting	28	(1)
Mala in Se, Mala Prohibita, and Criminal Harm	28	(3)
Criminalization of Behavior	31	(3)
How Can Crime Be Explained?	34	(11)
Biological Determinism and Psychological Explanations	38	(2)
Sociological Explanations	40	(4)
Rational Choice Explanations	44	(1)
Gender-Based Explanations	45	(1)
Guns, Drugs, and Crime	45	(5)
Guns	45	(3)
Drugs and Alcohol	48	(2)
That's Fact: Perspectives on Gun Control	50
Media and Criminal Justice: The Bone Collector	41	(12)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Choosing What to Criminalize	53	(6)
A Case Study of Delinquency	53	(6)
Defining and Measuring Crime	59	(26)
What Are the Types of Crime?	61	(1)
How Are Violent Crimes and Property Crimes Classified?	62	(6)
Homicide	62	(1)
Sexual Assault	63	(1)
Assault	64	(1)
Robbery	64	(1)
Burglary	64	(1)
Larceny	65	(1)
Arson	66	(2)
How Are Crime Rates Determined?	68	(4)
The FBI Uniform Crime Reports	68	(3)
The National Crime Victimization Survey	71	(7)
What Offenders Say	78	(1)
The Future of Crime in the United States	79
That's Fact: Perspectives on the Crime Index	72
Media and Criminal Justice: America's Most Wanted: America Fights Back	67	(14)
Critical Thinking Exercises: The Circumstances of Crime	81	(4)
Identifying Serious Crimes	82	(3)
Perpetrators and Victims of Crime	85	(20)
Who Are the Victims and Perpetrators of Crime?	87	(10)
Age	87	(1)
Gender	88	(3)
Race and Ethnicity	91	(6)
Socioeconomic Status	97	(1)
What Is Crime Profiling?	97	(1)
Offender Profiles	97	(2)
Victim Profiles	99	(1)
Crime Scene Profiles	100
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Partner Violence	92	(6)
Media and Criminal Justice: American History X	98	(3)
Critical Thinking Exercises: The Characteristics of Homicide	101	(4)
Preventing School Shootings	102	(3)
Economic and Political Crime	105	(36)
What Is Meant By Economic and Political Crimes?	107	(1)
How Can White-Collar Crimes Be Defined?	108	(8)
Types of White-Collar Theft	109	(2)
Crimes against Public Administration	111	(1)
Corporate Crimes	112	(3)
Trends in White-Collar Crime	115	(1)
Why Is Computer Crime a Growing Threat?	116	(4)
Types of Computer Crimes	116	(1)
Consequences of Computer Crime	117	(3)
How Does Organized Crime Operate?	120	(10)
A Typology of Organized Crime	121	(2)
Organized Crime Offenders	123	(2)
National and International Aspects of Organized Crime	125	(5)
What Are the Impacts of Terrorism and Hate Crimes?	130	(2)
Terrorism and Hate Crime Trends	130	(1)
How Terrorism and Hate Crimes Merge	131	(1)
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Terrorism and Hate Crimes	132
Media and Criminal Justice: A Civil Action	114	(21)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Is the Internet an Avenue for Terrorists?	135	(6)
Should There Be Limits on Controlling Pollution?	135	(6)
Criminal Law	141	(32)
What Is Criminal Law?	143	(4)
Four Sources of American Criminal Law	144	(1)
Limits on Criminal Law	145	(2)
How Did the American System of Law and Justice Develop?	147	(5)
Evolution of Lawful Justice	148	(2)
Evolution of Due Process	150	(2)
How Does the Law Define the Elements of a Crime?	152	(4)
Characteristics of Criminal Acts	154	(2)
The State of Mind Requirement	156	(1)
What Defenses against Criminal Charges Does the Law Recognize?	156	(10)
Defenses Related to Mental Illness	157	(2)
Defenses Involving Force	159	(2)
Defenses Involving Justification or Excuse	161	(5)
What Are Some Concerns about Applying Criminal Law?	166	(1)
Controlling Animals or Owners?	166	(1)
Assisted Suicide or Murder?	167
That's Fact: Perspectives on Psychiatry and the Law	162
Media and Criminal Justice: Double Jeopardy	153	(15)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Justice on the Carolina Frontier (1764)	168	(5)
What Are the Crimes of the Century?	168	(5)
The Criminal Justice System	173	(24)
What Are the Agencies of Criminal Justice?	175	(4)
Law Enforcement	175	(1)
Courts	176	(1)
Corrections	177	(2)
What Is Procedural Law?	179	(3)
Law, Investigation, and Arrest	180	(1)
The Fourth Amendment and Probable Cause	180	(1)
Arrest	181	(1)
What Is Involved in Criminal Court Procedure?	182	(5)
Initial Appearance and Preliminary Hearing	182	(1)
Grand Jury, Indictment, Arraignment	183	(2)
Trial and Conviction	185	(1)
Sentencing and Appeals	186	(1)
What Are Some Concerns about the Criminal Justice System?	187	(3)
The Cost of Justice	188	(1)
Fairness in Adjudication	189	(1)
That's Fact: Perspectives on Fairness in Adjudication	190	(2)
Media and Criminal Justice: The Star Chamber	192	(1)
Critical Thinking Exercises: The Limits of Drug Testing	193	(4)
Addressing Violence in Entertainment	193	(4)
Criminal Procedure and the Police	197	(25)
What Is the Role of Police in Criminal Procedure?	199	(8)
Reasonable Suspicion and Stop and Frisk	199	(2)
The Exclusionary Rule	201	(1)
The Good Faith Exception	202	(2)
Searches without Warrants	204	(3)
The Fifth Amendment and the Miranda Warning	207	(6)
The Public Safety Exception	211	(1)
Interrogations and Confessions	212	(1)
Impacts of Procedural Law on Law Enforcement	213	(1)
That's Fact: Perspectives on Arrest	214
Media and Criminal Justice: Law & Order	210	(7)
Critical Thinking Exercises: The Limits of Stop and Frisk	217	(5)
Civil Suits against Police	218	(4)
Origins and Organization of Law Enforcement	222	(39)
How Did Policing Evolve?	224	(8)
The Watch and Ward System	224	(2)
The New Police Bobbies	226	(2)
Metropolitan Police in American Cities	228	(1)
Crime Commissions and the Professionalization of Policing	229	(2)
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration	231	(1)
What Is the Organization of Law Enforcement?	232	(9)
Local Police	232	(4)
State Police	236	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	237	(2)
Transnational Law Enforcement	239	(2)
Who Are the Police?	241	(8)
Training and Education	243	(4)
Issues of Gender and Race	247	(2)
What Are Some Concerns about Policing in the United States?	249	(1)
The Dilemma of Jurisdictions and Need for Cooperation	249	(1)
The Impacts of Technology and the Media on Police Work	250	(2)
The Movement toward Private Policing	252
That's Fact: Perspectives on Law Enforcement Employees	244	(2)
Media and Criminal Justice: Blue Steel	246	(8)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Campus Law Enforcement	254	(7)
The Cyclical Nature of Community Policing	255	(6)
Issues in Law Enforcement and Police Behavior	261	(38)
Is There Such a Thing as a Police Personality?	263	(7)
Myths and Stereotypes about Police	263	(2)
Three Styles of Policing	265	(1)
Current Research on Police Attitudes toward Their Jobs	266	(1)
Current Research on Police Attitudes toward the Public They Serve	267	(3)
How Should Police Performance Be Evaluated?	270	(8)
Police Discretion and Police Misconduct	271	(2)
Police Pursuits	273	(2)
Crime Response and Clearance Rates	275	(2)
Arrest and Conviction Rates	277	(1)
Community Service	277	(1)
What Are Some Forms of Police Corruption?	278	(7)
Explanations of Corruption	279	(5)
Preventing Corruption	284	(1)
What Is Legitimate Use of Deadly Force?	285	(1)
Victims of Violent Crime Control	285	(2)
``Fleeing Felon'' and ``Prowler Inside'' Laws	287	(2)
Police Brutality	289
That's Fact: Perspectives on Rating Police Performance	276	(7)
Media and Criminal Justice: Copland	283	(8)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Responding to Spouse Abuse	291	(8)
An Appropriate Remedy for Police Misconduct?	292	(7)
Origins and Organization of the Courts	299	(33)
How Were Criminal Courts Similar and Different in the Past?	301	(2)
How Did the State and Federal Court Systems Develop?	303	(5)
State Court Systems	304	(2)
The Federal Court System	306	(2)
Who Are the Participants in the Judicial Process?	308	(12)
Prosecutors	309	(2)
Defense Counsel and Defendants	311	(2)
Judges	313	(2)
Victims and Witnesses	315	(2)
Juries	317	(1)
The Courtroom Work Group	318	(2)
How Are Specialized and Alternative Courts Changing the Court System?	320	(2)
Felony Drug Courts	320	(1)
Dispute Resolution and Community Courts	321	(1)
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Felony Drug Courts	322
Media and Criminal Justice: The Color of Justice	319	(6)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Independent Counsel and Prosecutorial Misconduct	325	(7)
Limiting Criminal Appeals	327	(5)
Trial Defense and Prosecution	332	(30)
What Are the Rights of the Accused?	334	(7)
Right to Counsel	334	(3)
Right to Effective Counsel	337	(4)
How Are Cases Settled without Trial?	341	(4)
Prosecutorial Discretion	341	(1)
Diversion of Cases	342	(1)
Plea Bargaining	343	(2)
What Are Some Problems of the Court System?	345	(1)
Caseloads	347	(1)
Case Mortality	347	(6)
Adjudicate the Offender or the Act?	353	(1)
Crime Control or Due Process?	354
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Adjudication	346
Media and Criminal Justice: Primal Fear	340	(16)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Selective Prosecution of High-Rate Offenders	356	(6)
Should a Lawyer Defend a Guilty Person?	357	(5)
Trials and Sentencing	362	(40)
What Happens at Trial?	364	(5)
Jury Selection	365	(1)
Witness Testimony and Evidence	366	(1)
Defense Strategies	367	(1)
Arguments and Outcomes	368	(1)
How Do Judges Decide on a Sentence?	369	(5)
Retribution and Incapacitation	370	(1)
Deterrence and Rehabilitation	371	(1)
Probation, Restitution, and Incarceration	372	(1)
The Presentence Report	373	(1)
How Do Sentencing Options Differ?	374	(7)
Indeterminate Sentencing	374	(1)
Determinate Sentencing	375	(4)
Sentencing Guidelines	379	(2)
How Does the Eighth Amendment Restrict Sentencing?	381	(1)
What Is the Answer to the Death Penalty Debate?	382	(6)
The Legal Status of the Death Penalty	382	(4)
The Death Penalty	386	(1)
Arguments for and against Capital Punishment	387	(1)
That's a Fact: Perspectives on the Death Penalty	388
Media and Criminal Justice: Dead Man Walking	383	(11)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Victim's Race and Death Penalty Decisions	394	(8)
Is Life Imprisonment a More Severe Punishment Than the Death Penalty?	394	(8)
Origins and Organizations of Jails and Prisons	402	(37)
How Are Correctional Institutions in the United States Organized?	404	(7)
The Invention of the Prison	405	(1)
Levels of Custody	406	(1)
State and Federal Correctional Systems	407	(1)
Problems with Jails	408	(3)
How Do Correctional Institutions Operate?	411	(3)
Punishment	411	(1)
Custody and Deterrence	412	(1)
Rehabilitation and Reform	412	(1)
Models of Prison Administration	413	(1)
Who Is in Prison?	414	(6)
Correlates of Incarceration	414	(3)
Incarceration of Women	417	(2)
Prison Overcrowding	419	(1)
What Is Inmate Life Like?	420	(8)
Prison Work	420	(3)
Drug Use and Treatment Programs	423	(2)
AIDS in Prison	425	(1)
Prison Gangs	426	(1)
Violence in Prison	427	(1)
What Are Prisoners Rights and Responsibilities?	428	(1)
Constitutional Rights	428	(1)
Prison Rules	429
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Prison Inmates	416	(5)
Media and Criminal Justice: The Shawshank Redemption	421	(10)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Private Prisons and Liability	431	(8)
The Elderly Inmate	433	(6)
Probation and Community Corrections	439	(39)
What Are the Alternatives to Incarceration?	441	(9)
Fines as a Form of Criminal Sanction	442	(1)
Probation	443	(4)
Intensive Supervision	447	(1)
Confinement and Monitoring	448	(2)
How Can Ex-offenders Return to the Community after Prison?	450	(7)
Parole	450	(3)
Work/Study Release and Furloughs	453	(1)
Halfway Houses	454	(2)
Pardons and Commutations	456	(1)
What Are Forms of Authentic and Restorative Justice?	457	(1)
Restitution and Repair	458	(1)
Mediation	459	(1)
Shock Incarceration	460	(3)
Corporal Punishment and Public Humiliation	463	(3)
Forced Birth Control and Chemical Castration	466	(2)
Forfeitures and Fees	468
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Probation	446	(5)
Media and Criminal Justice: First Time Felon	451	(19)
Critical Thinking Exercises: The Return of Chain Gangs	470	(8)
Registering Former Sex Offenders	470	(8)
Justice and Punishment in the Twenty-First Century	478	(24)
What Are New Ways of Administering Justice and Punishment?	480	(4)
Technocorrections	480	(1)
Risk-Based Treatment	481	(1)
Early Life Interventions	482	(1)
Virtual Prison	483	(1)
How Can Offenders with Mental Health and Drug Problems Be Handled in the Criminal Justice System?	484	(6)
Mental Health of Offenders	484	(2)
Is There Effective Treatment for Sex Offenders?	486	(2)
Gender Issues	488	(1)
Balancing Just Punishment with Public Safety	489	(1)
What Is the Future of Corrections?	490	(1)
Offender Accountability	490	(1)
Professionalization of the Corrections Profession	491	(2)
Punishment and Control by Distance	493	(1)
Preparing Offenders for Release	493	(1)
Corrections as Prevention	494
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Criminal Justice and Mental Illness	487	(5)
Media and Criminal Justice: American Me	492	(4)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Illicit Drug Use in Movies and Music	496	(6)
Ecstasy: Crime Problem, Health Problem, or Recreation?	497	(5)
Juvenile Justice	502	(39)
Juvenile Justice Versus Criminal Justice	505	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Delinquency	506	(6)
Arrest Figures	506	(4)
Self-Reports	510	(2)
Victimization Surveys	512	(1)
Foundations of Juvenile Justice	512	(3)
Objections to Parens Patriae	513	(1)
Modifications of the Juvenile Justice System	514	(1)
The Law and Procedure of Juvenile Justice	515	(12)
Lawyers and Self-Incrimination	516	(3)
The Burden of Proof	519	(1)
Juries in Juvenile Court	520	(1)
Double Jeopardy	521	(1)
Preventive Detention	522	(2)
Searches and the Fourth Amendment	524	(2)
Punishment and the Eighth Amendment	526	(1)
Juveniles in the System: Police, Courts, Corrections	527	(6)
Police Disposition of Juveniles Taken into Custody	527	(1)
Juvenile Court Outcomes	528	(4)
Juvenile Dispositions	532	(1)
Trends in Legislation	533	(1)
The Outlook for Juvenile Justice	534
That's a Fact: Perspectives on Serious Juvenile Crime	530
Media and Criminal Justice: Scared Straight	525	(10)
Critical Thinking Exercises: Abolish the Age of Majority?	535	(6)
Juries for Juveniles?	536	(5)
Comparative Criminal Justice	541	(26)
The Risk of Crime around the World	543	(6)
Incidence of Major Crimes	544	(3)
Victimization	547	(2)
Why Study Comparative Criminal Justice?	549	(1)
Transnational Crimes	549	(4)
Hijacking	550	(1)
Trafficking in Humans	550	(1)
Corruption	551	(1)
War Crimes	552	(1)
Transnational Law Enforcement	553	(1)
International Justice	554	(2)
International Corrections	556	(4)
Legal, Ethical, and Practical Problems	560
That's a Fact: Perspectives on International Victimization	546	(13)
Media and Criminal Justice: Citizen X	559	(3)
Critical Thinking Exercises: War Crime Suspects Hiding in the United States?	562	(5)
Who Goes to Prison?: Comparing England and the United States	562	(5)
Appendix: The Constitution of the United States of America	567	(10)
Glossary	577	(8)
Name Index	585	(5)
Subject Index	590