Criminal Justice: Mainstream And Crosscurrents

by Fuller, John Randolph

• ISBN13: 9780131122550
• ISBN10: 013112255X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Building upon John Fullerrs"s experience as a criminal justice practitioner, scholar and teacher,Criminal Justice: Mainstream & Crosscurrentsencourages readers to think critically about the goals and processes of the criminal justice system and introduces them to important ethical dilemmas faced by criminal justice professionals. This highly readable, interesting, contemporary book offers a comprehensive introduction to criminal justice supported with empirical work. Itrs"s narrative style explains legal concepts in a clear and comprehensible manner without losing the reader in legal jargon.Features a full chapter on crime theory-highlighting the various sociological, psychological and biological theories of crime causation. A unique chapter on emerging trends in criminal justice (Chapter 16) considers contemporary topics like restorative justice and peacemaking criminology.For criminal justice practitioners.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Acknowledgments	xxiii
About the Author	xxv
Part One Crime: Problems, Measurement, Theories, and Law	1	(142)
The Problem of Social Control	3	(38)
What Is Crime?	4	(4)
Social Control	8	(2)
Crime in the United States	9	(1)
Crosscurrents: Tweety Bird Is a Thug: Zero Tolerance and the School	10	(3)
Crosscurrents: American Kids Are All Right	13	(2)
News Flash: White Collar Crime	15	(1)
The Criminal Justice System	15	(6)
Levels of Government	15	(3)
Criminal Justice Process	18	(3)
News Flash: Secret Service Finds Children	21	(2)
Case in Point: Mapp v. Ohio	23	(1)
Case in Point: Escobedo v. Illinois	24	(3)
Focus on Ethics: A Balance of Interests	27	(5)
Problem with the System Metaphor	30	(2)
Focus on Ethics: A Kid in Trouble	32	(2)
It All Begins with the Family	32	(2)
Crosscurrents: Pass or Fail	34	(2)
System of Last Resort	35	(1)
Summary	36	(1)
Key Terms	37	(1)
Review Questions	37	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	38	(1)
Endnotes	38	(3)
The Nature and Measurement of Crime	41	(34)
Categories of Crime and Criminals	42	(6)
Crimes against the Person	42	(3)
Crimes against Property	45	(3)
Crimes against the Public Order	48	(1)
Measurement of Crime	48	(2)
Focus on Ethics: To Report or Not to Report	50	(4)
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)	52	(2)
New Flash: Lies, Damn Lies, and Statistics	54	(6)
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)	56	(2)
Victimization Surveys	58	(2)
Crosscurrents: Some Problems with Victimization Surveys	60	(3)
Self-Report Studies	62	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Crime Wave	63	(2)
Fear of Crime	65	(1)
Crosscurrents: Elderly Crime Victims	66	(1)
Focus on Ethics: If It Bleeds, It Leads	67	(1)
News Flash: Fear	68	(1)
Summary	69	(1)
Key Terms	70	(1)
Review Questions	71	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	71	(1)
Endnotes	71	(4)
Theories of Crime	75	(32)
Demonology	76	(1)
Classical School of Criminology	77	(4)
Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)	77	(3)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)	80	(1)
Positivist School of Criminology	81	(1)
Biological Theories of Crime	81	(1)
Crosscurrents: Charles Whitman, The Texas Tower Sniper	82	(2)
Crosscurrents: The Skull of the Marquis de Sade	84	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Physical Graffiti	85	(2)
Crosscurrents: The Jukes and Richard Dugdale	87	(2)
Case in Point: Robinson v. California	89	(2)
Psychological Theories of Crime	89	(2)
News Flash: Lies, Lies, Lies	91	(3)
Sociological Theories of Crime	91	(3)
Focus on Ethics: With Friends Like These	94	(4)
Critical Sociological Theories of Crime	98	(1)
Case in Point: Gideon v. Wainwrigh!	98	(2)
News Flash: Crime and the Economy	100	(2)
Summary	102	(1)
Key Terms	103	(1)
Review Questions	103	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	103	(1)
Endnotes	104	(3)
Criminal Law	107	(36)
Focus on Ethics: Changing the Substantive Law	108	(2)
Development of Criminal Law	110	(4)
Code of Hammurabi	110	(1)
The Magna Carta	111	(1)
Common Law	111	(3)
Sources of Law	114	(3)
Constitutions	114	(1)
Statutes	114	(1)
Administrative Rules	114	(3)
Types of Law	117	(4)
Criminal Law	117	(1)
Criminal versus Civil Law	118	(2)
Substantive Law	120	(1)
News Flash: Rodney King and Double Jeopardy	121	(1)
Crosscurrents: Liable, but Not Guilty	122	(1)
Procedural Law	122	(1)
Case Law	123	(1)
Types of Crime	123	(3)
Felonies	123	(1)
Misdemeanors	124	(2)
Inchoate Offenses	126	(1)
Features of Crime	126	(2)
Actus Reus	126	(1)
Mens Rea	127	(1)
Concurrence	127	(1)
Strict Liability	127	(1)
Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Defense	128	(1)
Case in Point: Durham v. United States	129	(6)
News Flash: No Pass for Murder	135	(1)
Focus on Ethics: A Change of Heart	136	(1)
Crosscurrents: Why the ``Twinkle Defense'' Gets a Bad Rap	137	(2)
Case In Point: People v. Aphaylath	139	(1)
Summary	139	(1)
Key Terms	140	(1)
Review Questions	140	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	141	(1)
Endnotes	141	(2)
Part Two Enforcing the Law	143	(106)
History and Organization of Law Enforcement	145	(34)
A Brief History of the Police	146	(6)
Police in Ancient Times	146	(1)
Policing in Early England	146	(3)
Policing in the United States	149	(3)
Focus on Ethics: Righteous Vengeance?	152	(2)
Introduction of Police Professionalism	153	(1)
Crosscurrents: Frontier Justice	154	(2)
Case in Point: Miranda v. Arizona	156	(1)
Reference: Analyzing the Police	157	(1)
Modern Police Organization	158	(5)
Problem of Jurisdiction	162	(1)
Levels of Law Enforcement	163	(1)
Federal Level	163	(1)
Reference: Partial List of Federal Police Agencies	164	(2)
Case in Point: Weeks v. United States	166	(4)
State Level	167	(2)
Local Level	169	(1)
Innovations in Policing	170	(1)
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment	170	(1)
News Flash: Candid Cop Cameras	171	(3)
Rand Study of Detectives	172	(1)
Dare Program	173	(1)
Reference: Why Detectives Don't Wear Uniforms	174	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Do You Dare Dump Dare?	174	(1)
Summary	175	(1)
Key Terms	176	(1)
Review Questions	176	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	176	(1)
Endnotes	176	(3)
Controlling the Police	179	(34)
News Flash: Police Indiscretion	180	(1)
Police Discretion	180	(2)
Focus on Ethics: It's Only Marijuana	182	(1)
Expectations of Law Enforcement	183	(1)
Crosscurrents: Life in a Police State	184	(2)
Quasi-Military Nature of Police Organizations	186	(1)
Variety of Policing Styles	187	(2)
Watchman Style	188	(1)
Legalistic Style	188	(1)
Service Style	188	(1)
News Flash: Seized Assets	189	(1)
Police Subculture and Police Corruption	189	(5)
Police Corruption	192	(1)
Knapp Commission	192	(2)
Procedural Laws and Policing	194	(1)
Crosscurrents: ``We Don't Need No Stinking Fourth Amendment''	195	(1)
Procedural Laws and Policing: The Fourth Amendment	196	(1)
Search	196	(1)
Case in Point: Illinois v. Gates	197	(2)
Case in Point: Terry v. Ohio	199	(4)
Special-Needs Searches	200	(2)
Seizures	202	(1)
Stop and Frisk	202	(1)
Case in Point: Florida v. Bostick	203	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Improbable Cause	204	(2)
Arrests	204	(1)
Interrogation, Confessions, and the Exclusionary Rule	205	(1)
News Flash: Watch Your Car	206	(1)
Summary	207	(1)
Key Terms	208	(1)
Review Questions	208	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	209	(1)
Endnotes	209	(4)
Issues in Policing	213	(36)
Police Use of Force	214	(2)
Case in Point: Tennessee v. Garner	216	(4)
Police as Soldiers	216	(2)
Police Use of Force and Swat Teams	218	(1)
Proactive Policing and Force	219	(1)
News Flash: Ruby Ridge, Idaho	220	(1)
News Flash: Waco, Texas	221	(1)
Gender and Race	222	(1)
Women as Police Officers	222	(1)
Crosscurrents: Proactive Police and Surveillance	223	(3)
Minorities as Police	225	(1)
Crosscurrents: Israel Brooks, Jr	226	(1)
News Flash: A New Face on Racial Profiling	227	(1)
Challenges to Traditional Policing	227	(6)
Community Policing	228	(2)
Problem-Oriented Policing	230	(2)
Zero-Tolerance Policing	232	(1)
News Flash: Computers Add New Twist to Police Learning Curve	233	(3)
Broken Windows and Police Problems	234	(2)
Case in Point: Chimel v. California	236	(1)
Police Stress and Burnout	236	(2)
Police and Alcohol	237	(1)
Crosscurrents: Suicide by Cop	238	(2)
Family Problems and the Police	239	(1)
Focus on Ethics: My Best Cop, But . . .	240	(1)
Police and Suicide	240	(1)
Crosscurrents: Police Stress	241	(1)
Dealing with the Stress of Policing	241	(1)
Crosscurrents: A Closer Look at Police Suicide	242	(1)
Focus on Ethics: To Trust a Partner	243	(1)
Summary	244	(1)
Key Terms	244	(1)
Review Questions	245	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	245	(1)
Endnotes	245	(4)
Part Three Role of the Courts	249	(104)
History and Organization of Courts	251	(32)
Courts in History	254	(1)
Before There Were Courts: The Blood Feud	254	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Modern Day Blood Feud	255	(1)
Courts in England	256	(1)
Crosscurrents: The Hatfields and the McCoys	256	(2)
Trial by Compurgation	257	(1)
Trial by Ordeal	257	(1)
Trial by Battle	258	(1)
Development of the Jury	258	(1)
Grand Jury	258	(1)
Crosscurrents: The Leopard-Skin Chief	259	(3)
Jury Trial	259	(2)
The Magna Carta	261	(1)
Court of the Star Chamber	261	(1)
Courts in Colonial America	262	(2)
Slavery and the Law	262	(1)
Our Heritage of Due Process	263	(1)
Case in Point: Duncan v. Louisiana	264	(1)
Changing Nature of the Court	264	(2)
News Flash: Capital Trials Are Costly	266	(1)
Organization of the Courts	267	(6)
Nature of Jurisdiction	267	(2)
Structure of the Federal Courts	269	(4)
Case in Point: Powell v. State of Alabama	273	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Judicial Selection	274	(1)
State Courts	275	(1)
Reference: State Attorneys General	275	(2)
News Flash: So Help Me Who?	277	(1)
Summary	278	(1)
Crosscurrents: Notes of a Court TV Junkie	279	(1)
Key Terms	279	(1)
Review Questions	279	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	280	(1)
Endnotes	280	(3)
Working in the Courtroom	283	(38)
The Courtroom Work Group	284	(2)
The Participants	284	(2)
Crosscurrents: Bounty Hunters: A Step Ahead of the Law	286	(3)
Prosecutor	288	(1)
Crosscurrents: How Much Justice Can You Afford?	289	(1)
Reference: American Bar Association	290	(2)
Reference: Oath of Attorney	292	(1)
News Flash: Whose Side Are You On?	293	(1)
Case in Point: Argersinger v. Hamlin	294	(4)
Defense Attorney	297	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Difficult Decisions for the Defense	298	(1)
Case in Point: United States v. Leon	299	(2)
Crosscurrents: Cooling the Mark in the Criminal Court	301	(1)
News Flash: It's a Tough Job, but Someone Has to Do It	302	(3)
Judge	304	(1)
Reference: American Bar Association Guidelines for Reviewing Qualifications of Candidates for State Judicial Office	305	(2)
Reference: Threats to Judicial Independence	307	(4)
Defendants, Victims, and Witnesses	310	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Where to Try a Sniper?	311	(3)
Pretrial Release Decisions	314	(1)
Summary	315	(1)
Key Terms	316	(1)
Review Questions	316	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	317	(1)
Endnotes	317	(4)
The Disposition: Plea Bargaining, Trial, and Sentencing	321	(32)
Plea Bargaining	322	(1)
News Flash: Their Day in Court	323	(4)
Other Benefits of Plea Bargaining	325	(1)
Should Plea Bargaining Be Abolished?	326	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Letting the Big Ones Get Away	327	(1)
The Trial	327	(2)
Pretrial Motions	328	(1)
Crosscurrents: Evidence That Can't Be Used: The Exclusionary Rule	329	(4)
Opening Arguments	329	(1)
Presentation of Witnesses and Evidence	330	(1)
The Case Goes to the Jury	331	(2)
Case in Point: Batson v. Kentucky	333	(2)
Evidence	334	(1)
News Flash: Seeing Things	335	(3)
The Defense Doesn't Rest	336	(2)
Rights and Wrongs in the Courthouse	338	(1)
``I Know My Rights''	338	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Maximum Mel	339	(1)
Case in Point: United States v. Salerno	340	(1)
Victims' Rights	340	(1)
Sentencing the Offender	341	(1)
Case in Point: Furman v. Georgia	342	(5)
Indeterminate Sentencing	342	(2)
Determinate Sentencing	344	(3)
Crosscurrents: Special Interest Laws	347	(2)
Mandatory Minimum Sentences	348	(1)
Case in Point: Gregg v. Georgia	349	(1)
Summary	349	(1)
Key Terms	350	(1)
Review Questions	350	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	351	(1)
Endnotes	351	(2)
Part Four From Penology to Corrections and Back	353	(108)
History of Control	355	(38)
Before There Were Prisons	356	(3)
Corporal Punishment	356	(3)
News Flash: Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child, Save the Inmate	359	(2)
Economic Punishment	360	(1)
Crosscurrents: Transportation to the Fatal Shore	361	(1)
Prisons in America	362	(1)
Control in the Colonies	362	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Transportation in a Contemporary World	363	(4)
Development of the Penitentiary: 1780--1860	364	(2)
Age of Reform: 1860--1900	366	(1)
Case in Point: Hope v. Pelzer	367	(3)
Prison Labor and Public Works: 1900--1930	369	(1)
News Flash: Federal Prison Industries	370	(1)
Reference: Prison Labor Systems	371	(4)
Age of Rehabilitation: 1930--1970	372	(1)
Retributive Era: 1970s to the Present	373	(2)
Capital Punishment	375	(1)
Case in Point: Ford v. Wainwright	376	(1)
Case in Point: Atkins v. Virginia	376	(3)
Capital Punishment in Historical Perspective	377	(1)
Arguments Supporting Capital Punishment	377	(2)
Crosscurrents: Killing Them Softly	379	(5)
Focus on Ethics: Capital Punishment: Some Immodest Proposals	384	(1)
Arguments against Capital Punishment	384	(1)
Reference: States/Jurisdictions without a Death Penalty	385	(2)
Summary	387	(1)
Key Terms	388	(1)
Review Questions	388	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	389	(1)
Endnotes	389	(4)
The Contemporary Prison	393	(34)
Prison Life	394	(3)
News Flash: Bad Food for Bad Behavior	397	(4)
Inmate Subculture	398	(2)
Prison Gangs	400	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Conned by the Cons	401	(5)
Pelican Bay State Prison	403	(1)
Prison Riots and Violence	404	(2)
Reference: The Demands Collected by the Inmates During the Attica Prison Riot	406	(3)
Crosscurrents: Stanford Prison Experiment	409	(2)
Working in the Prison	411	(3)
Crosscurrents: Convict Criminology	414	(1)
Courts and the Prison	415	(1)
Case in Point: Cooper v. Pate	415	(1)
News Flash: Mentally Ill Must Go to Prison for Treatment	416	(1)
Eighth Amendment	416	(1)
Case in Point: Wolff v. McDonnell	417	(2)
Fourteenth Amendment: Due Process	417	(1)
Fourteenth Amendment: Equal Protection	417	(2)
Focus on Ethics: Keeping the Condemned Alive	419	(1)
Private Prisons	419	(1)
News Flash: Tough Alabama County Stresses Prisons	420	(3)
Summary	423	(1)
Key Terms	423	(1)
Review Questions	423	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	424	(1)
Endnotes	424	(3)
Corrections in the Community	427	(34)
Community Corrections in Context	428	(1)
Crosscurrents: Creative Sentencing as an Alternative to Prison	429	(3)
Diversion	432	(1)
Probation	433	(4)
Probation Officers at Work	435	(2)
Focus on Ethics: Studying for Your Drug Test	437	(1)
Reference: Probationer Risk Assessment Instrument	438	(3)
Case in Point: Mempa v. Rhay	441	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Going Out on a Limb	442	(1)
Parole	442	(2)
When to Parole	444	(1)
Case in Point: Morrissey v. Brewer	444	(2)
Reference: Kentucky Parole Board: How the Parole Process Works	446	(1)
Reference: Discretionary Parole	447	(2)
Reentry and ``Making It''	447	(2)
Crosscurrents: Suing the Parole Board	449	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	450	(5)
Intensive Supervision Probation	450	(1)
Drug Testing	450	(1)
House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring	450	(1)
Fines	451	(1)
Boot Camp Prisons	452	(2)
Shock Probation	454	(1)
News Flash: Throwing Away the Key	455	(1)
Jails	455	(3)
Summary	458	(1)
Key Terms	458	(1)
Review Questions	458	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	459	(1)
Endnotes	459	(2)
Part Five Problems in the Crosscurrents	461	(106)
Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice	463	(36)
Childhood and the Law	464	(3)
Juveniles in the Early United States	466	(1)
Reference: Juvenile Justice in the United States	467	(3)
Houses of Refuge	468	(1)
Juvenile Court	468	(2)
Children and Society	470	(1)
Case in Point: In re Winship	471	(1)
Case in Point: In re Gault	471	(5)
Types of Youths in the Juvenile Justice System	474	(1)
Juvenile Crime in Context	475	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Kids and Sex	476	(2)
The Juvenile Justice System	478	(5)
Entering the Juvenile Justice System	479	(1)
Prehearing Detention	479	(1)
Intake	479	(2)
Determining Jurisdiction	481	(1)
Adjudicatory Hearing	481	(1)
Disposition	481	(1)
Aftercare	482	(1)
Problematic Issues in Juvenile Justice Today	483	(1)
Chronic Offenders	483	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Widening the Net of Social Control	484	(2)
Youth Gangs	485	(1)
Case in Point: Schall v. Martin	486	(1)
Conditions of Youth Confinement	486	(1)
Crosscurrents: Extreme Therapy	487	(2)
Treating Children as Adults	488	(1)
Case in Point: Kent v. United States	489	(2)
Zero Tolerance	490	(1)
Reference: Tried as an Adult	491	(1)
News Flash: (Il)legal Fiction	492	(1)
The Future of Juvenile Justice	492	(1)
Summary	493	(1)
Key Terms	494	(1)
Review Questions	495	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	495	(1)
Endnotes	495	(4)
Crime and Values: Drugs, Gambling, and Sex Work	499	(38)
Drug Use and Abuse	500	(4)
Drug Abuse	501	(1)
A Short History of Drug Use and Drug Laws in the United States	501	(2)
Drug Control Legislation	503	(1)
Crosscurrents: Flight of the Green Fairy	504	(4)
The War on Drugs	507	(1)
Crosscurrents: A War on Many Fronts	508	(5)
Drug Treatment	510	(2)
The Decriminalization and Legalization Debate	512	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Better, but Still Bad	513	(3)
Case in Point: United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative et al.	516	(2)
The Police and Drugs	517	(1)
Gambling	518	(4)
News Flash: Gambling in Your Pajamas	522	(1)
Sex Work	523	(1)
Prostitution	523	(1)
Focus on Ethics: Rolling the Dice	524	(2)
News Flash: Police Target ``House of Ill-Repute''	526	(2)
Case in Point: Nye County v. Plankinton	528	(2)
Strippers and Exotic Dancers	528	(1)
Pornography	528	(2)
Crosscurrents: Legitimizing Sex Work	530	(1)
Case in Point: Miller v. California	531	(1)
Summary	532	(1)
Key Terms	533	(1)
Review Questions	533	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	533	(1)
Endnotes	533	(4)
Present and Emerging Trends: The Future of Criminal Justice	537	(30)
War and Peace in the Criminal Justice System	538	(2)
The Wars on Crime and Drugs	538	(2)
Focus on Ethics: Could You Be a Terrorist?	540	(7)
The War on Terrorism	540	(7)
Crosscurrents: Free Mike Hawash?	547	(2)
Reference: Department of Homeland Security	549	(3)
Peacemaking Criminology and Restorative Justice	552	(2)
Religious and Humanist Tradition	553	(1)
News Flash: No Atheists in This Prison	554	(4)
Feminist Tradition	554	(1)
Critical Traditions	554	(2)
The Peacemaking Pyramid	556	(2)
Focus on Ethics: How Much Could You Forgive?	558	(2)
Restorative Justice	559	(1)
News Flash: Forgiveness	560	(2)
Crosscurrents: The Downside of Restorative Justice	562	(1)
Summary	563	(1)
Key Terms	563	(1)
Review Questions	564	(1)
Suggested Further Reading	564	(1)
Endnotes	564	(3)
Glossary	567	(8)
Glosario de espanol	575	(10)
Case Index	585	(2)
Subject Index	587