Criminal Justice Today : An Introductory Text for the Twenty-First Century

by Schmalleger, Frank

• ISBN13: 9780130450647
• ISBN10: 0130450642
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

THE bestselling four-color book/multimedia package in the field, this introduction to criminal justice provides arealistic description of the American criminal justice system and how it works--police, courts, and corrections. Using a three-pronged thematic approach, it provides anintricately woven picture of contemporary American criminal justice, assumes a forward-looking perspective that recognizes the importance of individual rights, social order, multiculturalism, and high-technology as they affect the day-to-day practice of criminal justice, and gives serious emphasis toterrorism as a crime. Incorporates the most authoritative, reliable, and current information, statistics, and court cases, and provides citations to online criminal justice mega-sources that are constantly updated. Features a variety of issues-oriented, career, and "the future" boxes throughout. An accompanying simulations CD features real-life scenarios based on actual U.S. Supreme Court cases that enable readers to put themselves in the role(s) of police officer, judge, probation officer, legislator, and corrections official. What Is Criminal Justice? The Crime Picture. The Search for Causes. Criminal Law. Policing: History and Structure. Police Management. Policing: Legal Aspects. The Courts. The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial. Sentencing. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections. Prisons and Jails. Prison Life. Juvenile Justice. Drugs and Crime. Multinational Criminal Justice. The Future of Criminal Justice. For those in law enforcement, the court system, corrections, juvenile delinquency, probation, parole, and private security.

Table of Contents

A Guide to Key Features	iv
About the Author	viii
Preface	ix
To the Student	xi
Acknowledgments	xxxi
Foreword	xxxv
part one CRIME IN AMERICA	3	(178)
What Is Criminal Justice?	5	(36)
Introduction	6	(3)
Crime in the Last Half Century	9	(6)
What Would You Do?	12	(3)
The Themes of this Book	15	(6)
Social Justice	17	(1)
Individual Rights Versus Public Order	18	(2)
CJ Today News ``Big Brother'' Cameras on Watch for Criminals	20	(1)
American Criminal Justice: The System	21	(1)
The Consensus Model	21	(1)
The Conflict Model	22	(1)
American Criminal Justice: The Process	22	(5)
Investigation and Arrest	22	(2)
Pretrial Activities	24	(1)
Adjudication	25	(1)
Sentencing	26	(1)
Corrections	26	(1)
Due Process and Individual Rights	27	(2)
The Role of the Courts in Defining Rights	28	(1)
Crime Control through Due Process	28	(1)
Criminal Justice and Criminology	29	(2)
Research and Professionalism	30	(1)
CJ Futures The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center	31	(1)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice	31	(3)
CJ Today News Immigrants Pose Cultural Challenges to the Criminal Justice System	33	(1)
Things to Come: An Overview of this Book	34	(1)
Summary	35	(1)
Discussion Questions	35	(1)
Web Quest!	36	(1)
Library Extras!	36	(5)
The Crime Picture	41	(48)
Introduction	42	(3)
Crime Data and Social Policy	43	(1)
The Collection of Crime Data	44	(1)
The Uniform Crime Reports	45	(19)
Development of the UCR Program	45	(1)
Historical Trends	45	(3)
UCR Terminology	48	(2)
Part I Offenses	50	(5)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in America Investigating Crime in a Multicultural Setting	55	(4)
Part II Offenses	59	(1)
NIBRS: The New UCR	60	(2)
Hate Crimes	62	(2)
The National Crime Victimization Survey	64	(5)
Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVS	68	(1)
Guns, Crime, and Gun Control	69	(2)
Gun-Control Legislation	70	(1)
Support for Gun Ownership	71	(1)
Emerging Patterns of Criminal Activity	71	(11)
The Fear of Crime	72	(1)
Women and Crime	73	(2)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in America Gender Issues	75	(2)
CJ Today News Law Enforcers Report Spike in Cybercrime	77	(1)
The Economic Cost of Crime	78	(1)
What Would you Do?	78	(1)
Drugs and Crime	79	(1)
The Elderly and Crime	80	(1)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in America Race and the Criminal Justice System	81	(1)
Summary	82	(1)
Discussion Questions	83	(1)
Web Quest!	83	(1)
Library Extras!	83	(6)
The Search for Causes	89	(40)
Introduction	90	(2)
Criminological Theory	92	(4)
The Classical School	96	(2)
Cesare Beccaria: Crime and Punishment	97	(1)
Jeremy Bentham: Hedonistic Calculus	97	(1)
The Neoclassical Perspective	97	(1)
Social Policy and Classical Theories	98	(1)
Biological Theories	98	(3)
Franz Joseph Gall: Phrenology	98	(1)
Cesare Lombroso: Atavism	99	(1)
Criminal Families	100	(1)
William Sheldon: Somatotypes	100	(1)
Social Policy and Biological Theories	101	(1)
Psychobiological Theories	101	(2)
Chromosome Theory	101	(1)
Biochemical Factors and Imbalances	101	(2)
Heredity and Environment	103	(1)
Social Policy and Psychobiological Theories	103	(1)
Psychological Theories	103	(5)
Behavioral Conditioning	104	(1)
Freudian Psychoanalysis	104	(1)
Psychopathology and Crime	105	(1)
The Psychotic Offender	106	(1)
Psychological Profiling	106	(2)
Social Policy and Psychological Theories	108	(1)
Sociological Theories	108	(7)
Social Ecology Theory	109	(1)
Anomie Theory	109	(1)
CJ Futures The Physical Environment and Crime	110	(2)
Subcultural Theory	112	(1)
The Life Course Perspective	112	(1)
Social Policy and Sociological Theories	113	(2)
Social-Psychological Theories	115	(3)
Differential Association Theory	116	(1)
Restraint Theories	117	(1)
What Would You Do?	118	(1)
Conflict Theories	118	(2)
Radical Criminology	119	(1)
Peacemaking Criminology	119	(1)
Social Policy and Conflict Theories	120	(1)
The Phenomenological School	120	(2)
Labeling Theory	121	(1)
Emergent Theories	122	(1)
Summary	123	(1)
Discussion Questions	123	(1)
Web Quest!	124	(1)
Library Extras!	124	(5)
Criminal Law	129	(52)
Introduction	130	(1)
The Nature of Law	131	(1)
The Development of Law	131	(4)
The Code of Hammurabi	131	(1)
Early Roman Law	132	(1)
Common Law	132	(1)
The Magna Carta	133	(1)
The U.S. Constitution	133	(1)
Natural Law	133	(2)
The Rule of Law	135	(1)
Purposes of the Law	135	(2)
Social Engineering	137	(1)
Social Conflict	137	(1)
Types of Law	137	(7)
Criminal Law	138	(1)
Civil Law	138	(3)
CJ Today News Makers Can't Be Sued for Gun Misuse	141	(2)
Administrative Law	143	(1)
Case Law	143	(1)
Procedural Law	144	(1)
General Categories of Crime	144	(2)
Felonies	144	(1)
Misdemeanors	145	(1)
Offenses	145	(1)
Treason and Espionage	145	(1)
Inchoate Offenses	146	(1)
General Features of Crime	146	(5)
The Criminal Act (Actus Reus)	147	(1)
A Guilty Mind (Mens Rea)	147	(2)
Concurrence	149	(1)
Other Features of Crime	149	(1)
What Would You Do?	150	(1)
Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense	151	(2)
The Example of Murder	151	(1)
The Corpus Delicti of a Crime	152	(1)
Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge	153	(22)
Alibi	153	(1)
Justifications	153	(3)
Excuses	156	(8)
Procedural Defenses	164	(4)
Innovative Defenses	168	(5)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in America Legal Authority and the Criminal Law	173	(2)
Summary	175	(1)
Discussion Questions	175	(1)
Web Quest!	176	(1)
Library Extras!	176	(5)
part two POLICING	181	(142)
Policing: History and Structure	183	(30)
Introduction	184	(1)
Historical Development of the Police	184	(9)
English Roots	184	(2)
The Early American Experience	186	(3)
The Last Half Century	189	(4)
American Law Enforcement Today: From the Federal to the Local Level	193	(7)
What Would You Do?	193	(1)
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	193	(4)
CJ Futures NCIC 2000	197	(1)
State-Level Agencies	198	(1)
Local Agencies	199	(1)
Private Protective Services	200	(7)
The Development of Private Policing	201	(2)
The Private System of Justice	203	(1)
The Professionalization of Private Security	203	(1)
CJ Today News FBI Joins Private Companies to Fight Espionage	204	(1)
Integrating Public and Private Security	205	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 5-1 American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS)---Code of Ethics	206	(1)
Summary	207	(1)
Discussion Questions	208	(1)
Web Quest!	208	(1)
Library Extras!	208	(5)
Police Management	213	(60)
Introduction	214	(1)
Police Administration	214	(9)
Styles of Policing	215	(1)
Police-Community Relations	216	(7)
Discretion and the Individual Officer	223	(2)
Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Policing	225	(28)
Police Personality and Culture	225	(1)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in America Policing a Multicultural Society	226	(1)
Corruption and Integrity	227	(5)
The Dangers of Police Work	232	(6)
Police Civil Liability	238	(1)
What Would You Do?	239	(2)
CJ Today News ``De-policing'' a Response to Community's Criticism	241	(2)
Racial Profiling	243	(2)
Racially Biased Policing	245	(1)
CJ Today News Once Appalled by Race Profiling, Many Find Themselves Doing it	246	(1)
Police Use of Force	247	(4)
Individual Rights Versus Public Order The Case of Bernard McCummings	251	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 6-1 The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics	253	(1)
Professionalism and Ethics	253	(5)
Education and Training	254	(1)
Recruitment and Selection	255	(1)
Police Departments as Learning Organizations	256	(1)
CJ Futures Police Learning Organizations and Technology	257	(1)
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing	258	(4)
Women as Effective Police Officers	260	(1)
What Can Be Done?	261	(1)
Summary	262	(1)
Discussion Questions	263	(1)
Web Quest!	263	(1)
Library Extras!	264	(9)
Policing: Legal Aspects	273	(50)
Introduction	274	(1)
The Abuse of Police Power	274	(4)
A Changing Legal Climate	277	(1)
Individual Rights	278	(1)
Due Process Requirements	278	(1)
Search and Seizure	279	(10)
The Exclusionary Rule	279	(2)
The Warren Court (1953-1969)	281	(2)
The Burger (1969-1986) and Rehnquist (1986-Present) Courts	283	(1)
CJ Futures The `` Computer Errors Exception'' to the Exclusionary Rule	284	(3)
CJ Today Exhibit 7-1 Plain-View Requirements	287	(2)
Arrest	289	(14)
CJ Today News High Court Upholds Mom's Arrest in Seatbelt Violation---Cuffs, Jail Allowed in Minor Offenses	290	(1)
What Would You Do?	291	(1)
Searches Incident to Arrest	291	(2)
Emergency Searches of Persons	293	(1)
Vehicle Searches	294	(3)
Individual Rights Versus Public Order Fairness in Policing	297	(1)
Suspicionless Searches	298	(1)
High-Technology Searches	299	(1)
Individual Rights Versus Public Order The USA Patriot Act of 2001	300	(3)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in America The USA Patriot Act of 2001	303	(1)
The Intelligence Function	303	(14)
Informants	303	(1)
Police Interrogation	304	(2)
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation	306	(1)
Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision	307	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 7-2 The Miranda Warnings	307	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 7-3 The Miranda Triggers	309	(3)
Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence	312	(1)
Electronic Eavesdropping	313	(4)
Summary	317	(1)
Discussion Questions	317	(1)
Web Quest!	317	(1)
Library Extras!	318	(5)
part three ADJUDICATION	323	(126)
The Courts	325	(32)
Introduction	326	(1)
American Court History	327	(15)
State Court Development	327	(2)
State Court Systems Today	329	(6)
The Rise of the Federal Courts	335	(1)
Individual Rights Versus Public Order Community Justice and the Courts	336	(6)
Pretrial Activities	342	(9)
The First Appearance	342	(3)
CJ Today Exhibit 8-1 Nonjudicial Pretrial Release Decisions	345	(3)
The Grand Jury	348	(1)
The Preliminary Hearing	349	(1)
Arraignment and the Plea	349	(2)
What Would You Do?	351	(1)
Summary	351	(1)
Discussion Questions	352	(1)
Web Quest!	352	(1)
Library Extras!	352	(5)
The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial	357	(46)
Introduction	358	(1)
The Courtroom Work Group: Professional Courtroom Actors	358	(16)
The Judge	359	(2)
The Prosecuting Attorney	361	(2)
The Defense Counsel	363	(5)
CJ Today Exhibit 9-1 Gideon v. Wainwright and Indigent Defense	368	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 9-2 American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility	370	(1)
The Bailiff	371	(1)
Local Court Administrators	371	(1)
The Court Recorder	371	(1)
The Clerk of Court	372	(1)
The Expert Witness	372	(1)
CJ Today News Secret-Telling Sparks Some Ethical Conflicts	373	(1)
Outsiders: Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants	374	(4)
Lay Witnesses	374	(1)
Jurors	374	(1)
The Victim	375	(1)
The Defendant	376	(1)
The Press	377	(1)
What Would You Do?	378	(1)
The Criminal Trial	378	(15)
Trial Initiation: The Speedy Trial Act	380	(1)
Jury Selection	381	(3)
Opening Statements	384	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 9-3 Peremptory Challenges and Race	385	(1)
The Presentation of Evidence	385	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 9-4 Pretrial and Posttrial Motions	386	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 9-5 ``Pleading the Fifth''	388	(3)
Closing Arguments	391	(1)
The Judge's Charge to the Jury	391	(1)
Jury Deliberations and the Verdict	391	(2)
Improving the Adjudication Process	393	(3)
CJ Futures Courtrooms of the Future	394	(1)
Multiculturalism and Diversity in America The Bilingual Courtroom	395	(1)
Summary	396	(1)
Discussion Questions	396	(1)
Web Quest!	397	(1)
Library Extras!	397	(6)
Sentencing	403	(46)
Introduction	404	(1)
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing	405	(4)
Retribution	406	(1)
Incapacitation	406	(1)
Deterrence	406	(1)
Rehabilitation	407	(1)
Restoration	408	(1)
Indeterminate Sentencing	409	(2)
Critiques of Indeterminate Sentencing	410	(1)
Structured Sentencing	411	(4)
Critiques of Structured Sentencing	413	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 10-1 Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances	413	(1)
Mandatory Sentencing	414	(1)
Truth in Sentencing	415	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 10-2 Three Strikes and You're Out: A Brief History of the ``Get Tough on Crime'' Movement	416	(1)
Federal Sentencing Guidelines	417	(3)
Federal Guideline Provisions	417	(1)
Plea Bargaining under the Guidelines	418	(1)
CJ Today News Does ``Scarlet Letter'' Judge Cross the Line?	419	(1)
Innovations in Sentencing	420	(2)
CJ Futures Is Chemical Castration a Valid Sentencing Option?	421	(1)
Questions about Alternative Sanctions	422	(1)
The Sentencing Environment	422	(1)
The Presentence Investigation Report	423	(1)
The Victim---Forgotten no Longer	424	(4)
CJ Today Exhibit 10-3 Is the Victims' Rights Amendment Dead?	426	(1)
Victim-Impact Statements	426	(2)
Traditional Sentencing Options	428	(13)
Fines	429	(1)
Death: The Ultimate Sanction	430	(11)
What Would You Do?	441	(1)
Summary	441	(1)
Discussion Questions	442	(1)
Web Quest!	442	(1)
Library Extras!	442	(7)
part four CORRECTIONS	449	(124)
Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections	451	(28)
Introduction	452	(2)
What Is Probation?	454	(2)
The Extent of Probation	454	(2)
Probation Conditions	456	(1)
What Is Parole?	456	(3)
The Extent of Parole	457	(1)
Parole Conditions	458	(1)
Federal Parole	458	(1)
Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses	459	(1)
Advantages of Probation and Parole	459	(1)
Disadvantages of Probation and Parole	459	(1)
The Legal Environment	460	(3)
What Would You Do?	460	(3)
CJ Today News Parole Denied for Radical in Fatal 1981 Robbery	463	(1)
The Federal Probation System	463	(1)
The Job of Probation and Parole Officers	464	(1)
The Challenges of the Job	465	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	465	(6)
Split Sentencing	466	(1)
Shock Probation and Shock Parole	466	(1)
Shock Incarceration	467	(1)
Mixed Sentencing and Community Service	468	(1)
Intensive Supervision	469	(1)
Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring	470	(1)
The Future of Probation and Parole	471	(3)
CJ Futures Probation Kiosks: High-Tech Supervision	473	(1)
Summary	474	(1)
Discussion Questions	474	(1)
Web Quest!	474	(1)
Library Extras!	475	(4)
Prisons and Jails	479	(52)
Introduction	480	(1)
Early Punishments	480	(3)
Flogging	481	(1)
Mutilation	482	(1)
Branding	482	(1)
Public Humiliation	482	(1)
Workhouses	482	(1)
Exile	483	(1)
The Emergence of Prisons	483	(21)
The Penitentiary Era (1790-1825)	485	(1)
The Mass Prison Era (1825-1876)	485	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 12-1 Chaplain James Finley's Letter from the Ohio Penitentiary, 1850	486	(1)
The Reformatory Era (1876-1890)	486	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 12-2 An Early Texas Prison	487	(2)
The Industrial Era (1890-1935)	489	(2)
The Punitive Era (1935-1945)	491	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 12-3 Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary	492	(1)
The Treatment Era (1945-1967)	493	(1)
The Community-Based Era (1967-1980)	494	(2)
The Warehousing Era (1980-1995)	496	(4)
What Would You Do?	500	(1)
The Just Deserts Era (1995-Present)	500	(4)
Prisons Today	504	(7)
Security Levels	506	(2)
CJ Today News Rural Towns Turn to Prisons to Reignite Their Economies	508	(1)
The Federal Prison System	509	(1)
Recent Improvements	510	(1)
Jails	511	(3)
CJ Today News Politically Correct Punishment	513	(1)
Women and Jail	514	(6)
The Growth of Jails	515	(1)
Direct-Supervision Jails	516	(2)
Jails and the Future	518	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 12-4 American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers	519	(1)
Private Prisons	520	(4)
CJ Futures Jails and the Future	521	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 12-5 Arguments for and Against the Privatization of Prisons	523	(1)
Summary	524	(1)
Discussion Questions	524	(1)
Web Quest!	525	(1)
Library Extras!	525	(6)
Prison Life	531	(42)
Introduction	532	(1)
Research on Prison Life---Total Institutions	532	(1)
The Male Inmate's World	533	(6)
The Evolution of Prison Subcultures	534	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 13-1 Prison Argot: The Language of Confinement	535	(1)
The Functions of Prison Subcultures	535	(1)
Prison Lifestyles and Inmate Types	536	(2)
Homosexuality in Prison	538	(1)
The Female Inmate's World	539	(6)
CJ Today News Child Sleepovers at Prison Reviewed	542	(1)
Social Structure in Women's Prisons	543	(1)
Types of Female Inmates	544	(1)
Violence in Women's Prisons	544	(1)
The Staff World	545	(3)
Types of Correctional Officers	546	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 13-2 American Correctional Association Code of Ethics	547	(1)
The Professionalization of Correctional Officers	547	(1)
Prison Riots	548	(2)
Causes of Riots	548	(2)
Stages in Riots and Riot Control	550	(1)
Prisoners' Rights	550	(11)
The Legal Basis of Prisoners' Rights	551	(1)
Precedents in Prisoners' Rights	552	(4)
CJ Today Exhibit 13-3 Federal Oversight of the Texas Prison System: A Timeline	556	(2)
What Would You Do?	558	(1)
A Return to the Hands-Off Doctrine?	558	(1)
CJ Today News Male Prisoners Have Right to Procreate, Court Rules	559	(2)
Issues Facing Prisons Today	561	(5)
AIDS	562	(1)
Geriatric Offenders	562	(1)
Mentally Ill Inmates	563	(2)
CJ Futures Technocorrections	565	(1)
Summary	566	(1)
Discussion Questions	567	(1)
Web Quest!	567	(1)
Library Extras!	567	(6)
part five SPECIAL ISSUES	573	(163)
Juvenile Justice	575	(44)
Introduction	576	(3)
Juvenile Justice Throughout History	579	(5)
Earliest Times	579	(1)
Juveniles in Early America	579	(1)
The Institutional Era	580	(2)
The Juvenile Court Era	582	(2)
The Problems of Children Today	584	(12)
Drug and Alcohol Abuse	585	(1)
Violence	586	(1)
Gangs	587	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 14-1 What Is a Gang?	589	(1)
Runaways	589	(1)
Sexual Abuse	590	(1)
Other Forms of Abuse	591	(1)
CJ Today News Colorado Parents Probed in Death of Newborn	592	(1)
Teen Suicide	592	(1)
What Can Be Done?	593	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 14-2 Parents on Trial	594	(2)
The Legal Environment	596	(5)
Kent v. U.S. (1966)	596	(1)
In re Gault (1967)	596	(1)
In re Winship (1970)	597	(1)
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)	598	(1)
Breed v. Jones (1975)	598	(1)
Schall v. Martin (1984)	599	(1)
Illinois v. Montanez (1996)	599	(1)
Legislation Concerning Juvenile Justice	600	(1)
The Legal Rights of Juveniles	600	(1)
What Would You Do?	601	(1)
The Juvenile Justice Process Today	601	(9)
Adult and Juvenile Justice Compared	602	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 14-3 The Juvenile Justice System Versus Criminal Case Processing	603	(1)
How the System Works	603	(4)
CJ Today Exhibit 14-4 Juvenile Courts Versus Adult Courts	607	(3)
The Post-Juvenile Court Era	610	(2)
Summary	612	(1)
Discussion Questions	612	(1)
Web Quest!	613	(1)
Library Extras!	613	(6)
Drugs and Crime	619	(40)
Introduction	620	(1)
Drug Abuse: More Than an Individual Choice	620	(1)
What is a Drug?	621	(4)
Alcohol Abuse	622	(3)
A History of Drug Abuse in America	625	(7)
Drug Use and Social Awareness	627	(1)
Antidrug Legislation	628	(3)
The Investigation of Drug Abuse and Manufacturing	631	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 15-1 Drugs: What's in a Name?	632	(1)
The Most Common Drugs---And who is Using Them	632	(8)
Marijuana	634	(1)
Cocaine	635	(1)
Heroin	636	(1)
Club Drugs	637	(1)
CJ Today News Club Drugs Sending More Young People to Hospitals	638	(2)
Drugs and Crime	640	(3)
Money Laundering	641	(1)
Narcoterrorism	642	(1)
Solving the Drug Problem	643	(9)
Strict Enforcement	644	(1)
Asset Forfeiture	644	(2)
What Would You Do?	646	(1)
Interdiction	646	(1)
Crop Control	647	(1)
Education and Treatment	648	(2)
Legalization and Decriminalization	650	(2)
Summary	652	(1)
Discussion Questions	652	(1)
Web Quest!	653	(1)
Library Extras!	653	(6)
Multinational Criminal Justice	659	(34)
Introduction	660	(3)
Ethnocentrism and the Study of Criminal Justice	661	(1)
Problems with Data	662	(1)
The Chinese Justice System	663	(7)
Maoist Justice	663	(1)
The Chinese Justice System Today	664	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 16-1 Individual Rights Guaranteed Under the Constitution of the People's Republic of China	664	(4)
CJ Today News China Strikes Hard, Hopes Crime Takes a Hit	668	(2)
Islamic Criminal Justice	670	(3)
The Hudud Crimes	670	(2)
The Tazir Crimes	672	(1)
Islamic Courts	672	(1)
Criminal Justice in England and Wales	673	(7)
Crime Rates	673	(1)
The British Political System	674	(1)
Modern Criminal Law in Britain	675	(1)
The British Police	676	(1)
The British Courts	677	(2)
CJ Today Exhibit 16-2 Judicial Officers in Britain	679	(1)
British Corrections	679	(1)
International Criminal Justice Organizations	680	(7)
The Role of the United Nations in Criminal Justice	681	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 16-3 Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice	682	(1)
Transnational Crime	683	(1)
What Would You Do?	683	(1)
Interpol and Europol	684	(1)
The International Criminal Court	685	(2)
Summary	687	(1)
Discussion Questions	687	(1)
Web Quest!	687	(1)
Library Extras!	688	(5)
The Future of Criminal Justice	693	(43)
Introduction	694	(1)
Technology and Criminal Justice	695	(19)
A Brief History of Criminal Justice Technologies	696	(1)
Criminalistics: Past, Present, and Future	697	(1)
Emerging Technologies in Criminalistics	698	(2)
What Would You Do?	700	(4)
Problems in Implementing New Technologies	704	(1)
Cybercrime: The New White-Collar Crime	705	(7)
Identity Theft	712	(2)
Terrorism	714	(10)
Types of Terrorism	715	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 17-1 What Is Terrorist Activity?	716	(2)
Terrorism and Technology	718	(2)
CJ Today News Student Cyber Corps Tackles Terrorism	720	(1)
Combating Terrorism	720	(1)
Foreign Terrorist Organizations	721	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 17-2 Recommendations of the National Commission on Terrorism	722	(1)
CJ Today Exhibit 17-3 The USA Patriot Act of 2001	723	(1)
Technology and Individual Rights	724	(5)
Technology and the First Amendment	724	(1)
Technology and the Second Amendment	725	(1)
Technology and the Fourth Amendment	726	(1)
Technology and the Fifth Amendment	727	(1)
Technology and the Sixth Amendment	728	(1)
Technology and the Eighth Amendment	728	(1)
Technology and the Fourteenth Amendment	729	(1)
Summary	729	(1)
Discussion Questions	730	(1)
Web Quest!	730	(1)
Library Extras!	731	(5)
Bill of Rights	736	(1)
List of Acronyms	737	(2)
Glossary	739	(25)
Case Index	764	(3)
Name Index	767	(10)
Subject Index	777

Excerpts

The first edition of this textbook appeared in print more than ten years ago. At that time, I chose what seemed to be a rather unique subtitle:An Introductory Text for the Twenty-first Century.The subtitle was unusual not only because the new century was still more than a decade away, but because other introductory criminal justice authors seemed to be writing about the past and not the future. I wanted my subtitle to speak to students and professors. I wanted it to say, "This is a book that, while it owes a legacy to the past, is not bound by it. This is a book that will prepare students of justice for the world of the future--a soon-to-be vital and real world with almost limitless possibilities in which they will live and work." Since then, of course, much has changed.Criminal Justice Todayis now in its seventh edition. The twenty-first century is here, and thinking about the future has become routine. As I write this preface to the seventh edition, I think of how the first edition of this text was a standard ink-on-paper hardcover book with sparsely placed black-and-white photographs. I reflect on how it has since evolved into a multimedia-rich, information-filled, experiential package that brings up-to-the-minute learning opportunities to today's students in printed form, on the Web, via CD-ROM, and through other digital formats. I think of how it makes extensive use of technologically enhanced learning environments, and I hope that it has contributed, at least in some small way, to the growth and continuing maturation of those environments. The seventh edition of this learning package (for it is no longer merely a book) is intimately integrated with today's "wired" world.Criminal Justice Todayhas evolved into a multifaceted learning experience that, I believe, sets the standard for a new generation of educational tools that integrate text-based information and electronic media in ways not possible only a short while ago. Although you can still hold this book in your hands, the printed pages are but a representation of the multitude of learning possibilities that accompany it. TheCriminal Justice TodayCompanion Website ( http://www.cjtoday.com ), for example, adds a wealth of constantly updated news, statistics, legal information, and diverse opinions to the core text.The Criminal Justice Todaye-mail discussion groups, message boards, and Talk Justice facility make it possible for students and professors to interact with one another and with others across the nation and around the world who share an interest in criminal justice and in crime prevention. Our criminal justice Cybrary ( http://cybrary.info ) provides a fully searchable gold mine of thousands of up-to-the-minute justice-specific websites and publications to facilitate research, writing, and learning. WebCT and Blackboard templates and fully developed content for this textbook, as well as the online teaching possibilities provided by theCriminal Justice TodayCompanion Website, allow classes to be taught entirely online, so students can study criminal justice subject matter from virtually anywhere. While much has changed over seven editions, this text remains true to its original purpose. In the preface to the first edition, I wrote that the purpose of this book is "to teach criminal justice students the fundamental tried-and-true concepts of an evolving discipline, to give them the critical-thinking skills necessary to effectively apply those concepts to the real world, and to apply those concepts and skills to today's problems and to the emerging issues of tomorrow." In Chapter 1 of that edition, I promised that this book would "describe in detail the criminal justice system, while helping students develop an appreciation for the delicacy of the balancing act n