Criminalistics: Introduction to Forensic Science

by Saferstein, Richard

• ISBN13: 9780131137066
• ISBN10: 0131137069
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Pearson

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
About the Author	xvii
Introduction	1	(33)
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science	1	(1)
History and Development of Forensic Science	2	(5)
The Organization of a Crime Laboratory	7	(2)
Services of the Crime Laboratory	9	(3)
The Functions of the Forensic Scientist	12	(6)
Other Forensic Science Services	18	(16)
Review Questions	23	(2)
Further References	25	(1)
Case Reading	26	(8)
The Crime Scene	34	(28)
Processing the Crime Scene	34	(16)
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene	50	(12)
Review Questions	52	(1)
Further References	53	(1)
Case Reading	54	(8)
Physical Evidence	62	(27)
Common Types of Physical Evidence	62	(1)
The Significance of Physical Evidence	63	(26)
Review Questions	74	(1)
Further References	75	(1)
Case Reading	75	(14)
Physical Properties: Glass and Soil	89	(30)
The Metric System	90	(2)
Physical Properties	92	(7)
Comparing Glass Fragments	99	(7)
Glass Fractures	106	(3)
Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence	109	(2)
Forensic Characteristics of Soil	111	(3)
Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence	114	(5)
Review Questions	116	(1)
Further References	117	(2)
Organic Analysis	119	(31)
Elements and Compounds	119	(4)
Selecting an Analytical Technique	123	(1)
Chromatography	124	(12)
Spectrophotometry	136	(7)
Mass Spectrometry	143	(7)
Review Questions	147	(1)
Further References	148	(2)
Inorganic Analysis	150	(19)
Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy	152	(2)
The Emission Spectrum of Elements	154	(4)
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer	158	(1)
The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra	159	(3)
Neutron Activation Analysis	162	(3)
X-Ray Diffraction	165	(4)
Review Questions	167	(1)
Further References	168	(1)
The Microscope	169	(25)
The Compound Microscope	170	(4)
The Comparison Microscope	174	(1)
The Stereoscopic Microscope	175	(1)
The Polarizing Microscope	176	(2)
The Microspectrophotometer	178	(1)
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	179	(15)
Review Questions	184	(1)
Further References	185	(1)
Case Reading	186	(8)
Hairs, Fibers, and Paint	194	(39)
Morphology of Hair	194	(4)
Identification and Comparison of Hair	198	(6)
Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence	204	(1)
Types of Fibers	205	(5)
Identification and Comparison of Man-Made Fibers	210	(6)
Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence	216	(3)
Forensic Examination of Paint	219	(9)
Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence	228	(5)
Review Questions	230	(1)
Further References	231	(2)
Drugs	233	(31)
Drug Dependence	234	(3)
Narcotic Drugs	237	(3)
Hallucinogens	240	(5)
Depressants	245	(2)
Stimulants	247	(2)
Club Drugs	249	(1)
Anabolic Steroids	250	(1)
Drug-Control Laws	251	(3)
Drug Identification	254	(6)
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence	260	(4)
Review Questions	261	(2)
Further References	263	(1)
Forensic Toxicology	264	(32)
Toxicology of Alcohol	265	(18)
The Role of the Toxicologist	283	(1)
Techniques Used in Toxicology	284	(4)
The Significance of Toxicological Findings	288	(1)
The Drug Recognition Expert	289	(7)
Review Questions	293	(2)
Further References	295	(1)
Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations	296	(32)
The Chemistry of Fire	296	(7)
Searching the Fire Scene	303	(2)
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence	305	(2)
Analysis of Flammable Residues	307	(4)
Types of Explosives	311	(5)
Collection and Analysis of Explosives	316	(12)
Review Questions	324	(3)
Further References	327	(1)
Forensic Serology	328	(33)
The Nature of Blood	329	(4)
Immunoassay Techniques	333	(3)
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains	336	(6)
Stain Patterns of Blood	342	(4)
Principles of Heredity	346	(2)
Forensic Characterization of Semen	348	(4)
Collection of Rape Evidence	352	(9)
Review Questions	358	(2)
Further References	360	(1)
DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool	361	(45)
What Is DNA?	361	(3)
DNA at Work	364	(2)
Replication of DNA	366	(2)
Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA	368	(1)
DNA Typing	368	(14)
Mitochondrial DNA	382	(7)
The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)	389	(1)
The Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis	390	(16)
Review Questions	397	(2)
Further References	399	(1)
Case Reading	399	(7)
Fingerprints	406	(26)
History of Fingerprinting	406	(2)
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints	408	(6)
Classification of Fingerprints	414	(1)
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems	415	(2)
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints	417	(8)
Preservation of Developed Prints	425	(1)
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement	426	(6)
Review Questions	430	(1)
Further References	431	(1)
Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions	432	(34)
Bullet Comparisons	432	(7)
Cartridge Cases	439	(1)
Automated Firearm Search Systems	440	(4)
Gunpowder Residues	444	(4)
Primer Residues on the Hands	448	(3)
Serial Number Restoration	451	(1)
Collection and Preservation of Firearm Evidence	452	(2)
Tool Marks	454	(3)
Other Impressions	457	(9)
Review Questions	464	(1)
Further References	465	(1)
Document and Voice Examination	466	(23)
Handwriting Comparisons	467	(2)
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars	469	(2)
Typescript Comparisons	471	(1)
Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination	472	(2)
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations	474	(4)
Other Document Problems	478	(2)
Voice Examination	480	(9)
Review Questions	487	(1)
Further References	488	(1)
Forensic Science on the Internet	489	(15)
What Is the Internet?	490	(1)
Where to Go on the Internet	491	(5)
Exploring Forensic Science on the WWW	496	(1)
Web Sites You May Wish to Explore	497	(7)
Review Questions	502	(1)
Further References	503	(1)
The Future	504	(7)
Further References	510	(1)
Case Readings	511	(62)
Appendices
I Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence---FBI	543	(15)
II Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR)	558	(2)
III FBI Policy for Submitting DNA Evidence	560	(2)
IV Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained within the Text	562	(2)
V Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development	564	(5)
VI Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood	569	(4)
Answers	573	(6)
Index	579