Criminology (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Siegel, Larry J.

• ISBN13: 9780534645779
• ISBN10: 0534645771
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This best-selling text provides a comprehensive analysis of criminological theory, crime typologies, and the criminal justice system. Renowned for its unbiased presentation of theories, issues, and controversies and for its exhaustive research base, this book presents cutting-edge, seminal research, as well as up-to-the-minute policy and newsworthy examples. In this latest edition, the author has updated the text to address the latest topics, and has rewritten it for clarity and impact. This edition provides students with a gateway to online and multimedia resources that capture the immediacy of the field through CNN? videos, a CD-ROM, and the Internet. And, to help students assess their mastery of key chapter concepts, CriminologyNow?-the ultimate web-based student tutorial for the criminology course-is available FREE when packaged with the text. With its updates and array of supplements, the Ninth Edition of CRIMINOLOGY presents a powerful set of teaching and learning tools for instructors and students alike.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
PART ONE CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINOLOGY	1	(94)
Crime, Criminology, and the Criminal Law	2	(26)
What Is Criminology?	4	(1)
Criminology and Criminal Justice	4	(1)
Criminology and Deviance	4	(1)
A Brief History of Criminology	5	(6)
Classical Criminology	6	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Positivism	7	(2)
Foundations of Sociological Criminology	9	(1)
The Chicago School and Beyond	9	(1)
Conflict Criminology	10	(1)
Contemporary Criminology	10	(1)
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise	11	(3)
Criminal Statistics	11	(1)
The Sociology of Law	11	(1)
The Nature of Theory and Theory Development	12	(1)
Criminal Behavior Systems	13	(1)
Penology	14	(1)
Victimology	14	(1)
How Criminologists View Crime	14	(3)
The Consensus View of Crime	14	(1)
The Conflict View of Crime	15	(1)
The Interactionist View of Crime	16	(1)
Defining Crime	17	(1)
Crime and the Criminal Law	17	(3)
Common Law	18	(1)
Contemporary Criminal Law	19	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: The Elements of Criminal Law	20	(2)
The Evolution of Criminal Law	20	(2)
Ethical Issues in Criminology	22	(2)
Summary	24	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	24	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	25	(1)
Key Terms	25	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	25	(1)
Notes	26	(2)
The Nature and Extent of Crime	28	(40)
How Criminologists Study Crime	30	(3)
Survey Research	30	(1)
Cohort Research: Longitudinal and Retrospective	30	(1)
Official Record Research	31	(1)
Experimental Research	31	(1)
Observational and Interview Research	31	(1)
Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review	32	(1)
Measuring Crime Trends and Rates	33	(5)
Official Data: The Uniform Crime Report	33	(3)
Victim Surveys: The National Crime Victimization Survey	36	(1)
Self-Report Surveys	36	(1)
Evaluating Crime Data Sources	37	(1)
Crime Trends	38	(2)
Trends in Violent Crime	39	(1)
Trends in Property Crime	39	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends	40	(4)
Trends in Victimization Data (NCVS Findings)	42	(1)
Self-Report Findings	43	(1)
Comparative Criminology: International Crime Trends	44	(1)
What the Future Holds	44	(1)
Crime Patterns	45	(4)
The Ecology of Crime	46	(2)
Use of Firearms	48	(1)
Social Class and Crime	48	(1)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: Should Guns Be Controlled?	49	(6)
Age and Crime	52	(1)
Gender and Crime	53	(2)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Gender Differences in Development and Crime	55	(6)
Race and Crime	57	(3)
Criminal Careers	60	(1)
Summary	61	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	62	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	62	(1)
Key Terms	63	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	63	(1)
Notes	63	(5)
Victims and Victimization	68	(27)
Problems of Crime Victims	70	(2)
Economic Loss	70	(1)
System Abuse	70	(1)
Long-Term Stress	70	(1)
Fear	71	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Adolescent Victims of Violence	72	(1)
Antisocial Behavior	73	(1)
The Nature of Victimization	73	(4)
The Social Ecology of Victimization	74	(1)
The Victim's Household	74	(1)
Victim Characteristics	74	(2)
Victims and Their Criminals	76	(1)
Theories of Victimization	77	(1)
Victim Precipitation Theory	77	(1)
Lifestyle Theory	77	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Rape on Campus: Lifestyle and Risk	78	(4)
Deviant Place Theory	79	(1)
Routine Activities Theory	80	(2)
The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life	82	(1)
Caring for the Victim	83	(3)
The Government's Response	83	(1)
Victim Service Programs	84	(1)
Victims' Rights	85	(1)
Comparative Criminology: Victims' Rights in Europe	86	(2)
Victim Advocacy	86	(1)
Self-Protection	87	(1)
Community Organization	88	(1)
Summary	88	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	89	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	89	(1)
Key Terms	89	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	90	(1)
Notes	90	(5)
PART TWO THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION	95	(234)
Choice Theories	96	(36)
The Development of Rational Choice Theory	98	(2)
The Classical Theory of Crime	98	(1)
Choice Theory Emerges	99	(1)
The Concepts of Rational Choice	100	(4)
Offense- and Offender-Specific Crimes	100	(1)
Structuring Criminality	101	(1)
Structuring Crime	102	(2)
Is Crime Rational?	104	(1)
Is Theft Rational?	104	(1)
Is Drug Use Rational?	104	(1)
Is Violence Rational?	104	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Hector Vega: A Life in the Drug Trade	105	(2)
Eliminating Crime	107	(4)
Situational Crime Prevention	107	(4)
Comparative Criminology: CCTV or Not CCTV? Comparing Situational Crime Prevention Efforts in Great Britain and the United States	111	(5)
General Deterrence	112	(4)
The Criminological Enterprise: Does Capital Punishment Deter Murder?	116	(2)
Specific Deterrence	116	(2)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence	118	(4)
Incapacitation	120	(2)
Public Policy Implications of Choice Theory	122	(2)
Just Desert	122	(2)
Summary	124	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	124	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	125	(1)
Key Terms	125	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	125	(1)
Notes	125	(7)
Trait Theories	132	(44)
Foundations of Trait Theory	134	(2)
Impact of Sociobiology	134	(1)
Modern Trait Theories	135	(1)
Biosocial Trait Theories	136	(2)
Biochemical Conditions and Crime	137	(1)
Comparative Criminology: Diet and Crime: An International Perspective	138	(12)
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime	142	(2)
Arousal Theory	144	(1)
Genetics and Crime	145	(3)
Evolutionary Theory	148	(1)
Evaluation of the Biosocial Branch of Trait Theory	149	(1)
Psychological Trait Theories	150	(6)
Psychodynamic Theory	151	(3)
Behavioral Theory	154	(1)
Cognitive Theory	155	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence	156	(3)
Psychological Traits and Characteristics	159	(3)
Personality and Crime	159	(2)
Intelligence and Crime	161	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality	162	(3)
Public Policy Implications of Trait Theory	165	(1)
Summary	166	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	166	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	167	(1)
Key Terms	167	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	167	(1)
Notes	167	(9)
Social Structure Theories	176	(40)
Socioeconomic Structure and Crime	178	(3)
Child Poverty	179	(1)
The Underclass	180	(1)
Minority Group Poverty	180	(1)
Social Structure Theories	181	(1)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Bridging the Racial Divide	182	(2)
Social Disorganization Theories	184	(4)
The Work of Shaw and McKay	184	(2)
The Social Ecology School	186	(2)
The Criminological Enterprise: Random Family	188	(5)
Strain Theories	193	(8)
The Definition of Anomie	193	(1)
Theory of Anomie	194	(1)
Institutional Anomie Theory	195	(1)
Relative Deprivation Theory	196	(1)
General Strain Theory	197	(2)
Sources of Strain	199	(1)
Coping with Strain	199	(2)
Evaluating GST	201	(1)
Cultural Deviance Theories	201	(3)
Conduct Norms	202	(1)
Focal Concerns	202	(1)
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures	203	(1)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: The Code of the Streets	204	(3)
Theory of Differential Opportunity	205	(1)
Evaluating Social Structure Theories	206	(1)
Public Policy Implications of Social Structure Theory	207	(1)
Summary	208	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	209	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	209	(1)
Key Terms	209	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	210	(1)
Notes	210	(6)
Social Process Theories	216	(38)
Socialization and Crime	218	(4)
Family Relations	218	(2)
Educational Experience	220	(1)
Peer Relations	221	(1)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: Keeping Kids in School: The Communities In Schools Program	222	(3)
Institutional Involvement and Belief	224	(1)
The Effects of Socialization on Crime	225	(1)
Social Learning Theory	225	(7)
Differential Association Theory	226	(3)
Differential Reinforcement Theory	229	(1)
Neutralization Theory	230	(2)
Are Learning Theories Valid?	232	(1)
Social Control Theory	232	(4)
Self-Concept and Crime	232	(1)
Hirschi's Social Bond Theory	233	(3)
Social Reaction Theory	236	(6)
Crime and Labeling Theory	238	(1)
Differential Enforcement	238	(1)
Becoming Labeled	238	(1)
Consequences of Labeling	239	(1)
Primary and Secondary Deviance	240	(1)
Research on Social Reaction Theory	240	(1)
Is Labeling Theory Valid?	241	(1)
Evaluating Social Process Theories	242	(1)
Public Policy Implications of Social Process Theory	242	(2)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: Head Start	244	(2)
Summary	246	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	247	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	247	(1)
Key Terms	247	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	247	(1)
Notes	248	(6)
Social Conflict Theories: Critical Criminology and Restorative Justice	254	(32)
Marxist Thought	257	(3)
Productive Forces and Productive Relations	257	(1)
Surplus Value	258	(1)
Marx on Crime	259	(1)
Developing a Conflict-Based Theory of Crime	260	(1)
The Contribution of Willem Bonger	260	(1)
The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf	260	(1)
The Contribution of George Vold	261	(1)
Social Conflict Theory	261	(2)
Social Conflict Research	262	(1)
Critical Criminology	263	(4)
Fundamentals of Critical Criminology	264	(1)
Instrumental versus Structural Theory	265	(1)
Research on Critical Criminology	266	(1)
Critique of Critical Criminology	267	(1)
Contemporary Forms of Critical Theory	267	(4)
Left Realism	268
Critical Feminist Theory	267	(3)
Power--Control Theory	270	(1)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Capitalism and Patriarchy	271	(2)
Postmodern Theory	272	(1)
Peacemaking Theory	272	(1)
Public Policy Implications of Social Conflict Theory: Restorative Justice	273	(5)
Reintegrative Shaming	274	(1)
The Concept of Restorative Justice	274	(1)
The Process of Restoration	275	(2)
The Challenge of Restorative Justice	277	(1)
Comparative Criminology: Practicing Restorative Justice Abroad	278	(1)
Summary	279	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	280	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	280	(1)
Key Terms	281	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	281	(1)
Notes	281	(5)
Developmental Theories: Life Course and Latent Trait	286	(43)
The Life Course View	289	(5)
The Glueck Research	290	(1)
Life Course Concepts	290	(1)
Problem Behavior Syndrome	291	(1)
Pathways to Crime	292	(1)
Age of Onset/Continuity of Crime	293	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Desisting from Crime	294	(2)
Theories of the Criminal Life Course	296	(11)
The Social Development Model	296	(1)
Farrington's ICAP Theory	297	(4)
Interactional Theory	301	(2)
General Theory of Crime and Delinquency (GTCD)	303	(1)
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory	303	(4)
Latent Trait View	307	(1)
Crime and Human Nature	307	(1)
Latent Trait Theories	307	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives	308	(8)
General Theory of Crime	308	(6)
Differential Coercion Theory	314	(1)
Control Balance Theory	315	(1)
Evaluating Developmental Theories	316	(2)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: The Fast Track Project	318	(1)
Public Policy Implications of Developmental Theory	318	(2)
Summary	320	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	320	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	321	(1)
Key Terms	321	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	321	(1)
Notes	321	(8)
PART THREE CRIME TYPOLOGIES	329	(160)
Violent Crime	330	(52)
The Causes of Violence	332	(2)
Personal Traits and Makeup	332	(1)
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct	333	(1)
Substance Abuse	333	(1)
Comparative Criminology: World Report on Violence	334	(4)
Socialization and Upbringing	334	(2)
Exposure to Violence	336	(1)
Cultural Values/Subculture of Violence	337	(1)
Forcible Rape	338	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Violent Land	339	(7)
History of Rape	340	(1)
Rape and the Military	340	(1)
Incidence of Rape	340	(1)
Types of Rape and Rapists	341	(2)
The Causes of Rape	343	(2)
Rape and the Law	345	(1)
Murder and Homicide	346	(4)
Degrees of Murder	346	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Murder	347	(1)
Murderous Relations	348	(2)
The Criminological Enterprise: Mass Murder and Serial Killing	350	(2)
Serial Murder	350	(2)
Assault and Battery	352	(3)
Nature and Extent of Assault	353	(1)
Assault in the Home	353	(2)
Robbery	355	(3)
Acquaintance Robbery	356	(1)
Rational Robbery	357	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Armed Robbers in Action	358	(1)
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence	358	(5)
Hate Crimes	358	(4)
Workplace Violence	362	(1)
Stalking	363	(1)
Terrorism	363	(3)
What Is Terrorism?	364	(1)
A Brief History of Terrorism	364	(1)
Contemporary Forms of Terrorism	365	(1)
Comparative Criminology: Transnational Terrorism in the New Millennium	366	(6)
What Motivates Terrorists?	368	(1)
Responses to Terrorism	369	(3)
Summary	372	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	373	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	373	(1)
Key Terms	373	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	374	(1)
Notes	374	(8)
Property Crime	382	(28)
A Brief History of Theft	384	(1)
Modern Thieves	385	(3)
Occasional Criminals	385	(1)
Professional Criminals	386	(1)
Sutherland's Professional Criminal	387	(1)
The Professional Fence	387	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safecrackers	388	(2)
The Nonprofessional Fence	389	(1)
Larceny/Theft	390	(4)
Larceny Today	390	(1)
Shoplifting	391	(1)
Bad Checks	392	(1)
Credit Card Theft	393	(1)
Auto Theft	393	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Credit Card Fraud	394	(4)
False Pretenses or Fraud	396	(1)
Confidence Games	397	(1)
Embezzlement	398	(1)
Burglary	398	(2)
The Nature and Extent of Burglary	398	(1)
Residential Burglary	399	(1)
Commercial Burglary	399	(1)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Are There Gender Differences in Burglary?	400	(3)
Careers in Burglary	401	(2)
Arson	403	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: What Motivates Juvenile Fire Setters?	404	(1)
Summary	405	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	405	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	406	(1)
Key Terms	406	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	406	(1)
Notes	407	(3)
Enterprise Crime: White-Collar, Cyber, and Organized Crime	410	(36)
Enterprise Crime	412	(1)
Crimes of Business Enterprise	412	(1)
White-Collar Crime	413	(1)
Redefining White-Collar Crime	413	(1)
Components of White-Collar Crime	413	(7)
Stings and Swindles	413	(1)
Chiseling	414	(1)
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position	415	(1)
Influence Peddling and Bribery	416	(1)
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud	417	(1)
Client Fraud	418	(2)
The Criminological Enterprise: Tyco, Enron, and WorldCom: Enterprise Crime at the Highest Levels	420	(4)
Corporate Crime	422	(2)
Causes of White-Collar Crime	424	(1)
Greedy or Needy?	424	(1)
Corporate Culture View	425	(1)
Self-Control View	425	(1)
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems	425	(1)
Comparative Criminology: Snakes and Ladders: Confronting White-Collar Crime in Britain	426	(3)
Controlling White-Collar Crime	427	(1)
Is the Tide Turning?	428	(1)
Cyber Crime	429	(1)
Internet Crime	429	(3)
Distributing Sexual Material	429	(1)
Denial of Service Attack	429	(1)
Illegal Copyright Infringement	430	(1)
Internet Securities Fraud	430	(1)
Identity Theft	430	(1)
Internet Fraud	431	(1)
Computer Crime	432	(1)
The Extent of Computer Crime	433	(1)
Controlling Cyber Crime	433	(1)
Organized Crime	433	(2)
Characteristics of Organized Crime	434	(1)
Activities of Organized Crime	434	(1)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: Controlling Cyber Crime	435	(3)
The Concept of Organized Crime	436	(1)
Alien Conspiracy Theory	436	(1)
Contemporary Organized Crime Groups	436	(1)
The Evolution of Organized Crime	437	(1)
Controlling Organized Crime	437	(1)
Comparative Criminology: Russian Organized Crime	438	(2)
The Future of Organized Crime	438	(2)
Summary	440	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	441	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	441	(1)
Key Terms	441	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	441	(1)
Notes	442	(4)
Public Order Crime	446	(43)
Law and Morality	448	(3)
Debating Morality	448	(2)
Social Harm	450	(1)
Moral Crusaders	450	(1)
Homosexuality	451	(1)
Attitudes toward Homosexuality	451	(1)
Homosexuality and the Law	452	(1)
Is the Tide Turning?	452	(1)
Paraphilias	452	(1)
Prostitution	453	(3)
Incidence of Prostitution	454	(1)
International Sex Trade	454	(1)
Types of Prostitutes	454	(2)
Comparative Criminology: The Natasha Trade: International Trafficking in Prostitution	456	(3)
Becoming a Prostitute	456	(2)
Controlling Prostitution	458	(1)
Legalize Prostitution?	459	(1)
Pornography	459	(3)
Child Pornography	460	(1)
Does Pornography Cause Violence?	460	(1)
Pornography and the Law	460	(1)
Controlling Pornography	461	(1)
Technological Change	462	(1)
Substance Abuse	462	(14)
When Did Drug Use Begin?	463	(1)
Alcohol and Its Prohibition	463	(2)
The Extent of Substance Abuse	465	(3)
AIDS and Drug Use	468	(1)
What Causes Substance Abuse?	468	(1)
Is There a Drug Gateway?	469	(1)
Types of Drug Users	469	(3)
Drugs and Crime	472	(1)
Drugs and the Law	473	(1)
Drug Control Strategies	473	(3)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: Drug Abuse Resistance Education	476	(3)
Drug Legalization	478	(1)
Summary	479	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	479	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	480	(1)
Key Terms	480	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	480	(1)
Notes	481	(8)
PART FOUR THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM	489	(144)
The Criminal Justice System	490	(22)
Origins of the American Criminal Justice System	492	(1)
What Is the Criminal Justice System?	492	(3)
The Process of Justice	495	(1)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: The Juvenile Justice System in the New Millennium	496	(6)
Going through the Justice Process	500	(2)
Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law	502	(1)
Concepts of Justice	502	(5)
Crime Control Model	503	(1)
Justice Model	504	(1)
Due Process Model	504	(2)
Rehabilitation Model	506	(1)
Nonintervention Model	506	(1)
Restorative Justice Model	507	(1)
Concepts of Justice Today	507	(1)
Summary	508	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	509	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	509	(1)
Key Terms	509	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	510	(1)
Notes	510	(2)
Police and Law Enforcement	512	(36)
History of Police	514	(3)
The London Police	515	(1)
Policing the American Colonies	515	(1)
Early American Police Agencies	515	(1)
Reform Movements	516	(1)
The Advent of Professionalism	517	(1)
Law Enforcement Agencies Today	517	(3)
Federal Law Enforcement	517	(2)
County Law Enforcement	519	(1)
State Police	519	(1)
Metropolitan Police	519	(1)
Police Functions	520	(3)
Patrol Function	520	(2)
Investigation Function	522	(1)
Changing the Police Role	523	(4)
Community-Oriented Policing (COP)	523	(2)
Problem-Oriented Policing	525	(1)
Does Community Policing Work?	526	(1)
Police and the Rule of Law	527	(2)
Custodial Interrogation	527	(1)
Search and Seizure	528	(1)
Issues in Policing	529	(5)
Police Personality and Subculture	530	(1)
Discretion	531	(2)
Minority and Female Police Officers	533	(1)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Racial Profiling	534	(6)
The Police and Violence	537	(3)
Summary	540	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	540	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	541	(1)
Key Terms	541	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	541	(1)
Notes	541	(7)
The Judicatory Process	548	(43)
Court Structure	550	(2)
State Courts	550	(1)
Federal Courts	550	(1)
Court Case Flow	551	(1)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: Specialized Courts: Drugs and Mental Health	552	(1)
Actors in the Judicatory Process	552	(7)
Prosecutor	552	(5)
Defense Attorney	557	(1)
Judge	558	(1)
Pretrial Procedures	559	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: Ethical Issues in Criminal Defense	560	(5)
Bail	560	(4)
Plea Bargaining	564	(1)
The Criminal Trial	565	(5)
Jury Selection	565	(1)
The Trial Process	566	(3)
Trials and the Rule of Law	569	(1)
Sentencing	570	(6)
Purposes of Sentencing	570	(1)
Sentencing Dispositions	571	(1)
Sentencing Structures	571	(4)
How People Are Sentenced	575	(1)
The Death Penalty	576	(2)
The Death Penalty Debate	576	(2)
Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Race and Sentencing	578	(2)
Comparative Criminology: The Death Penalty Abroad	580	(3)
Legality of the Death Penalty	582	(1)
Summary	583	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	584	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	584	(1)
Key Terms	584	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	585	(1)
Notes	585	(6)
Corrections	591	(42)
History of Punishment and Corrections	592	(4)
The Middle Ages	592	(1)
Punishment in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries	593	(1)
Corrections in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries	593	(2)
Corrections in the Twentieth Century	595	(1)
The Modern Era	596	(1)
Contemporary Corrections	596	(1)
Probation	596	(3)
Probationary Sentences	597	(1)
Probation Services	597	(1)
Probation Rules and Revocation	598	(1)
Success of Probation	599	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions	599	(3)
Fines	600	(1)
Forfeiture	601	(1)
Restitution	601	(1)
Split Sentencing and Shock Probation	601	(1)
Intensive Probation Supervision	601	(1)
Comparative Criminology: International Community Sentencing Practices	602	(3)
Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring	603	(1)
Residential Community Corrections	604	(1)
Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration	605	(1)
Can Alternatives Work?	605	(1)
Jails	605	(2)
Jail Populations	606	(1)
Jail Conditions	607	(1)
Prisons	607	(9)
Types of Prisons	607	(3)
Prison Inmates: Male	610	(1)
Living in Prison	610	(2)
Prison Inmates: Female	612	(1)
Correctional Treatment	613	(3)
Policy and Practice in Criminology: The RSAT Program	616	(4)
Prison Violence	617	(1)
Corrections and the Rule of Law	618	(1)
Cruel and Unusual Punishment	619	(1)
Parole	620	(2)
The Parolee in the Community	620	(1)
How Effective Is Parole?	621	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise: The Problems of Re-Entry	622	(2)
Summary	624	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	625	(1)
Doing Research on the Web	625	(1)
Key Terms	625	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	625	(1)
Notes	626	(7)
Glossary	633	(16)
Case Index	649	(1)
Name Index	650	(22)
Subject Index	672	(26)
Photo Credits	698