Criminology Theories, Patterns, and Typologies (with InfoTrac)

by Siegel, Larry J.

• ISBN13: 9780534545147
• ISBN10: 0534545149
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

1 CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINOLOGY
Crime and Criminology	2	(24)
Introduction	3	(1)
The Study of Criminology	4	(1)
What Is Criminology	4	(1)
A Brief History of Criminology	4	(6)
Classical Criminology	5	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Positivism	6	(1)
The Development of Sociological Criminology	7	(1)
The Foundations of Sociological Criminology	7	(1)
The Chicago School and Beyond	8	(1)
Conflict Criminology	9	(1)
Criminology Today	9	(1)
Criminology and Criminal Justice	10	(1)
The Distinction Between Criminology and Criminal Justice	10	(1)
The Distinction Between Criminology and Deviance	10	(1)
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise	11	(3)
Criminal Statistics	12	(1)
Sociology of Law	12	(1)
Theory Construction	12	(1)
Criminal Behavior Systems	13	(1)
The Changing Face of International Crime Rates	14	(2)
Penology	14	(1)
Victimology	15	(1)
How Criminologists View Crime	16	(3)
The Consensus View of Crime	17	(1)
The Conflict View of Crime	17	(1)
The Interactionist View of Crime	18	(1)
Defining Crime	19	(1)
Criminology Research Methods	20	(3)
Survey Research	20	(1)
Cohort Research	20	(1)
Aggregate Data Research	21	(1)
Experimental Research	21	(1)
Observational and Interview Research	22	(1)
Ethical Issues in Criminology	23	(1)
Summary	24	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	24	(1)
Key Terms	24	(1)
Notes	25	(1)
Criminal Law and Its Processes	26	(24)
Introduction	27	(1)
The Origin of Law	28	(3)
Early Crime, Punishment, and Law in Chaos	29	(1)
Origins of Common Law	30	(1)
Compensation for Crime	30	(1)
The Norman Conquest	30	(1)
Common Law	31	(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Origin of the Jury Trial	32	(2)
Common Law and Statutory Law	32	(1)
Common Law and Statutory Law in America	33	(1)
Common Law in Other Cultures	34	(1)
Classification of Law	34	(2)
Crimes and Torts	34	(1)
Felonies and Misdemeanors	35	(1)
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum	35	(1)
Functions of Criminal Law	36	(3)
Enforcing Social Control	36	(1)
Discouraging Revenge	37	(1)
Expressing Public Opinion and Morality	37	(1)
Deterring Criminal Behavior	38	(1)
Punishing Wrongdoing	38	(1)
Maintaining Social Order	39	(1)
The Legal Definition of a Crime	39	(2)
Actus Reus	39	(1)
Mens Rea	40	(1)
Criminal Defenses	41	(3)
Ignorance or Mistake	41	(1)
Insanity	42	(1)
Intoxication	43	(1)
Duress	43	(1)
policy and practice in criminology
The Insanity Controversy	44	(2)
Necessity	45	(1)
Self-Defense	45	(1)
Entrapment	45	(1)
Exotic Defenses	46	(1)
Changing Criminal Law	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	48	(1)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Notes	49	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Crime	50	(34)
Introduction	51	(1)
The Uniform Crime Report	51	(4)
Collecting the Uniform Crime Report	51	(1)
How Accurate Are the Uniform Crime Reports?	52	(2)
The Future of the Uniform Crime Report	54	(1)
Victim Surveys	55	(1)
The National Crime Victimization Survey	55	(1)
Is the NCVS Valid?	55	(1)
Self-Report Surveys	56	(2)
The Focus of Self-Reports	56	(1)
Are Self-Reports Accurate?	57	(1)
The ``Missing Cases''	58	(1)
Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible?	58	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Crime Trends	59	(1)
Explaining Crime Trends	60	(4)
Trends in Violent Crime	62	(1)
Trends in Property Crime	62	(1)
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization	62	(1)
What the Future Holds	63	(1)
Crime Patterns	64	(2)
The Ecology of Crime	64	(1)
Use of Firearms	65	(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Gun Control Practices	66	(11)
Social Class and Crime	67	(2)
Age and Crime	69	(3)
Gender and Crime	72	(2)
Race and Crime	74	(3)
Criminal Careers	77	(2)
Delinquency in a Birth Cohort	77	(1)
Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept	78	(1)
Summary	79	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	79	(1)
Key Terms	79	(1)
Notes	80	(4)
Victims and Victimization	84	(28)
Introduction	85	(1)
Problems of Crime Victims	85	(3)
Loss	85	(1)
Suffering	86	(1)
Fear	87	(1)
Antisocial Behavior	87	(1)
The Nature of Victimization	88	(6)
The Social Ecology of Victimization	89	(1)
The Victim's Household	90	(1)
Victim Characteristics	90	(3)
The Victims and Their Criminals	93	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Victims of Stalking	94	(2)
Theories of Victimization	95	(1)
Victim Precipitation Theory	95	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them	96	(4)
Lifestyle Theories	97	(1)
Routine Activities Theory	98	(2)
The Criminological Enterprise
Crime and Everyday Life	100	(1)
Caring for the Victim	101	(4)
The Government's Response	101	(1)
Victim Service Programs	102	(1)
Victims' Rights	103	(1)
Self-Protection	104	(1)
Community Organization	105	(1)
Summary	105	(2)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	106	(1)
Key Terms	107	(1)
Notes	107	(5)
2 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION
Choice Theory	112	(36)
Introduction	113	(1)
The Development of Rational Choice Theory	113	(7)
The Classical Theory of Crime	114	(1)
Choice Theory Emerges	114	(1)
The Concepts of Rational Choice	115	(3)
Rational Choice and Routine Activities	118	(2)
Is Crime Rational?	120	(3)
Are Street Crimes Rational?	121	(1)
Is Drug Use Rational?	122	(1)
Can Violence Be Rational?	122	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
In the Drug Business	123	(2)
The Seductions of Crime	125	(1)
Eliminating Crime	125	(3)
Situational Crime Prevention	126	(2)
policy and practice in criminology
Reducing Subway Crime	128	(8)
General Deterrence	129	(5)
Specific Deterrence	134	(2)
Deterring Domestic Violence	136	(4)
Rethinking Deterrence	138	(1)
Incapacitation	138	(2)
Policy Implications of Choice Theory	140	(1)
Just Desert	140	(1)
Summary	141	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	142	(1)
Key Terms	142	(1)
Notes	143	(5)
Trait Theories	148	(38)
Introduction	149	(1)
Foundations of Biological Trait Theory	150	(2)
Impact of Sociobiology	151	(1)
Modern Trait Theories	151	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
The Nature Assumption	152	(1)
Biological Trait Theories	153	(11)
Biochemical Conditions and Crime	154	(3)
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime	157	(3)
Genetics and Crime	160	(2)
Evolutionary Views of Crime	162	(1)
Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory	163	(1)
Psychological Trait Theories	164	(6)
Theory of Imitation	164	(1)
Psychodynamic Perspective	165	(2)
Behavioral Theories	167	(1)
Cognitive Theory	168	(2)
The Media and Violence	170	(4)
Crime and Mental Illness	172	(1)
Personality and Crime	172	(2)
The Antisocial Personality	174	(3)
Intelligence and Crime	174	(3)
Social Policy Implications	177	(2)
Summary	179	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	179	(1)
Key Terms	179	(1)
Notes	180	(6)
Social Structure Theories	186	(36)
Introduction	187	(1)
Sociological Criminology	187	(1)
Economic Structure and Crime	188	(3)
Lower-Class Culture	188	(2)
Are the Poor Undeserving?	190	(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
When Work Disappears	191	(1)
Social Structure Theories	192	(1)
Branches of Social Structure Theory	192	(1)
Social Disorganization Theory	193	(7)
The Work of Shaw and McKay	193	(3)
The Social Ecology School	196	(4)
Strain Theories	200	(9)
Anomie	200	(1)
Theory of Anomie	201	(1)
Institutional Anomie Theory	202	(2)
Relative Deprivation Theory	204	(1)
General Strain Theory (GST)	205	(4)
Cultural Deviance Theory	209	(4)
Conduct Norms	209	(1)
Focal Concerns	209	(1)
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures	210	(1)
Theory of Differential Opportunity	211	(2)
Evaluation of Social Structure Theories	213	(1)
Is the Structural Approach Valid?	213	(1)
Social Structure Theory and Social Policy	213	(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Operation Weed and Seed	214	(1)
Summary	215	(2)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	217	(1)
Key Terms	217	(1)
Notes	217	(5)
Social Process Theories	222	(34)
Introduction	223	(1)
Socialization and Crime	224	(4)
Family Relations	224	(2)
Educational Experience	226	(1)
Peer Relations	226	(1)
Institutional Involvement and Belief	227	(1)
The Effects of Socialization on Crime	227	(1)
Social Learning Theories	228	(8)
Differential Association Theory	228	(5)
Differential Reinforcement Theory	233	(1)
Neutralization Theory	234	(2)
Are Learning Theories Valid?	236	(1)
Social Control Theories	236	(5)
Self-Concept and Crime	237	(1)
Social Control Theory	238	(1)
Elements of the Social Bond	238	(1)
Testing Social Control Theory	239	(2)
Social Reaction Theory	241	(6)
Crime and Labeling Theory	242	(1)
Differential Enforcement	243	(1)
Becoming Labeled	243	(1)
Consequences of Labeling	243	(1)
Primary and Secondary Deviance	244	(1)
Research on Social Reaction Theory	245	(1)
Is Labeling Theory Valid?	246	(1)
An Evaluation of Social Process Theory	247	(1)
Social Process Theory and Social Policy	248	(1)
policy and practice in criminology
Head Start	249	(1)
Summary	250	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	251	(1)
Key Terms	251	(1)
Notes	251	(5)
Conflict Theory	256	(31)
Introduction	257	(1)
Marxist Thought	257	(3)
Productive Forces and Productive Relations	258	(1)
Surplus Value	259	(1)
Marx on Crime	260	(1)
Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime	260	(2)
The Contribution of Willem Bonger	260	(1)
The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf	261	(1)
The Contribution of George Vold	262	(1)
Conflict Theory	262	(4)
Conflict Criminology	262	(3)
Research on Conflict Theory	265	(1)
Analysis of Conflict Theory	265	(1)
Marxist Criminology	266	(6)
The Development of a Radical Criminology	266	(1)
Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology	267	(2)
Instrumental Marxism	269	(1)
Structural Marxism	270	(1)
Research on Marxist Criminology	271	(1)
Marxist Theories of Crime	272	(2)
Critique of Marxist Criminology	274	(1)
Emerging Forms of Conflict Theory	274	(5)
Left Realism	274	(1)
Radical Feminist Theory	275	(2)
Power-Control Theory	277	(1)
Postmodern Theory	278	(1)
Peacemaking Criminology	279	(1)
Social Conflict Theory and Social Policy	279	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Restorative Justice	280	(1)
Summary	281	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	282	(1)
Key Terms	282	(1)
Notes	283	(4)
Integrated Theories: Latent Trait and Developmental Theories	287	(37)
Introduction	288	(1)
Developing Complex Theories	289	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
The Crime Prism	290	(1)
Latent Trait Theories	291	(7)
Human Nature Theory	292	(2)
General Theory of Crime	294	(4)
The Criminological Enterprise
Mating Habits and Crime	298	(1)
Control-Balance Theory	299	(1)
Developmental Theories	299	(6)
The Glueck Research	301	(1)
Developmental Concepts	301	(4)
Theories of Criminal Development	305	(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Violent Female Criminals	306	(10)
The Social Development Model	306	(3)
Elliott's Integrated Theory	309	(1)
Farrington's Theory of Delinquent Development	309	(2)
Interactional Theory	311	(2)
Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory	313	(3)
Commonalities and Distinctions	316	(1)
Summary	316	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	316	(1)
Key Terms	317	(1)
Notes	317	(7)
3 CRIME TYPOLOGIES
Violent Crime	324	(44)
Introduction	325	(1)
The Roots of Violence	326	(1)
Personal Traits	326	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Violent Land	327	(2)
Ineffective Families	328	(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Mothers Who Kill Their Children	329	(4)
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct	329	(1)
Exposure to Violence	330	(1)
Substance Abuse	330	(1)
Firearm Availability	330	(1)
Cultural Values	331	(2)
Forcible Rape	333	(6)
History of Rape	333	(1)
Incidence of Rape	334	(1)
Types of Rape/Rapists	334	(3)
The Causes of Rape	337	(1)
Rape and the Law	338	(1)
Murder and Homicide	339	(5)
Degrees of Murder	340	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Murder	340	(1)
Murderous Relations	341	(2)
Types of Murders	343	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Mass Murder and Serial Killing	344	(2)
Assault and Battery	346	(4)
Patterns of Assault	346	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Assaults	347	(1)
Assault in the Home	347	(3)
Robbery	350	(2)
The Criminological Enterprise
Armed Robbers in Action	352	(1)
Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence	353	(3)
Hate Crimes	353	(1)
Workplace Violence	354	(2)
Political Violence	356	(5)
Terrorism	356	(1)
Forms of Terrorism	357	(3)
Extent of Terrorism	360	(1)
Who Is the Terrorist?	360	(1)
Responses to Terrorism	361	(1)
Summary	361	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	362	(1)
Key Terms	362	(1)
Notes	362	(6)
Property Crimes	368	(22)
Introduction	369	(1)
A Brief History of Theft	370	(1)
Modern Theives	370	(1)
Occasional Criminals	370	(1)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
Catching Thieves in Eighteenth-Century England	371	(3)
Professional Criminals	372	(2)
Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safe Crackers	374	(1)
Larceny/Theft	375	(6)
Larceny Today	376	(1)
Varieties of Larceny	377	(1)
Shoplifting	377	(1)
Bad Checks	378	(1)
Credit Card Theft	379	(1)
Auto Theft	379	(1)
False Pretenses or Fraud	380	(1)
Confidence Games	381	(1)
Embezzlement	381	(1)
Burglary	381	(4)
The Nature and Extent of Burglary	382	(1)
Careers in Burglary	383	(2)
race, culture, gender, and criminology
The Female Burglar	385	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
What Motivates Juvenile Firesetters?	386	(1)
Arson	387	(1)
Summary	387	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	388	(1)
Key Terms	388	(1)
Notes	388	(2)
White-Collar and Organized Crime	390	(39)
Introduction	391	(1)
White-Collar Crime	392	(2)
Redefining White-Collar Crime	392	(1)
The White-Collar Crime Problem	393	(1)
International White-Collar Crime	393	(1)
Components of White-Collar Crime	394	(8)
Stings and Swindles	394	(1)
Chiseling	395	(2)
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position	397	(1)
Influence Peddling and Bribery	397	(3)
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud	400	(1)
Client Fraud	400	(2)
The Savings and Loan Cases	402	(7)
Corporate Crime	404	(3)
High-Tech Crime	407	(2)
The Cause of White-Collar Crime	409	(2)
Greedy or Needy?	409	(2)
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems	411	(4)
Corporate Policing	412	(1)
Controlling White-Collar Crime	412	(3)
Organized Crime	415	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
Can Corporations Commit Murder?	416	(7)
Characteristics of Organized Crime	417	(1)
Activities of Organized Crime	417	(1)
The Concept of Organized Crime	418	(3)
Organized Crime Groups	421	(1)
Controlling Organized Crime	422	(1)
The Future of Organized Crime	422	(1)
Summary	423	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	424	(1)
Key Terms	424	(1)
Notes	424	(5)
Public Order Crimes	429	(46)
Introduction	430	(1)
Law and Morality	430	(3)
Debating Morality	431	(2)
Homosexuality	433	(3)
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality	435	(1)
Homosexuality and the Law	435	(1)
Paraphilias	436	(2)
Prostitution	438	(4)
Incidence of Prostitution	438	(1)
Types of Prostitutes	439	(1)
Becoming a Prostitute	440	(1)
Legalize Prostitution?	441	(1)
Pornography	442	(4)
The Dangers of Pornography	442	(1)
Does Pornography Cause Violence?	443	(1)
Pornography and the Law	444	(1)
Controlling Sex for Profit	445	(1)
Substance Abuse	446	(15)
When Did Drug Use Begin?	446	(1)
Alcohol and Its Prohibition	447	(1)
Commonly Abused Drugs	447	(4)
The Extent of Substance Abuse	451	(2)
AIDS and Drug Use	453	(1)
The Causes of Substance Abuse	454	(2)
Types of Drug Users	456	(2)
Drugs and Crime	458	(2)
Drugs and the Law	460	(1)
The Criminological Enterprise
How Substance Abuse Provokes Violence	461	(5)
Drug Control Strategies	462	(4)
policy and practice in criminology
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)	466	(3)
Summary	469	(1)
Thinking Like a Criminologist	469	(1)
Key Terms	470	(1)
Notes	470	(5)
Glossary	475	(18)
Table of Cases	493	(1)
Name Index	494	(14)
Subject Index	508	(15)
Photo Credits	523