Crosscultural Language and Academic Development Handbook, The: A Complete K-12 Reference Guide

by Diaz-Rico, Lynne T.; Weed, Kathryn Z.

• ISBN13: 9780205443253
• ISBN10: 0205443257
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The best-seller keeps getting better! The third EDITION of this popular handbook brings together theories, ideas, and resources for promoting crosscultural awareness, language development, and academic progress for English learners. It ties together culture and language in a comprehensive format and delves deeply into the educational challenges faced by classroom teachers. Written specifically for the general classroom teacher, this guide clearly shows the effects of cultural differences on learning and presents an excellent treatment of cultural diversity and learning styles. Features New to the Third EDITION bull; bull;Adapted Instruction: Teacher-friENDly tips in each chapter demonstrate how classroom teaching can serve the needs of English learners. bull;Example of Concept: Short classroom vignettes illustrate key concepts central to each chapter. bull;Chapter One features a questionnaire that includes data needed to adapt instruction for English learners. bull;Two-way immersion bilingual programs are explained and featured. bull;Intercultural communication is brought into the classroom with techniques for teachers to become intercultural educators. bull;Culturally compatible instruction is emphasized, with examples and in-DEPTH explanation. At a time when more than two million students with limited English proficiency fill our nationrs"s classrooms-a time when today's teachers desperately need practical, effective resources to help these students succeed in school-every teacher needs this book!

Table of Contents

Introduction	xvii
Acknowledgments	xx
About the Authors	xxi
Part One Learning: Learning about the Learner, Language Structure, and Second-Language Acquisition	1	(72)
Learning about the Language Learner	2	(29)
English Learners: Demographic Trends	3	(2)
Psychological Factors That Influence Instruction	5	(14)
The Learner's Background	5	(6)
Psychological Factors: Social-Emotional	11	(4)
Psychological Factors: Cognitive	15	(4)
Sociocultural Factors That Influence Instruction	19	(10)
Family Acculturation and Use of the First and Second Languages	20	(2)
Family Values and School Values	22	(2)
Institutional Support for the Primary Language and Those Who Speak It	24	(4)
Sociocultural Support for L1 in the Classroom Environment	28	(1)
Learning More	29	(2)
Further Reading	29	(1)
Web Search	29	(1)
Exploration	29	(1)
Experiment	30	(1)
Learning about Language Structure	31	(19)
Language Universals	32	(2)
Language Is Dynamic	32	(1)
Language Is Complex	33	(1)
All Languages Have Structure	34	(1)
Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language	34	(3)
Phonemes	34	(2)
Pitch	36	(1)
Stress	36	(1)
Morphology: The Words of Language	37	(2)
Morphemes	37	(1)
Word-Formation Processes	38	(1)
Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language	39	(2)
Semantics: The Meanings of Language	41	(1)
Pragmatics: The Influence of Context	42	(3)
Language Functions	42	(1)
Appropriate Language	43	(1)
Conversational Rules	44	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	45	(3)
Body Language	45	(1)
Gestures	45	(1)
Facial Expressions	46	(1)
Eye Contact	46	(1)
Communicative Distance	47	(1)
Conceptions of Time	47	(1)
Learning More	48	(2)
Further Reading	48	(1)
Web Search	49	(1)
Exploration	49	(1)
Experiment	49	(1)
Learning about Second-Language Acquisition	50	(23)
Historical Theories of Language Teaching and Learning	51	(4)
Grammar-Translation Methodology	51	(1)
Structural Linguistics	52	(1)
Behaviorism	53	(2)
Current Theories of Language Development	55	(16)
Transformational Grammar	56	(1)
Krashen's Monitor Model	56	(3)
Cummins's Theories of Bilingualism and Cognition	59	(3)
Communicative Competence	62	(3)
The Social Context for Language Learning	65	(1)
Discourse Theory	65	(1)
Meaning-Centered v. ``Bottom-Up'' Approaches to Language Acquisition	66	(1)
Semiotics	67	(1)
Contributions of Research about the Brain	68	(3)
Learning More	71	(2)
Further Reading	71	(1)
Web Search	71	(1)
Exploration	71	(1)
Experiment	71	(2)
Part Two Instruction: Oracy and Literacy for English-Language Development, Content-Area Instruction, and Bilingual Education	73	(100)
Oracy and Literacy for English-Language Development	74	(28)
English-Language Development Standards	75	(1)
Integrating Language Skills	76	(2)
Listening	78	(3)
Listening to Repeat: The Audiolingual Legacy	78	(1)
Listening to Understand: The Task Approach	79	(1)
Listening for Communication: The Comprehension Approach	80	(1)
Speaking	81	(3)
Situations for Spoken Discourse	82	(1)
Improving Oral Proficiency	82	(2)
Reading	84	(10)
Transferring Literacy from First to Second Languages	85	(1)
Students without Literacy in First or Second Languages	86	(2)
Phonics in Literacy Instruction for English Learners	88	(2)
Strategies for English Learners' Literacy Instruction	90	(4)
Writing	94	(3)
The Writing Process	94	(1)
Written Conventions	95	(2)
Error Correction and Grammar in Oracy and Literacy Instruction	97	(1)
Treatment of Errors	97	(1)
Treatment of Grammar	98	(1)
Oracy, Literacy, and Technology	98	(3)
Computer-Assisted Language Learning	99	(2)
Learning More	101	(1)
Further Reading	101	(1)
Web Search	101	(1)
Exploration	101	(1)
Experiment	101	(1)
Content-Area Instruction	102	(36)
Principles of Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE)	103	(1)
A Model for SDAIE	104	(15)
Teacher Attitude	105	(2)
Content	107	(4)
Connections	111	(2)
Comprehensibility	113	(4)
Interaction	117	(2)
Content-Area Application	119	(17)
Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA)	120	(1)
Social Studies	120	(4)
Literature	124	(3)
Mathematics	127	(3)
Science	130	(3)
The Visual and Performing Arts	133	(1)
Physical Education	134	(2)
Instructional Needs beyond the Classroom	136	(1)
Learning More	137	(1)
Further Reading	137	(1)
Web Search	137	(1)
Exploration	137	(1)
Experiment	137	(1)
Theories and Methods of Bilingual Education	138	(35)
Foundations of Bilingual Education	141	(17)
Historical Development of Bilingual Education	141	(3)
Legal Evolution	144	(4)
Educational Issues Involving Bilingual Education	148	(8)
Parent and Community Participation	156	(2)
Organizational Models: What Works for Whom?	158	(8)
Submersion	159	(1)
The Teaching of English as a Second Language	159	(1)
Transitional or Early-Exit Bilingual Education	160	(2)
Maintenance or Developmental Bilingual Education	162	(1)
Immersion Bilingual Education	163	(1)
Newcomer Centers	164	(2)
Research Studies on Program Effectiveness	166	(1)
Instructional Strategies	166	(5)
Language Management	167	(1)
Primary-Language Use	168	(1)
Code Switching	169	(1)
Classroom Organization	170	(1)
Learning More	171	(2)
Further Reading	171	(1)
Web Search	171	(1)
Exploration	172	(1)
Experiment	172	(1)
Part Three Assessment	173	(32)
Language and Content-Area Assessment	174	(31)
Educational Standards and Standardized Assessment	175	(3)
Advantages of Standards-Based Instruction for English Learners	176	(1)
Achievement Testing and No Child Left Behind	176	(1)
Disadvantages of Standards-Based Instruction for English Learners	177	(1)
Linking Assessment to Progress for English Learners	178	(3)
The English-Language Development (ELD) Framework	178	(2)
Linking Placement Tests to Language Development	180	(1)
Linking Standards-Based Classroom Instruction to Assessment	180	(1)
Purposes of Assessment	181	(5)
Formative versus Summative Assessment	181	(2)
Proficiency Tests	183	(1)
Diagnostic and Placement Tests	184	(1)
Achievement Tests	184	(1)
Competency Tests	185	(1)
Methods of Assessment	186	(8)
Tying Assessment to the Integrated Curriculum	186	(1)
Authentic Assessment	186	(1)
Performance-Based Assessment	187	(3)
Standardized Tests	190	(1)
Teacher Observation and Evaluation	191	(2)
Cautions about Testing	193	(1)
Best Practices in Testing	194	(1)
Identification, Assessment, and Placement of English Learners in the Schools	194	(8)
Identification Procedures for English Learners	194	(1)
Assessment for Placement	195	(2)
Redesignation/Exit Procedures	197	(1)
Limitations of Assessment	198	(1)
Difficulties in the Testing Situation	198	(1)
Problematic Test Content	199	(2)
Interpretation of Test Results	201	(1)
Technical Concepts	202	(1)
Validity	202	(1)
Reliability	202	(1)
Practicality	202	(1)
Learning More	203	(2)
Further Reading	203	(1)
Web Search	203	(1)
Exploration	203	(1)
Experiment	203	(2)
Part Four Culture: Cultural Diversity in the United States, the Intercultural Educator, and Culturally Responsive Schooling	205	(90)
Cultural Diversity	206	(24)
Historical Perspectives	207	(10)
Contributions	208	(7)
Exploitation	215	(2)
The Impact of a Changing Population	217	(4)
Poverty among Minority Groups	217	(3)
The Education of Minorities	220	(1)
Second-Language-Speaking Minority Populations	221	(1)
Immigration and Migration	221	(7)
Causes of Immigration	222	(2)
Migration	224	(2)
Immigration Laws and Policies	226	(2)
Learning More	228	(2)
Further Reading	228	(1)
Web Search	228	(1)
Exploration	229	(1)
Experiment	229	(1)
The Intercultural Educator	230	(31)
Understanding Cultural Diversity	231	(9)
The Nature of Culture	232	(2)
Key Concepts about Culture	234	(6)
Investigating Ourselves as Cultural Beings	240	(1)
Learning about Students' Cultures	241	(8)
Ethnographic Techniques	242	(2)
How Cultural Adaptation Affects Learning	244	(5)
Achieving Equity in Schooling	249	(10)
Detecting Unfair Privilege	250	(1)
Fighting for Fairness and Equal Opportunity	250	(1)
Combating Prejudice in Ourselves and Others	251	(5)
Reducing Interethnic Conflict	256	(3)
Learning More	259	(2)
Further Reading	259	(1)
Web Search	260	(1)
Exploration	260	(1)
Experiment	260	(1)
Culturally Responsive Schooling	261	(34)
Respecting Students' Diversity	262	(16)
Acknowledging Students' Differences	262	(12)
Educating Students about Diversity	274	(4)
Promoting Mutual Respect among Students	278	(1)
Adapting to Students' Culturally Supported Facilitating or Limiting Attitudes and Abilities	278	(11)
Cooperation versus Competition	279	(1)
The Use of Language	279	(5)
Teaching Styles (Cultural Orientation)	284	(1)
Teacher-Student Interactions	285	(1)
Classroom Organization	286	(1)
Curriculum	287	(2)
Sustaining High Expectations for All Students	289	(2)
Assessing Students' Ability and Achievement Validly	289	(1)
Challenging Students to Strive for Excellence as Defined by Their Potential	289	(1)
Motivating Students to Become Active Participants in Their Learning	290	(1)
Encouraging Students to Think Critically	291	(1)
Helping Students Become Socially and Politically Conscious	291	(1)
Marshaling Family and Community Support for Schooling	291	(3)
Learning More	294	(1)
Further Reading	294	(1)
Web Search	294	(1)
Exploration	294	(1)
Experiment	294	(1)
Part Five Policy: Language Planning and Policy and Special Populations of English Learners	295	(50)
The Role of Educators in Language Planning and Policy	296	(21)
A Critical Approach to Language Planning and Policy	298	(5)
Tollefson: Power and Inequality in Language Education	298	(1)
Foucault: The Power of Discursive Practices	299	(1)
Fairclough: Critical Language Analysis	299	(3)
Bourdieu: Language as Social Capital	302	(1)
Cummins: Language Policies as Emancipatory	302	(1)
Planning and Policy: The Classroom	303	(2)
Educational Equity in Everyday Practices	304	(1)
The Social Environment	304	(1)
The Policies Embodied in Teachers' Plans	305	(1)
Policy at the School Level	305	(3)
Collaboration with Colleagues	306	(1)
School-Site Leadership	306	(1)
The Academic Ambiance of the School	307	(1)
Involving Parents	307	(1)
Policy in Local School Districts	308	(1)
Professional Growth and Service	308	(1)
The School Board	309	(1)
Community Support for English Learners	309	(1)
The Public Forum	309	(1)
Community Organizations	310	(1)
State Commissions and Professional Organizations	310	(1)
The Voice of the Expert	310	(1)
Professional Leadership Roles	310	(1)
Legislation and Public Opinion	311	(1)
Influencing Federal Policies	311	(4)
The English-as-an-Official-Language Controversy	312	(1)
Federal Funds for Innovation	312	(1)
Federal Legislation	312	(2)
The National Spirit	314	(1)
Learning More	315	(2)
Further Reading	315	(1)
Web Search	315	(1)
Exploration	315	(1)
Experiment	316	(1)
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Learners and Special Education	317	(28)
Scenarios and Issues	319	(3)
Who Are CLD Learners with Special Needs?	319	(2)
Issues Underlying the Scenarios	321	(1)
Principles for the Education of CLD-Special Education Students	322	(1)
The Disproportionate Representation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children in Special Education	322	(2)
Overrepresentation in Disability Programs	322	(2)
Underrepresentation in Gifted Programs	324	(1)
Identification, Referral, and Early Intervention	324	(7)
The Referral Process: The Roles of the Classroom Teacher and the ELD Specialist	325	(1)
Academic and Learning Problems That CLD Learners May Experience	326	(2)
Similarities between Ethnic Language Variations and Learning Disability Symptoms	328	(1)
Early Intervention	328	(2)
Roles of Classroom Teachers and ESL Teachers during the Process of Determining Eligibility for Additional Services	330	(1)
Testing for Special Education	331	(2)
The Descriptive Assessment Process	331	(1)
Family Support for Evaluation	331	(2)
Collaboration among ESL-ELD Resource Teachers and Special Educators	333	(2)
Definition and Principles of Collaboration	333	(1)
Collaboration among Professionals during the Testing Phase	333	(1)
Working with an Interpreter	333	(1)
Relationship of Continued ELD with Other Services	334	(1)
Teaching Strategies for the CLD Special Learner	335	(3)
Adapting Listening Tasks	336	(1)
Adapting Reading Tasks	336	(1)
Adapting Writing Tasks	336	(2)
Assessing Student Performance in the Mainstream Classroom	338	(2)
Methods of Assessing the Success of Included Students	339	(1)
Assessing Students' Work	339	(1)
Using the Results of Assessment	339	(1)
Universal Design for Special Populations of English Learners	340	(1)
Universal Instructional Design	340	(1)
Teaching Blind English Learners	341	(1)
Teaching English Learners with Hearing Impairments	342	(1)
Learning More	343	(2)
Further Reading	343	(1)
Web Search	344	(1)
Exploration	344	(1)
Experiment	344	(1)
Bibliography	345	(24)
Author Index	369	(5)
Subject Index	374