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Robert J. Bartz, CWNT, CWTS, CWNA, and CWSP, has more than 22 years of experience as a practitioner, mentor, and classroom instructor. He is founder of Eight-O-Two Technology Solutions, a CWNP Premier Learning Partner, and a leading wireless training and consulting company. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial technology from California State University, Long Beach, College of Engineering, and has an extensive history as a technical specialist and trainer in the field of information technology.
Introduction xxix
Assessment Test xlv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Networking 1
Network Types 2
The Local Area Network 2
The Wide Area Network 3
The Metropolitan Area Network 5
Campus Area Networks 6
Personal Area Networks 6
Network Topologies 7
Bus 8
Ring 8
Star 10
Mesh 10
The OSI Model 11
Peer Communication 13
Encapsulation 14
Device Addressing 15
Physical Addressing 16
Logical Addressing 17
Summary 19
Exam Essentials 20
Review Questions 21
Chapter 2 Introduction to Wireless Local Area Networking 25
The Wireless Computer Network 27
The Wireless Personal Area Network 27
The Wireless Local Area Network 28
The Wireless Metropolitan Area Network 28
The Wireless Wide Area Network 29
Common WLAN Deployment Scenarios 29
Small Office/Home Office 29
Enterprise Deployments: Corporate Data Access and End-User Mobility 31
Extension of Existing Networks into Remote Locations 31
Public Wireless Hotspots 32
Carpeted Office Deployments 33
Educational Institution Deployments 34
Industrial Deployments 36
Healthcare Deployments 38
Last-Mile Data Delivery: Wireless ISP 38
High-Density Deployments 40
Municipal, Law Enforcement, and Transportation Networks 40
Building-to-Building Connectivity Using Wireless LAN Technology 41
RF Regulatory Domain Governing Bodies and Local Regulatory Authorities 42
United States: Federal Communications Commission 44
Europe: European Telecommunications Standards Institute 44
IEEE and Wireless LAN Standards 45
The IEEE 802.11 Standard 45
The IEEE 802.11b Amendment 46
The IEEE 802.11a Amendment 47
The IEEE 802.11g Amendment 48
The IEEE 802.11n Amendment 50
Additional IEEE 802.11 Amendments 52
Interoperability Certifications 54
Wi-Fi Alliance 54
Wi-Fi Protected Access Certification 55
Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 Certification 55
Wi-Fi Multimedia Certification 56
Wi-Fi Multimedia Power Save Certification 57
Wi-Fi Protected Setup Certification Overview 57
Summary 58
Exam Essentials 58
Review Questions 60
Chapter 3 Wireless LAN Infrastructure Devices 65
The Wireless Access Point 66
Autonomous Access Points 67
Controller-Based Access Points 75
Cooperative Access Points 76
Wireless Mesh 77
Wireless LAN Routers 79
Wireless Residential Gateway 79
Wireless Branch Router 80
Wireless Bridges 80
Wireless Repeaters 81
Wireless LAN Controllers 83
Centralized Administration 84
Controller-Based Access Points 84
Virtual LAN 84
Power over Ethernet Capability 84
Improved Device Roaming 85
Wireless Profiles 85
Advanced Security Features 85
Captive Portal 85
Built-in RADIUS Services 86
Site Survey Tools 86
Radio Frequency Spectrum Management 86
Firewall 86
Quality of Service 86
Redundancy 87
Wireless Intrusion Prevention System 87
Direct and Distributed AP Connectivity 87
Layer 2 and Layer 3 AP Connectivity 87
Distributed and Centralized Data Forwarding 88
Power over Ethernet 89
Summary 93
Exam Essentials 93
Review Questions 95
Chapter 4 Wireless LAN Client Devices 99
Radio Hardware Used with Wireless LAN Technology 100
PCMCIA 101
Features of PCMCIA Cards 101
Installation and Configuration of PCMCIA Cards 103
ExpressCard 107
Features of the ExpressCard 107
Installation and Configuration of an ExpressCard 108
USB 1.0, USB 1.1, USB 2.0, and USB 3.0 109
Features of USB 110
Installation and Configuration of USB Devices 110
Peripheral Component Interconnect 112
Features of PCI 113
Installation and Configuration of PCI Cards 113
Mini-PCI, Mini-PCIe, and Half Mini-PCIe 116
Features of Mini-PCI, Mini-PCIe, and Half Mini-PCIe Cards 117
Installation and Configuration of Mini-PCI, Full Mini-PCIe, and Half Mini-PCIe Cards 118
Additional Adapter Types 119
CompactFlash Devices 119
Features of CF Cards 120
Installation and Configuration of a CF Card 120
Secure Digital 121
Features of SDIO Cards 121
Installation and Configuration of SDIO Cards 122
Wireless Workgroup Bridges 122
Features of Workgroup/Client Bridges 122
Installation and Configuration of Workgroup/Client Bridges 123
Client Device Drivers 125
Client Utility Software 125
Manufacturer-Specific Client Utilities 126
Third-Party Client Utilities 127
Summary 129
Exam Essentials 130
Review Questions 131
Chapter 5 Physical Layer Access Methods and Spread-Spectrum Technology 135
Network Access Methods 136
Detecting Network Traffic Collisions with CSMA/CD 137
Avoiding Network Traffic Collisions with CSMA/CA 138
Reserving Time for Data Transmission Using Distributed Coordination Function 139
Effects of Half Duplex on Wireless Throughput 140
Narrowband vs. Spread-Spectrum Communication 141
Spread-Spectrum Technology 143
Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 143
802.11 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 145
802.11b High Rate/Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 146
IEEE 802.11 DSSS and HR/DSSS Channels 147
IEEE 802.11g Extended Rate Physical 149
IEEE 802.11n High Throughput 150
IEEE 802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 151
IEEE 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11n OFDM Channels 152
IEEE 802.11n Multiple Input/Multiple Output Technology 154
MIMO Channels 156
Co-location of IEEE 802.11b HR/DSSS and IEEE 802.11a/g/n OFDM Systems 157
Adjacent-Channel and Co-channel Interference 159
WLAN/WPAN Coexistence 160
Summary 162
Exam Essentials 163
Review Questions 164
Chapter 6 Radio Frequency Fundamentals for Wireless LAN Technology 169
Understanding Radio Frequency 170
Wavelength in Wireless LANs 172
Frequency in Wireless LANs 173
Amplitude in Wireless LANs 174
Phase in Wireless LANs 175
Radio Frequency Used in Wireless LANs 175
Wireless LAN Coverage and Capacity 180
Wireless LAN Coverage 180
Wireless LAN Capacity 183
Radio Frequency Channel Reuse and Device Co-location 185
Radio Frequency Range and Speed 186
Line of Sight in Wireless Networking 187
Wi-Fi and Non-Wi-Fi Interference 188
Co-channel and Adjacent Channel Interference 189
WLAN/WPAN Interference 190
Environment: RF Behavior 191
Basic Units of Radio Frequency Measurement 194
Absolute Measurements of Radio Frequency Power 195
Relative Measurements of Radio Frequency Power 196
Radio Frequency Signal Measurements 198
Summary 202
Exam Essentials 202
Review Questions 204
Chapter 7 Wireless LAN Antennas and Accessories 209
Basic Radio Frequency Antenna Concepts 210
Radio Frequency Lobes 211
Antenna Beamwidth 211
Antenna Gain 214
Passive Gain 214
Active Gain 216
Antenna Polarization 216
Wireless LAN Antenna Types 218
Omnidirectional Antennas 218
Omnidirectional Antenna Specifications 219
Semidirectional Antennas 222
Highly Directional Antennas 230
Highly Directional Antenna Specifications 231
Radio Frequency Cables and Connectors 233
Radio Frequency Cable Types 233
Radio Frequency Cable Length 234
Radio Frequency Cable Cost 234
Impedance and VSWR 235
Radio Frequency Connectors 235
Factors in Antenna Installation 237
Addressing the Effects of Earth Curvature 237
Antenna Placement 237
Minimizing the Effects of Multipath Using Antenna Diversity 238
Combating Effects of Wind and Lightning in WLAN Installations 239
Lightning Arrestors 240
Grounding Rods 240
Installation Safety 241
Antenna Mounting 241
Internal and External (to the Access Point) Antennas 241
Pole/Mast Mount 242
Ceiling Mount 243
Wall Mount 244
Maintaining Clear Communications 244
Visual Line of Sight 244
Radio Frequency LoS 244
Fresnel Zone 245
Summary 246
Exam Essentials 247
Review Questions 248
Chapter 8 Wireless LAN Terminology and Technology 253
Wireless LAN Modes of Operation 254
The Independent Basic Service Set 255
The Basic Service Set 260
The Extended Service Set 263
The Basic Service Area 264
Connecting to an IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network 265
IEEE 802.11 Frame Types 265
Wireless Network Discovery 267
Passive Scanning 267
Active Scanning 268
IEEE 802.11 Authentication 270
IEEE 802.11 Deauthentication and Disassociation 275
The Distribution System 276
Data Rates 277
Throughput 279
Dynamic Rate Switching 286
Wireless LAN Roaming or Transition 287
IEEE 802.11 Power Save Operations 289
Active Mode 289
Power Save Mode 290
Automatic Power Save Delivery 291
IEEE 802.11 Protection Mechanisms 291
IEEE 802.11g Extended Rate Physical Protection Mechanisms 292
IEEE 802.11n High-Throughput Protection Mechanisms 293
Summary 294
Exam Essentials 296
Review Questions 297
Chapter 9 Wireless LAN Security Basics 301
Introducing IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Security 303
Wireless LAN Threats and Intrusion 303
IEEE 802.11 Standard Security 305
IEEE 802.11 Open System Authentication 306
IEEE 802.11 Shared-Key Authentication 306
Early Wireless LAN Security Technologies 307
The Service Set Identifier 307
SSID Hiding 308
The Media Access Control Address 309
MAC Address Filtering 310
MAC Address Spoofing 311
IEEE 802.11 Authentication and Data Encryption 311
About Wired Equivalent Privacy 312
How to Use WEP 312
IEEE 802.11 SOHO and Enterprise Security Technologies 314
Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN-Based or Push-Button Configuration Wireless Security 314
PIN-Based Security 315
Push-Button Configuration Security 315
Wi-Fi Protected Access and WPA2 Personal Security 317
Passphrase Characteristics 317
WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Security 318
IEEE 802.1X/EAP 318
IEEE 802.1X 319
Extensible Authentication Protocol 320
IEEE 802.1X and EAP Together: IEEE 802.1X/EAP 320
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service 321
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting 322
IEEE 802.11 Encryption Methods 324
Wired Equivalent Privacy 324
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 326
Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol 327
Role-Based Access Control 329
Virtual Private Networking 330
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 331
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol 332
Components of a VPN Solution 332
The Wireless Intrusion Prevention System 337
WIPS Configuration and Maintenance 339
Overlay and Integrated WIPS Technology 339
The Captive Portal 342
Wireless Network Management and Monitoring Systems 343
WNMS: Software, Hardware, or Cloud? 343
Wireless Network Monitoring 345
Industry Regulatory Compliance 347
PCI Compliance 348
HIPAA Compliance 348
Summary 349
Exam Essentials 350
Review Questions 352
Chapter 10 Wireless LAN Site Survey Basics 357
Wireless LAN Site Surveys 358
Size of Physical Location 359
Intended Use of the Network 359
Number of Users and Devices 360
Wireless Client Device Capabilities 360
The Wireless LAN Environment 361
Performance Expectations 361
Bring-Your-Own-Device Acceptance 361
Gathering Business Requirements 363
General Office/Enterprise 363
Manufacturing 365
Warehousing 366
Retail/Point of Sale 368
Healthcare/Medical 368
Government/Military 369
Education 370
Public Access, Hotspots, Hospitality 372
Interviewing Stakeholders 373
Manufacturer Guidelines and Deployment Guides 377
Defining Physical and Data Security Requirements 377
Gathering Site-Specific Documentation 378
Floor Plans and Blueprints 378
Furnishings 378
Electrical Specifications 380
Documenting Existing Network Characteristics 381
Identifying Infrastructure Connectivity and Power Requirements 381
Understanding Application Requirements 383
Application Effects on Wireless LAN Capacity 383
Understanding RF Coverage and Capacity Requirements 384
Client Connectivity Requirements 385
Antenna Use Considerations 386
Summary 390
Exam Essentials 391
Review Questions 392
Chapter 11 Performing an RF Wireless LAN Site Survey 397
The Physical Radio Frequency Site Survey Process 398
Radio Frequency Spectrum Analysis 399
Wi-Fi and Non-Wi-Fi Interference Sources 402
Wi-Fi Interference 407
Performing a Manual Radio Frequency Wireless LAN Site Survey 409
Obtaining a Floor Plan or Blueprint 410
Identifying Existing Wireless Networks 411
Testing Access Point Placement 411
Analyzing the Results 413
Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual Site Surveys 413
Software-Assisted Manual Site Survey 413
Manual Site Survey Toolkit 420
Performing a Predictive Modeling Site Survey 423
Internet-Based Predictive Modeling Site Survey 429
Protocol Analysis 429
Documenting Existing Network Characteristics 436
RF Coverage Requirements 437
Infrastructure Hardware Selection and Placement 437
Infrastructure Connectivity and Power Requirements 438
Received Signal Strength 438
Testing Antenna Use 440
Testing Multiple Antenna Types 441
Choosing the Correct Antennas 441
Wireless Channel Architectures 442
Multiple-Channel Architecture 443
Single-Channel Architecture 443
Wireless Device Installation Limitations 444
Site Survey Report 445
Summary 447
Exam Essentials 448
Review Questions 449
Chapter 12 Troubleshooting and Maintaining IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks 453
Identifying Wireless LAN Problems 455
Radio Frequency Transmitters and Receivers 456
Wireless LAN Connectivity—Coverage and Capacity Problems 457
No Wireless Connectivity 457
Intermittent Wireless Connectivity Problems 465
Wireless LAN Throughput 469
Application Performance Problems 472
Wireless Device Software and Hardware Upgrades 473
Optimizing Wireless Networks 480
Wireless Infrastructure Hardware Selection and Placement 481
Identifying, Locating, and Removing Sources of Wi-Fi and Non-Wi-Fi Interference 481
Wireless Client Device Load Balancing and Infrastructure Device Redundancy 482
Wireless Infrastructure Device Redundancy 483
Analyzing Wireless Infrastructure Capacity and Utilization 484
Radio Frequency Performance Problems: Multipath 485
Radio Frequency Performance Problems: Hidden Node 485
Summary 489
Exam Essentials 490
Review Questions 491
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 495
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Networking 496
Chapter 2: Introduction to Wireless Local Area Networking 498
Chapter 3: Wireless LAN Infrastructure Devices 500
Chapter 4: Wireless LAN Client Devices 501
Chapter 5: Physical Layer Access Methods and Spread-Spectrum Technology 503
Chapter 6: Radio Frequency Fundamentals for Wireless LAN Technology 505
Chapter 7: Wireless LAN Antennas and Accessories 506
Chapter 8: Wireless LAN Terminology and Technology 508
Chapter 9: Wireless LAN Security Basics 510
Chapter 10: Wireless LAN Site Survey Basics 512
Chapter 11: Performing an RF Wireless LAN Site Survey 514
Chapter 12: Troubleshooting and Maintaining IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks 516
Appendix B About the Additional Study Tools 519
Additional Study Tools 520
Sybex Test Engine 520
Electronic Flashcards 520
Author Files and White Papers 520
PDF of Glossary of Terms 521
Adobe Reader 521
System Requirements 521
Using the Study Tools 522
Troubleshooting 522
Customer Care 522
Index 523
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