Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism

by Taylor, Robert W.; Caeti, Tory J.; Loper, Kall J.; Fritsch, Eric J.; Liederbach, John R

• ISBN13: 9780131141377
• ISBN10: 0131141376
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book focuses on both the technical aspects of digital crime as well as behavioral aspects of computer hackers, virus writers, terrorists and other offenders.Using real life examples and case studies, the book examines the history, development, extent and types of digital crime and digital terrorism as well as current legislation and law enforcement practices designed to prevent, investigate and prosecute these crimes.For professionals in the technical field as well as forensic investigators and other criminal justice professionals.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xvii
SECTION I THE ETIOLOGY OF DIGITAL CRIME AND DIGITAL TERRORISM	1	(98)
Introduction and Overview of Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism	1	(18)
Chapter Objectives	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(3)
New Threats in the Information Age	2	(1)
Purpose and Scope of This Book	3	(1)
Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism	4	(5)
A Developmental Perspective on the Growing Problem	5	(1)
Increases in Cybervictimization	6	(1)
The Changing Character of Cybervictimization	7	(2)
Types of Computer Crime	9	(6)
The Computer as a Target	9	(2)
The Computer as an Instrument of a Crime	11	(1)
The Computer as Incidental to a Crime	12	(1)
Crimes Associated with the Prevalence of Computers	13	(2)
Summary	15	(1)
Review Questions	16	(3)
Digital Terrorism	19	(17)
Chapter Objectives	19	(1)
Introduction	19	(1)
Defining the Concepts	20	(3)
Buzzwords: Information Warfare and Cyberterrorism	20	(3)
Risk and Critical Infrastructure Attacks	23	(3)
Information Attacks	26	(2)
Web-site Defacement	26	(1)
Cyberplagues: Viruses and Worms	27	(1)
Distributed Denial of Service Attacks	27	(1)
Unauthorized Intrusions	28	(1)
Cyber and Technological Facilitation	28	(2)
Facilitation of Attack	29	(1)
Data Hiding	29	(1)
Cryptography	29	(1)
Propaganda and Promotion	30	(1)
Cyberterrorism as an Adjunct Attack	30	(2)
Al-Qaeda and Information Technology	31	(1)
China and Information Warfare	32	(1)
Summary	32	(1)
Review Questions	33	(3)
The Criminology of Computer Crime	36	(30)
Chapter Objectives	36	(1)
Introduction	36	(1)
Choice Theory	37	(1)
Routine Activities	38	(1)
Deterrence Theory	38	(1)
Psychological Theories	39	(5)
Moral Development and Crime	41	(1)
Personality Disorders	42	(1)
Pedophiles and Psychological Theory	42	(2)
Social Structure Theories	44	(6)
Strain Theory	44	(1)
White-Collar Crime and Strain Theory	45	(1)
Subculture Theory	46	(3)
Hackers and Social Structure Theories	49	(1)
Social Process Theories	50	(9)
Learning Theory	51	(4)
Social Control Theory	55	(3)
Virus Writers and Social Process Theories	58	(1)
Terrorism and Political Theory	59	(3)
Summary	62	(1)
Review Questions	62	(4)
Digital Criminals and Hackers	66	(33)
Chapter Objectives	66	(1)
Introduction: What Is a Hacker?	66	(5)
The Original Meaning of ``Hacker''	67	(1)
What Did Hackers Become?	68	(1)
Retaking the Word: Hacker	68	(1)
What Do Hackers Do?	69	(2)
A Hacker by Any Other Name . . .	71	(4)
Computer Criminals vs. Hackers	72	(1)
Crackers	73	(1)
White Hat vs. Black Hat	73	(2)
Hackers and the Media	75	(1)
Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt---FUD	76	(1)
The Evolving Hacker Subculture	76	(2)
The Hacker Ethic	76	(2)
Hacker Typology	78	(17)
Old School Hackers	79	(2)
Bedroom Hackers	81	(3)
Larval Hackers (Newbies)	84	(2)
Warez D00dz	86	(2)
Internet Hackers	88	(3)
Script Kiddies	91	(1)
Hacktivists	92	(3)
Summary	95	(1)
Review Questions	95	(4)
SECTION II DIGITAL CRIME---TYPES, NATURE, AND EXTENT	99	(143)
White Collar Crimes	99	(19)
Chapter Objectives	99	(1)
Introduction	99	(1)
Embezzlement	100	(2)
Corporate Espionage	102	(4)
Money Laundering	106	(2)
Identity Theft	108	(3)
Internet Fraud Schemes	111	(4)
Summary	115	(1)
Review Questions	115	(3)
Viruses and Malicious Code	118	(49)
Chapter Objectives	118	(1)
Introduction	119	(4)
Viruses and Malicious Code	123	(21)
History and Development	126	(2)
Viruses	128	(2)
Worms	130	(2)
Trojan Horses	132	(7)
Adware and Spyware	139	(1)
Denial of Service Attacks	140	(1)
Blended Threats	140	(4)
Extent of Viruses and Malicious Code Attacks	144	(7)
Virus Hoaxes	149	(2)
Virus Writers and Virus Experts	151	(8)
Summary	159	(2)
Review Questions	161	(6)
Exploitation, Stalking, and Obscenity on the WWW	167	(54)
Chapter Objectives	167	(1)
Introduction	168	(1)
Nature of Exploitation on the Internet	168	(7)
Incidence and Prevalence of Victimization On Line	171	(4)
Stalking via the WWW	175	(9)
Dynamics and Nature of Stalking and Cyberstalking	176	(4)
Characteristics of Stalkers and Their Victims	180	(3)
Law Enforcement and Legislation Targeting Stalking	183	(1)
Obscenity on the WWW	184	(6)
Laws and Legislation Protecting Children On Line	187	(3)
Child Pornography	190	(8)
The ``New'' Child Pornographers	194	(1)
Moving from Pornography to Molestation	195	(3)
Child Molestation	198	(4)
The Problem of Child Sexual Abuse	200	(2)
Sex Tourism	202	(5)
The Process of Sex Tourism	204	(3)
Issues in the Investigation of Internet Exploitation, Cyberstalking, and Obscenity	207	(3)
Law Enforcement Initiatives	207	(1)
Overlapping Jurisdictions and Duplication of Effort	208	(1)
Identification of Suspects	208	(1)
Issues with Evidence and Detection	209	(1)
Summary	210	(1)
Review Questions	211	(10)
Anarchy and Hate on the World Wide Web	221	(21)
Chapter Objectives	221	(1)
Introduction	221	(1)
Digital Hate	222	(2)
White Supremacy, Hate, and the Internet	223	(1)
Terrorist Extremists from the Left	224	(2)
ELF and ALF	225	(1)
Domestic Terrorists in Cyberspace	226	(3)
Dehumanize, Desensitize, and Demonize	226	(1)
Internet Cartoons	227	(2)
Storage and Dissemination of Information	229	(5)
Publishing Information on Potential Victims	231	(3)
Fundraising	234	(1)
Terrorism, Intelligence Gathering and the USA Patriot Act	234	(3)
A Short History of Intelligence in the United States	235	(1)
Domestic Intelligence and Policing	235	(1)
Conflicting Roles	236	(1)
Defining Intelligence	236	(1)
U.S. Intelligence Weaknesses	237	(1)
The USA Patriot Act	237	(2)
Constitutional Rights and the USA Patriot Act	238	(1)
Summary	239	(1)
Review Questions	239	(3)
SECTION III CONTROLLING DIGITAL CRIME: LEGISLATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, AND INVESTIGATION	242	(92)
Digital Laws and Legislation	242	(20)
Chapter Objectives	242	(1)
Introduction	242	(1)
Search and Seizure Law for Digital Evidence	243	(6)
Searches with Warrants	244	(1)
Searches Without Warrants	245	(4)
Federal Statutes	249	(6)
The Pen/Trap Statute 18 U.S.C. §3121-27	249	(1)
The Wiretap Statute (Title III) 18 U.S.C. §2510-22	250	(1)
Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) 18 U.S.C. §2701-11	251	(2)
USA Patriot Act	253	(1)
Communication Assistance for Law Enforcement Act	254	(1)
Federal Criminal Statutes	254	(1)
Admitting Evidence at Trial	255	(3)
Authentication	256	(1)
Hearsay	257	(1)
The Best Evidence Rule	257	(1)
Significant Court Cases	258	(1)
Summary	259	(1)
Review Questions	259	(3)
Law Enforcement Roles and Responses	262	(17)
Chapter Objectives	262	(1)
Introduction	262	(1)
Federal Roles and Responses	263	(9)
The Secret Service	263	(1)
The Department of Justice	264	(2)
The Federal Bureau of Investigation	266	(1)
The National Security Agency	267	(1)
The Federal Trade Commission	267	(1)
The Postal Service	268	(2)
The Bureau of Customs and Border Protection	270	(1)
The Department of Energy	270	(1)
The Department of Homeland Security	271	(1)
State and Local Roles	272	(2)
Critical Needs at the State and Local Levels of Enforcement	273	(1)
Interagency Cooperation and Collaboration	274	(2)
Summary	276	(1)
Review Questions	276	(3)
The Investigation of Computer-Related Crime	279	(25)
Chapter Objectives	279	(1)
Introduction	280	(1)
Investigator Roles and Responsibilities	280	(4)
First Responders	280	(1)
Investigators	281	(1)
Forensic Analysts	281	(1)
Private Police	282	(1)
Subject Matter Experts	282	(2)
Single-Location Crime Scenes	284	(1)
Search Warrants and Electronic Evidence	284	(14)
Computer Systems	284	(1)
External Storage Media	285	(1)
Personal Data Devices (PDAs)	285	(1)
Other Electronic Devices	285	(1)
Executing the Search Warrant	286	(1)
Examining of the Crime Scene	287	(5)
Multiple-Location and Network Crime Scenes	292	(1)
Identifying Network Architectures	293	(1)
Modeling Network Transactions	293	(2)
Locating Evidence	295	(1)
Key Information for Locating Network Trace Evidence	296	(2)
Collecting Network Trace Evidence	298	(1)
Presenting Digital Evidence at Trial	298	(4)
The Hearsay Rule	299	(1)
Using Notes on the Witness Stand	299	(1)
Business Records	300	(1)
Presenting Best Evidence	300	(1)
Chain of Custody	301	(1)
Expert Testimony	302	(1)
Summary	302	(1)
Review Questions	302	(2)
Digital Forensics	304	(30)
Chapter Objectives	304	(1)
Introduction	304	(1)
The Basic Process of Storage Forensics	305	(1)
Preparation for Forensic Analysis	306	(9)
Acquisition of Data	307	(1)
Authentication of Data	308	(1)
Imaging of the Evidence Drive	309	(2)
Wiping the Analysis Drive	311	(1)
Restoring	311	(2)
The Complete Process	313	(2)
Forensic Analysis	315	(4)
The Forensic Analyst as Expert Witness	319	(1)
Computer Storage Systems	320	(3)
Volatile Storage Systems	320	(1)
Nonvolatile Storage Systems	321	(2)
File Systems	323	(3)
FAT: File Allocation Table	324	(1)
NTFS: New Technology File System	324	(2)
Application: Defragmenting a Disk	326	(1)
Evidence Recovery from Slack Space	327	(2)
Commercial Forensic Packages	329	(2)
Extended Analysis and Searching	330	(1)
User Interface	330	(1)
Centralized Report Writing and Auditing	331	(1)
Validation and Support	331	(1)
Summary	331	(1)
Review Questions	332	(2)
SECTION IV THE FUTURE OF DIGITAL CRIME AND DIGITAL TERRORISM: PREVENTION AND TRENDS	334	(51)
Information Security and Infrastructure Protection	334	(20)
Chapter Objectives	334	(1)
Introduction	334	(1)
Mastering the Technology and the Environment	335	(2)
Personal Computers and Intruders	336	(1)
The Internet Explosion	336	(1)
Principles of Risk Analysis	337	(3)
Assessment and Evaluation	337	(1)
Threats	338	(2)
Cost-Effective Security	340	(1)
Security Technologies	340	(9)
Backups	340	(1)
Firewalls	341	(2)
Limitations of Firewalls	343	(1)
Encryption	344	(4)
Password Discipline	348	(1)
Security Vendor Technologies	349	(1)
Home Users	350	(1)
Summary	350	(1)
Review Questions	351	(3)
Digital Crime and Terrorism: A Forecast of Trends and Policy Implications Adapted from David L. Carter and Andra J. J. Katz-Bannister	354	(31)
Chapter Objectives	354	(1)
The Impact of Computer Crime: The Future Is Now	354	(3)
Predicting the Future: Surveying the Experts	355	(1)
Limitations to Data Collection	356	(1)
The Future of Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism: Forecasts	357	(21)
Overarching Factors Contributing to These Forecasts	378	(1)
Summary	379	(1)
Review Questions	379	(6)
Index	385