Distance Education A Systems View

by Moore, Michael G.; Kearsley, Greg

• ISBN13: 9780534264963
• ISBN10: 0534264964
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-11-03
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Distance Education	18	(1)
A Definition of Distance Education	2	(1)
Levels of Distance Education	2	(2)
Courses and Programs	4	(1)
A Systems Approach	4	(4)
Systems in Practice	6	(1)
The Need for a Systems View	6	(2)
Components of a Distance Education System	8	(7)
Content Experts and Other Sources of Knowledge	8	(1)
Design of Courses	9	(1)
Communication of Information and Interaction via Technologies	10	(1)
Distinguishing Technology and Media	10	(1)
Interaction: The Role of Instructors	11	(1)
Management and Administration	12	(1)
Learning Environments	12	(1)
Interdependence of Elements of a Distance Education System	13	(1)
System Inputs and Outputs	14	(1)
Different Levels of Distance Education and the Systems Approach	14	(1)
Distance Education Is About Change	15	(2)
Summary	17	(2)
Chapter 2 The Historical Context of Distance Education	19	(17)
Correspondence and Independent Study	20	(3)
Problems of Terminology and Concepts	23	(2)
Independent Study	23	(1)
Learner Autonomy	24	(1)
AIM and the Open University	25	(2)
AIM Presents a Systems Model	25	(1)
Birth of the Open University	26	(1)
Broadcasting and Teleconferencing	27	(3)
Radio	27	(1)
Television	27	(3)
Audioconferencing	30	(1)
Satellites and the Emergence of Consortia	30	(3)
The National University Teleconferencing Network (NUTN)	31	(1)
National Technological University (NTU)	32	(1)
Two-way Videoconferencing	33	(1)
Computer Networks and Multimedia	33	(1)
Summary	34	(2)
Chapter 3 The Scope of Distance Education	36	(23)
Correspondence	36	(2)
Independent Study	38	(1)
Telecourses	39	(3)
Learning About Disaster Management	40	(2)
Open Universities	42	(3)
Satellite Television Networks	45	(10)
Business TV and Corporate Training	45	(3)
Department of Defense	48	(1)
Higher Education	49	(1)
National Technological University (NTU)	49	(1)
Other Satellite Consortia	50	(1)
K-12 Schools	51	(3)
GALAXY: An Experiment in Distance Education at the Elementary Level	54	(1)
Computer Networks	55	(1)
Summary	56	(1)
Factory Workers Learn New Skills at Home With Computer Satellite Link	57	(2)
Chapter 4 Research on Effectiveness	59	(19)
The Effectiveness of Technologies	60	(5)
Descriptive Case Studies	60	(1)
Learner Achievement	61	(3)
The Value of Distance Education Degrees	64	(1)
Media Effectiveness	65	(2)
Channel One: Controversy in the Classroom	66	(1)
Effective Course Design	67	(3)
Examples of Course Design Studies	68	(1)
Course Development Methods	69	(1)
Media Selection	69	(1)
Teaching Strategies	70	(1)
Cost-Effectiveness	71	(3)
Examples of Cost-Effectiveness Studies	72	(1)
Economies of Scale	73	(1)
Cost Elements	74	(1)
Research on Policy	74	(2)
Questions About Effective Policy	75	(1)
Conclusion: Theory and Research	76	(1)
Summary	77	(1)
Chapter 5 Technologies and Media	78	(23)
Print	75	(8)
Study Guides	79	(1)
Newspapers and Newsletters	80	(1)
Design Principles	80	(1)
Preparation Time	80	(1)
Impact of Electronic Publishing	81	(2)
Audio and Videocassettes	83	(2)
Usage and Effectiveness	83	(1)
Course Materials	84	(1)
Production	84	(1)
Radio and Television	85	(5)
Strengths and Uses of Broadcasting	86	(1)
Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS)	86	(1)
Cable Television (CATV)	87	(1)
Hawaii: Instructional Television Across the Islands	88	(1)
The Hewlett-Packard ITE-NET	89	(1)
Direct Broadcast Satellites (DBS)	89	(1)
Teleconferencing	90	(4)
Audioconferencing	90	(1)
Teleconferencing for Continuing Medical Education	91	(1)
Audiographics	91	(1)
Two-way Videoconferencing	92	(1)
Computer Conferencing	93	(1)
Computer-Based Instruction	94	(1)
When Is a Computer a TV?	95	(1)
Media Selection	95	(3)
Media Selection Procedures	97	(1)
Media Integration	98	(1)
Decisions About Multiple Media	98	(1)
Summary	99	(2)
Chapter 6 Course Design and Development	101	(24)
Instructional Systems Design	102	(2)
Stages of Development	102	(1)
A Planned Approach	103	(1)
A Continuous Process	103	(1)
The Development Team	104	(3)
The Author-Editor Model	104	(1)
The Course Team Model	105	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses	106	(1)
Designing the Study Guide	107	(5)
Creating Lessons or Units	108	(1)
Writing Style	109	(1)
Layout	110	(1)
NUCEA Standards	111	(1)
Preparing an Audioconference	112	(2)
Outline Segments and Activities	112	(1)
Study Guide and Other Media	112	(1)
Class Roster	113	(1)
Planning a Satellite Teleconference	114	(2)
Components of a Satellite Teleconference	114	(1)
Design and Development Activities	115	(1)
Computer Conferencing	116	(3)
Design of Computer Conferences	117	(1)
Public Versus Private Messages	118	(1)
Creating Student Involvement	119	(1)
Self-directed Learning	119	(1)
Evaluation	120	(2)
Data Collection Methods	120	(1)
Measures	121	(1)
General Design Principles	122	(1)
Summary	123	(2)
Chapter 7 Teaching and Tutoring	125	(28)
How Distance Teaching Differs	126	(1)
Three Types of Interaction	127	(5)
1. Learner-content Interaction	128	(1)
Reflections of a Correspondence Teacher	128	(1)
2. Learner-instructor Interaction	129	(2)
3. Learner-learner Interaction	131	(1)
Importance of All Forms of Interaction	132	(1)
New Ways of Teaching: Participation Versus Presentation	132	(4)
Presentations Are Not Teaching	133	(1)
Learner Autonomy and Group Interdependence	132	(4)
The Instructor's Role	136	(6)
Audioconferencing	136	(3)
A Class Roster	139	(1)
Audiographics	139	(1)
Television	140	(1)
Computers	141	(1)
The Site Coordinator	142	(4)
How CMC Affects Teaching	143	(1)
1. Communication	143	(1)
2. Competence	144	(1)
3. Continuity	145	(1)
4. Control and Confidence	145	(1)
5. Caring	146	(1)
Tutoring	146	(3)
Coordinating Distant Sites	147	(2)
Tests and Assignments	149	(1)
Assignments	149	(1)
Student Expectations	149	(1)
Test Security	150	(1)
Faculty Perspectives and Training	150	(1)
Summary	151	(2)
Chapter 8 The Distance Education Student	153	(19)
The Nature of Adult Learning	153	(5)
Why Do Adults Enroll in a Distance Learning Course?	154	(1)
Anxiety About Learning	155	(1)
What Students Say About Distance Education	156	(2)
Providing Access	158	(1)
Factors Affecting Student Success	159	(5)
Improving the Odds for Minorities Using Two-way Television	160	(1)
Educational Background	161	(1)
Personality Characteristics	162	(1)
Extracurricular Concerns	163	(1)
Academic Concerns	163	(1)
Indicators of Success	164	(1)
Student Reactions	164	(4)
Classroom Versus Distance Learning	164	(1)
Cross-cultural Considerations: Distance Education in Rural Alaska	165	(1)
Resistance to Distance Education	166	(1)
What Students Find Satisfying About Distance Learning	167	(1)
Student Support	168	(2)
Guidance/Counseling	168	(1)
Administrative Assistance	169	(1)
Interaction	169	(1)
Summary	170	(2)
Chapter 9 Administration, Management and Policy	172	(25)
Planning	173	(1)
Decision to Offer Distance Education	173	(1)
Tracking Technology	174	(1)
Staffing	174	(5)
Full-time Versus Part-time	175	(1)
Understanding Distance Education	175	(1)
Training and Qualifications	176	(1)
Assessment	176	(1)
Learning Centers	177	(1)
Libraries	178	(1)
Teleconference Learning Sites	178	(1)
Hands-on	179	(1)
Budgeting	179	(2)
Budget Allocation	179	(1)
Levels of Decision Making	180	(1)
Administrative Activities	180	(1)
Scheduling	181	(1)
Student Completion	181	(1)
The Issue of Equivalence	181	(1)
Quality Assessment	182	(2)
Policy	184	(12)
The Challenge for Regulators	184	(1)
Statewide Planning of Technology	185	(1)
Project ALLTEL: A Policy Study for Distance Education	186	(1)
The Issue of Teacher Certification	187	(2)
The Florida Distance Learning Network (FDLN)	189	(3)
Administrative Barriers to Adoption of Distance Education	192	(1)
Developing a Change Policy at Institutional Levels	193	(1)
Penn State: A Policy for an Institution-wide System	194	(2)
Summary	196	(1)
Chapter 10 The Theoretical Basis for Distance Education	197	(16)
History of the Term "Distance Education"	198	(2)
The Pioneering Work of Otto Peters	198	(1)
Towards a Pedagogical Theory	199	(1)
The Theory of Transactional Distance	200	(6)
Distance Education as a Transaction	200	(1)
Dialog	201	(1)
Internal Didactic Conversation	202	(1)
Course Structure	202	(1)
Structure and Dialog Measure Transactional Distance	203	(1)
Learner Autonomy	204	(1)
Applying the Theory	205	(1)
Theoretical Refinements	206	(2)
Desmond Keegan	206	(1)
Garrison, Shale, and Baynton	207	(1)
The System Dynamics of Saba	208	(1)
Kember's Open Learning Model	209	(2)
Conclusion: The Importance of Theoretical Analysis	211	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Chapter 11 International Perspectives	213	(19)
A Brief World Tour	214	(8)
China	214	(2)
Norway	216	(1)
Australia	217	(2)
The Republic of South Africa	219	(1)
Telematics in the Outback	220	(2)
National Distance Education Systems	222	(3)
Distance Education in Developing Countries	225	(3)
The 1992 ICDE On-line Conference	226	(2)
Promoting International Distance Education	228	(4)
Collaboration Between American Institutions and Other Countries	229	(1)
Collaboration in Distance Education in North America	230	(1)
Further Information	231	(1)
Chapter 12 The Transformation of Education	232	(15)
Adoption of Distance Education	233	(1)
Changing Nature of Educational Institutions	234	(1)
Impact of Emerging Technology	235	(2)
Teacher Training	237	(1)
Lifelong Learning	238	(1)
Competition and Cooperation Among Institutions	239	(3)
A Market-driven Distance Education System?	240	(2)
Third-Generation Distance Education: The Distance Education Network	242	(3)
Final Thoughts on the Systems Approach	245	(1)
Summary	245	(2)
Appendix A U.S. Organizations	247	(3)
Appendix B Journals, Magazines, and Directories	250	(3)
Appendix C Online Networks and Databases	253	(1)
Appendix D Conferences and Workshops	254	(2)
Appendix E U.S. Distance Education Providers	256	(3)
Appendix F International Research Centers and Organizations	259	(2)
Glossary	261	(3)
Bibliography	264	(13)
Index	277