Drugs And Policing: A Scientific... | Buy

Brian K. Payne is professor and chair of the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at Old Dominion University.

Preface

vii

Drugs and Law Enforcement: A Scientific Perspective

3

(18)

Introduction

3

(4)

Principles of Science

7

(12)

Determinism

7

(3)

Parsimony

10

(2)

Ethical Neutrality

12

(3)

Objectivity

15

(1)

Relativism

16

(2)

Skepticism

18

(1)

Empiricism

19

(1)

Concluding Remarks

19

(2)

Types of Drugs: History, Effects, and Recent Trends

21

(38)

Introduction

21

(2)

Classifying Drugs: Uppers, Downers, and All-Arounders

23

(1)

Classifications Based on the Effects of Different Drugs

24

(1)

Classifying Drugs Based on Official Scheduling Mechanisms

25

(3)

Classifying Drugs Based on Reasons for Use

28

(1)

History, Effects, and Recent Trends

29

(14)

Opiates and Opiate-Like Substances

29

(2)

Recent Trends in Heroin Use

31

(6)

Stimulants: Cocaine, Crack, and Methamphetamine

37

(1)

Cocaine

38

(1)

Crack-Cocaine

39

(1)

Methamphetamine

40

(1)

Recent Trends in Cocaine Use

41

(2)

Sedative-Hypnotics: Booze, Benzos, and Barbs

43

(3)

Recent Trends in Sedative-Hypnotics

43

(3)

Psychedelics or Hallucinogens: The LSD Experience and Beyond

46

(5)

Recent Trends in the Use of Psychedelics

49

(2)

Marijuana and Hashish

51

(6)

Recent Trends in Marijuana Use

54

(3)

Concluding Remarks

57

(2)

Policing Drug Crimes

59

(38)

Introduction

59

(4)

Trends in Drug Policing

63

(1)

Decentralized Policing and Drug Enforcement

64

(9)

Local Policing and Drug Enforcement

65

(3)

State Police and Drug Enforcement

68

(1)

Federal Law Enforcement and Drug Control

68

(5)

Police Strategies in War on Drugs

73

(16)

Directed Patrol

74

(1)

Execution of Arrest Warrants and Arrests for other Offenses

75

(1)

Traffic Enforcement and Roadblocks

76

(6)

Simple Surveillance and Arrests

82

(1)

Informant Buys

82

(2)

Undercover Strategies

84

(4)

Raids

88

(1)

Police as Educators in Drug War

89

(5)

Concluding Remarks

94

(3)

Issues In Drug Policing

97

(34)

Introduction

97

(2)

Asset Forfeiture

99

(2)

Asset Forfeiture as Revenue

99

(1)

Changing Priorities in the Drug War

100

(1)

Goal Displacement

101

(1)

Systemic Failure

101

(1)

The Dangers Confronted by Narcotics Officers

101

(4)

Police Corruption in the Response to Drugs

105

(7)

Abuse of Constitutional Rights

107

(1)

Drug Use by Police Officers

108

(2)

Explaining and Preventing Drug-Related Police Corruption

110

(2)

The Use of Police Drug Dogs

112

(4)

The Unintended Consequences of Drug Crackdowns

116

(3)

Displacement

116

(1)

Exacerbating the Drug Problem

117

(1)

Harm for Users

118

(1)

Systemic Influences

119

(1)

Harm to Police/Community Relations

119

(1)

Racism and Drug Policing

119

(2)

Policing Prescription Fraud

121

(3)

Drug Policing from a Systems Perspective

124

(4)

Lack of Cooperation in Drug Cases

125

(2)

Philosophical Barriers in Drug Cases

127

(1)

Concluding Remarks

128

(3)

Explaining Drug Use and Societal Response to Drugs

131

(46)

Introduction

132

(4)

Two Very General Approaches to Thinking About Drugs in Society: Positivism and Constructionism

136

(4)

Three General ``Theories'' of Crime and Society Relevant to Drug Use

140

(6)

Cultural Theories

140

(3)

Conflict Theories

143

(2)

Feminist Theory

145

(1)

Sociological and Criminological Theories Relevant to Drug Use

146

(19)

The Classical School and Deterrence Theory

146

(3)

Social Disorganization Theory

149

(4)

Routine Activity Theory

153

(2)

Anomie and Strain Theories

155

(3)

Differential Association and Social Learning Theories

158

(3)

Social Control Theory

161

(2)

The Interactionist Perspective and Labeling Theory

163

(2)

Integrated, Developmental and Life Course Theories

165

(10)

Integrating Strain, Control, and Learning Theories

169

(1)

Kaplan's Self-Derogation Theory of Deviance and Drug Use

170

(1)

The Social Development Model

171

(1)

Moffits's Theory of Life Course Persistent and Adolescent Limited Offending

172

(1)

The Gateway Hypothesis

173

(2)

Concluding Remarks

175

(2)

Concluding Remarks: Drugs, Law Enforcement, and the Legalization Debate

177

(14)

Introduction

177

(2)

Arguments Against Drug Legalization

179

(5)

Drug Use Is Wrong

181

(1)

Drugs Are Harmful

182

(1)

Drug Use Harms the Social Fabric

182

(1)

Legalization Would Increase the Number of Users

182

(1)

Drug Use Is Related to Crime

183

(1)

Arguments for Drug Legalization

184

(7)

Individuals Have a Right to Do What They Want to Their Bodies

185

(1)

Drug Laws Are Biased against the Poor and Minorities

185

(1)

The War on Drugs Is Costly and Taxing Drugs Could Be Profitable for the Government

186

(2)

The War on Drugs Creates Rather than Prevents Crime

188

(1)

Legalization Would Reduce Harm from Bad Drugs By Making Them Legal

188

(3)

References

191

(16)

Index

207

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