Drugs And Society

by Hanson, Glen R.; Venturelli, Peter J.; Fleckenstein, Annette E.

• ISBN13: 9780763738129
• ISBN10: 0763738123
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-02
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Summary

Drugs & SocietyDrugs and BehaviorAlcohol, Drugs, and Society

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Introduction to Drugs and Society	2	(50)
Introduction	4	(1)
Drug Use	4	(1)
Dimensions of Drug Use	5	(13)
Most Commonly Abused Drugs	14	(4)
An Overview of Drugs in Society	18	(18)
How Widespread Is Drug Abuse?	19	(1)
Extent and Frequency of Drug Use in Society	19	(9)
Current Patterns of Licit and Illicit Drug Use	28	(1)
Nonmedical Users of Pain Relievers	28	(5)
Types of Drug Users	33	(1)
Influence of the Mass Media on Drug Use	34	(2)
Drug Use and Drug Dependence	36	(3)
When Does Use Lead to Abuse?	37	(1)
Drug Dependence	38	(1)
The Costs of Drug Use to Society	39	(7)
Drugs, Crime, and Violence	41	(3)
Drugs in the Workplace: A Costly Affliction	44	(2)
Venturing to a Higher Form of Consciousness: The Holistic Self-Awareness Approach to Drug Use	46	(6)
Explaining Drug Use and Abuse	52	(38)
Introduction	54	(1)
Drug Use: A Timeless Affliction	55	(2)
The Origin and Nature of Addiction	57	(4)
Defining Addiction	57	(1)
Models of Addiction	58	(1)
Factors Contributing to Addiction	59	(2)
The Vicious Cycle of Addiction	61	(1)
Nondrug Addictions?	61	(1)
Major Theoretical Explanations: Biological	62	(2)
Abused Drugs as Positive Reinforcers	62	(1)
Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders	63	(1)
Genetic Explanations	63	(1)
Major Theoretical Explanations: Psychological	64	(3)
Distinguishing Between Substance Abuse and Mental Disorders	64	(1)
The Relationship Between Personality and Drug Use	65	(1)
Theories Based on Learning Processes	65	(2)
Social Psychological Learning Theories	67	(1)
Major Theoretical Explanations: Sociological	67	(15)
Social Influence Theories	68	(10)
Structural Influence Theories	78	(4)
Danger Signals of Drug Abuse	82	(8)
Low-Risk and High-Risk Drug Choices	63	(27)
Drug Use, Regulation, and the Law	90	(28)
Introduction	92	(1)
Cultural Attitudes About Drug Use	92	(1)
The Road to Regulation and the FDA	93	(5)
Prescription Versus OTC Drugs	93	(2)
The Rising Demand for Effectiveness in Medicinal Drugs	95	(1)
Regulating the Development of New Drugs	95	(3)
The Effects of the OTC Review on Today's Medications	98	(1)
The Regulation of Drug Advertising	98	(3)
Prescription Advertising	99	(1)
Federal Regulation and Quality Assurance	99	(2)
Drug Abuse and the Law	101	(6)
Drug Laws and Deterrence	103	(1)
Factors in Controlling Drug Abuse	104	(3)
Strategies for Preventing Drug Abuse	107	(2)
Supply Reduction Strategy	107	(1)
Demand Reduction Strategy	108	(1)
Inoculation Strategy	108	(1)
Drug Courts	109	(1)
Current and Future Drug Use	109	(9)
Drug Legalization Debate	110	(2)
Drug Testing	112	(1)
Pragmatic Drug Policies	113	(5)
Homeostatic Systems and Drugs	118	(20)
Introduction	120	(1)
Overview of Homeostasis and Drug Actions	120	(1)
Introduction to Nervous Systems	120	(2)
Comprehensive Explanation of Homeostatic Systems	122	(1)
The Building Blocks of the Nervous System	122	(6)
The Neuron: The Basic Structural Unit of the Nervous System	122	(2)
The Nature of Drug Receptors	124	(1)
Agonistic and Antagonistic Effects on Drug Receptors	124	(1)
Neurotransmitters: The Messengers	125	(3)
Major Divisions of the Nervous System	128	(2)
The Central Nervous System	129	(1)
The Autonomic Nervous System	130	(2)
The Endocrine System	132	(3)
Endocrine Glands and Regulation	132	(1)
The Abuse of Hormones: Anabolic Steroids	133	(2)
Designer Steroids	135	(1)
Conclusion	135	(3)
How and Why Drugs Work	138	(24)
Introduction	140	(1)
The Intended and Unintended Effects of Drugs	140	(1)
The Dose-Response Relationship of Therapeutics and Toxicity	141	(2)
Margin of Safety	142	(1)
Potency Versus Toxicity	142	(1)
Drug Interaction	143	(2)
Additive Effects	143	(1)
Antagonistic (Inhibitory) Effects	143	(1)
Potentiative (Synergistic) Effects	144	(1)
Dealing with Drug Interactions	144	(1)
Pharmacokinetic Factors That Influence Drug Effects	145	(6)
Forms and Methods of Taking Drugs	146	(2)
Distribution of Drugs in the Body and Time-Response Relationships	148	(2)
Inactivation and Elimination of Drugs from the Body	150	(1)
Physiological Variables That Modify Drug Effects	151	(1)
Pathological Variables That Modify Drug Effects	151	(1)
Adaptive Processes and Drug Abuse	151	(5)
Tolerance to Drugs	152	(3)
Drug Dependence	155	(1)
Psychological Factors	156	(1)
The Placebo Effect	156	(1)
Addiction and Abuse: The Significance of Dependence	156	(6)
Hereditary Factors	157	(1)
Drug Craving	157	(1)
Other Factors	158	(4)
CNS Depressants: Sedative-Hypnotics	162	(24)
Introduction	164	(1)
An Introduction to CNS Depressants	164	(2)
The History of CNS Depressants	164	(1)
The Effects of CNS Depressants: Benefits and Risks	165	(1)
Types of CNS Depressants	166	(11)
Benzodiazepines: Valium-Type Drugs	167	(4)
Barbiturates	171	(2)
Other CNS Depressants	173	(4)
Patterns of Abuse with CNS Depressants	177	(9)
Treatment for Withdrawal	179	(7)
Alcohol: Pharmacological Effects	186	(22)
Introduction	188	(1)
The Nature and History of Alcohol	189	(1)
Alcohol as a Drug	189	(2)
Alcohol as a Social Drug	190	(1)
Impact of Alcohol	190	(1)
The Properties of Alcohol	191	(1)
The Physical Effects of Alcohol	192	(6)
Alcohol and Tolerance	194	(1)
Alcohol Metabolism	195	(1)
Polydrug Use	195	(1)
Short-Term Effects	195	(2)
Dependence	197	(1)
The Effects of Alcohol on Organ Systems and Bodily Functions	198	(10)
Brain and Nervous System	198	(1)
Liver	199	(1)
Digestive System	200	(1)
Blood	200	(1)
Cardiovascular System	201	(1)
Sexual Organs	202	(1)
Endocrine System	202	(1)
Kidneys	202	(1)
Mental Disorders and Damage to the Brain	202	(1)
The Fetus	202	(1)
Gender Differences	203	(1)
Malnutrition	203	(5)
Alcohol: A Behavioral Perspective	208	(42)
Introduction	210	(1)
Alcohol Consumption in the United States	210	(1)
Current Statistics and Trends in Alcohol Consumption	211	(9)
Percentages of the Drinking Population: A Pyramid Model	212	(6)
Economic Costs of Alcohol Abuse	218	(2)
History of Alcohol in America	220	(4)
Drinking Patterns	220	(1)
Historical Considerations	221	(3)
Defining Alcoholics	224	(3)
Cultural Differences	225	(1)
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism	226	(1)
Types of Alcoholics	226	(1)
Cultural Influences	227	(6)
Culture and Drinking Behavior	228	(1)
Culture and Disinhibited Behavior	229	(1)
Culture Provides Rules for Drinking Behavior	230	(1)
Culture Provides Ceremonial Meaning for Alcohol Use	230	(1)
Culture Provides Models of Alcoholism	230	(1)
Cultural Stereotypes of Drinking Patterns May Be Misleading	231	(1)
Culture Provides Attitudes Regarding Alcohol Consumption	232	(1)
College and University Students and Alcohol Use	233	(2)
Binge Drinking	234	(1)
Gender and Collegiate Alcohol Use	235	(1)
Alcohol Consumption Patterns of Women	235	(3)
The Role of Alcohol in Domestic Violence	237	(1)
Alcohol and Sex	238	(1)
Alcohol and the Family: Destructive Types of Support and Organizations for Victims of Alcoholics	238	(1)
Codependency and Enabling	238	(1)
Children of Alcoholics (COAs) and Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs)	239	(1)
Treatment of Alcoholism	239	(11)
Getting Through Withdrawal	240	(1)
Helping the Alcoholic Family Recover	241	(9)
Narcotics (Opioids)	250	(30)
Introduction	252	(1)
What Are Narcotics?	252	(1)
The History of Narcotics	252	(4)
Opium in China	252	(2)
American Opium Use	254	(2)
Pharmacological Effects	256	(2)
Narcotic Analgesics	256	(1)
Other Therapeutic Uses	257	(1)
Mechanisms of Action	258	(1)
Side Effects	258	(1)
Abuse, Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal	258	(10)
Heroin Abuse	259	(6)
Treatment of Heroin and Other Narcotic Dependence	265	(3)
Other Narcotics	268	(4)
Morphine	268	(1)
Methadone	269	(1)
Fentanyls	269	(1)
Hydromorphone	270	(1)
Oxycodone (OxyContin)	270	(1)
Meperidine	271	(1)
Buprenorphine	271	(1)
MPTP: A ``Designer'' Tragedy	271	(1)
Codeine	272	(1)
Pentazocine	272	(1)
Propoxyphene	272	(1)
Narcotic-Related Drugs	272	(8)
Dextromethorphan	272	(1)
Clonidine	273	(1)
Naloxone/Naltrexone	274	(6)
Stimulants	280	(42)
Introduction	282	(1)
Major Stimulants	282	(26)
Amphetamines	282	(12)
Cocaine	294	(5)
Current Attitudes and Patterns of Abuse	299	(9)
Minor Stimulants	308	(14)
Caffeinelike Drugs (Xanthines)	308	(5)
OTC Sympathomimetics	313	(1)
Herbal Stimulants	313	(9)
Tobacco	322	(30)
Tobacco Use: Scope of the Problem	324	(6)
Current Tobacco Use in the United States	324	(1)
The History of Tobacco Use	325	(1)
Popularity in the Western World	325	(1)
History of Tobacco Use in America	326	(4)
Phamacology of Nicotine	330	(6)
Nicotine Administration	330	(1)
Effects on the Central Nervous System	330	(1)
Other Effects of Nicotine	330	(6)
Clove Cigarettes	336	(1)
Cigarette Smoking: A Costly Addiction	336	(6)
Mortality Rates	336	(1)
Chronic Illnesses	337	(3)
Effects Without Smoking	340	(1)
Effects on the Fetus	340	(1)
Tobacco Use Without Smoking	341	(1)
Environmental Tobacco Smoke	342	(1)
Who Smokes?	342	(1)
Reasons for Smoking	343	(1)
The Motivation Not to Smoke	343	(3)
Alternative Activities for Successfully Quitting	344	(1)
Smoking Cessation Aids	344	(2)
Social Issues: Looking to the Future	346	(6)
Tobacco as a Gateway Drug	346	(1)
Smoking Prohibition Versus Smokers' Rights	347	(5)
Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)	352	(30)
Introduction	354	(1)
The History of Hallucinogen Use	354	(2)
The Native American Church	355	(1)
Timothy Leary and the League of Spiritual Discovery	355	(1)
Hallucinogen Use Today	356	(1)
The Nature of Hallucinogens	356	(3)
Sensory and Psychological Effects	357	(2)
Mechanisms of Action	359	(1)
Types of Hallucinogenic Agents	359	(23)
Traditional Hallucinogens: LSD Types	360	(8)
Phenylethylamine Hallucinogens	368	(2)
Anticholinergic Hallucinogens	370	(2)
Other Hallucinogens	372	(10)
Marijuana	382	(36)
Introduction	384	(1)
History and Trends in Marijuana Use	385	(3)
Current Use of Marijuana	388
Trends in Use	390	(2)
Annual Use	392	(1)
Perceived Harmfulness	392	(1)
Disapproval	392	(1)
Perceived Availability, Risk, and Use	392
Marijuana: Is It the Assassin of Youth?	293	(101)
Major Factors Affecting Marijuana Use	393	(1)
Is Marijuana Really a Gateway Drug?	394	(1)
Misperceptions of Marijuana Use	395	(1)
Characteristics of Cannabis	395	(2)
The Behavioral Effects of Marijuana Use	397	(6)
The ``High''	397	(1)
Subjective Euphoric Effects	398	(2)
Driving Performance	400	(1)
Critical Thinking Skills	401	(1)
Amotivational Syndrome	401	(2)
Therapeutic Uses and the Controversy over Medical Marijuana Use	403	(4)
The Physiological Effects of Marijuana Use	407	(11)
Effects on the Central Nervous System	407	(1)
Effects on the Respiratory System	408	(1)
Effects on the Cardiovascular System	408	(1)
Effects on Sexual Performance and Reproduction	409	(1)
Tolerance and Dependence	410	(1)
Chronic Use	410	(8)
Inhalants	418	(12)
Introduction	420	(1)
History of Inhalants	420	(1)
Types of Inhalants	421	(3)
Volatile Substances	421	(2)
Anesthetics	423	(1)
Nitrites	424	(1)
Current Patterns and Signs of Abuse	424	(2)
Adolescent and Teenage Usage	424	(1)
Gender, Race, Socioeconomics, and Abuse	425	(1)
Signs of Inhalant Abuse	426	(1)
Dangers of Inhalant Abuse	426	(4)
Over-the-Counter (OTC), Prescription, and Herbal Drugs	430	(38)
Introduction	432	(1)
OTC Drugs	432	(19)
Abuse of OTC Drugs	432	(2)
Federal Regulation of OTC Drugs	434	(1)
OTC Drugs and Self-Care	434	(2)
Types of OTC Drugs	436	(12)
OTC Herbal (Natural) Products	448	(3)
Prescription Drugs	451	(11)
Prescription Drug Abuse	451	(1)
Proper Doctor-Patient Communication	452	(1)
Drug Selection: Generic Versus Proprietary	453	(2)
Common Categories of Prescription Drugs	455	(7)
Common Principles of Drug Use	462	(6)
Drug Use Within Major Subcultures	468	(58)
Introduction	470	(1)
Athletes and Drug Abuse	471	(11)
Drugs Used by Athletes	473	(9)
Prevention and Treatment	482	(1)
Drug Use Among Women	482	(7)
Women More Concerned About Drug Use Than Men	483	(1)
Patterns of Drug Use: Comparing Females with Males	483	(1)
Female Roles and Drug Addiction	483	(2)
Women's Response to Drugs	485	(3)
Treatment of Drug Dependency in Women	488	(1)
Drug Use in Adolescent Subcultures	489	(12)
Why Adolescents Use Drugs	490	(2)
Patterns of Drug Use in Adolescents	492	(1)
Adolescent versus Adult Drug Abuse	493	(1)
Consequences and Coincidental Problems	493	(5)
Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Adolescent Drug Problems	498	(2)
Summary of Adolescent Drug Abuse	500	(1)
Drug Use in College Student Subcultures	501	(5)
Reasons for College Students' Drug Use	501	(3)
Additional Noteworthy Findings Regarding Drug Use by College Students	504	(2)
HIV and AIDS	506	(4)
Nature of HIV Infection and Related Symptoms	507	(1)
Diagnosis and Treatment	507	(3)
Who Is at Risk for AIDS?	510	(5)
AIDS and Drugs of Abuse	512	(1)
Adolescents and AIDS	513	(1)
What to Do About HIV and AIDS	514	(1)
The Entertainment Industry and Drug Use	515	(11)
More Recent Promoter of Drug Use: The Internet	517	(9)
Drug Abuse Prevention	526	(28)
Introduction	528	(2)
Drug Prevention Programs	530	(1)
Considering the Audience and Approach	530	(4)
An Example of Drug Prevention at Central High in Elmtown	532	(2)
Comprehensive Prevention Programs for Drug Use and Abuse	534	(5)
Harm Reduction Model	534	(1)
Community-Based Drug Prevention	534	(1)
School-Based Drug Prevention	535	(3)
Family-Based Prevention Programs	538	(1)
Drug Prevention Programs in Higher Education	539	(2)
Overview and Critique of Existing Prevention Programs	539	(2)
Examples of Large-Scale Drug Prevention Programs	541	(5)
BACCHUS and GAMMA Peer Education Network	541	(1)
Fund for the Improvement of Post-secondary Education Drug Prevention Programs	541	(2)
DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)	543	(1)
Drug Courts	543	(3)
Problems with Assessing the Success of Drug Prevention Programs	546	(1)
Other Alternatives to Drug Use	546	(8)
Meditation	547	(2)
The Natural Mind Approach	549	(5)
Treating Drug Dependence	554	(14)
Treatment of Addiction	556	(2)
Drug Addiction Treatment in the United States	558	(10)
Therapeutic Strategies	558	(1)
Historical Approaches	558	(2)
General Therapeutic Strategies	560	(1)
Specific Therapeutic Strategies	561	(1)
Pharmacological Strategies	562	(2)
Current Trends in Providing Treatment Services	564	(4)
Appendices	568	(8)
Index	576	(12)
Photo Credits	588