Dynamics and Chemistry of Hydrometeors: Final Report of the Collaborative Research Centre 233 "Dynamik und Chemie der Meteore". Collaborative Research Centres

by Editor: Ruprecht Jaenicke (Institut fü r Physik der Atmosphä re, Universitä t Mainz)

• ISBN13: 9783527277278
• ISBN10: 3527277277
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• More Book Details
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Summary

"Dynamics and Chemistry of Hydrometeors" is the final Report of the Collaborative research Centre 233 "Dynamik und Chemie der Hydrometeore". Hydrometeors are clouds, fogs and precipitation that is condensed liquid or solid water in the atmosphere. This includes the dissolved and not dissolved "impurities" in droplets, ice crystals, and snowflakes. The report covers modelling of atmospheric cloud dynamics, field research of atmospheric multi-phase systems and laboratory research for reaction kinetics and the improvement chemical analysis. The Research Centre proposes a base for modeling the role of cloud dynamics, micro-physical processes in forming and evaporating clouds, and for chemical reactions between gas phase, liquid phase, and aerosols.

Table of Contents

Introduction and Survey	1	(6)
Ruprecht Jaenicke
Part I The Field Campaigns of the Collaborative Research Centre 233	7	(38)
Measuring Strategies of the Field Experiments Cleopatra, Feldex and Nordex of the Collaborative Research Centre	9	(26)
Wolfgang Jaeschke
Norbert Beltz
Lothar Schutz
Introduction - Experiences from Previous Field Experiments	9	(2)
Strategy of Aircraft Measurements During Cleopatra	11	(8)
Cloud Experiment Feldex95	19	(7)
Measuring Strategies During Nordex96	26	(7)
Summary	33	(2)
Instrumentation of the Do 128 D-IBUF for Airborne Measurements at Different Campaigns of the Collaborative Research Centre	35	(10)
Jutta Brinkmann
Volker Dreiling
Berthold Friederich
Rolf Hankers
Sabine Matthias-Maser
Lothar Schutz
Aircraft	35	(1)
Atmospheric Aerosol Particle Probing	36	(4)
Cloud Water Sampling	40	(3)
Conclusion	43	(2)
Part II Numerical Modelling, Cloud Condensation Nuclei, Wet Deposition, and Boundary Cloud Layers	45	(104)
Theoretical Investigations of the Wet Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants	47	(24)
Hans R. Pruppacher
Andrea I. Flossmann
Sabine C. Wurzler
Introduction	47	(2)
Model Description	49	(5)
Some Selected Model Results	54	(12)
Summary and Conclusion	66	(5)
On the Relevance of Parameterized Supersaturation Spectra for the CCN Number Concentration	71	(10)
Fritz Herbert
Ulrike Wacker
Explicit Microphysical Simulations of Boundary Layer Clouds over the Sea and over Vegetated Land Surfaces	81	(25)
Martina Flender
Thomas Trautmann
Christine Wanner
Wilford Zdunkowski
Introduction	81	(1)
Evolution of Precipitating Boundary Layer Clouds over the Sea	82	(6)
Multicomponent Dynamics of Cloud Droplet Spectra	88	(6)
The Influence of High Vegetation on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer	94	(10)
Concluding Remarks	104	(2)
Theoretical and Numerical Investigations on the Multiphase Chemistry of Stratiform Clouds	106	(24)
Andreas Bott
Introduction	107	(3)
Description of Chemistra	110	(3)
Model Results	113	(12)
Summary and Conclusions	125	(5)
The Influence of Aerosols on the Photochemistry of the Atmosphere	130	(19)
Paul J. Crutzen
Rolf Sander
Rainer Vogt
Introduction	130	(1)
Model Description	131	(5)
Halogen Chemistry in the Polluted MBL	136	(4)
Halogen Chemistry in the Unpolluted MBL	140	(4)
Conclusions	144	(5)
Part III Experiments and Observations in Campaigns and Independent Separate Projects	149	(166)
A Wind Tunnel Experimental Study of the Wet Deposition of Atmospheric Pollutants	151	(15)
Hans R. Pruppacher
Subir K. Mitra
The Chemical Content of Rain- and Fog Drops as a Function of Drop Size	166	(20)
Knut Bachmann
Peter Ebert
Antje Mainka
Birgit Tenberken
Introduction	166	(1)
Development of Analytical Methods	167	(5)
Dependence of the Chemical Solute Concentration on the Radius of Raindrops	172	(7)
Investigation of the Solute Concentration of Single Rain-, Cloud and Fog Drops	179	(5)
Summary	184	(2)
The Primary Biological Aerosol in a Multiphase System	186	(10)
Sabine Matthias-Maser
Sabine Gruber
Berit Bogs
Ruprecht Jaenicke
Significance of PBAP	186	(1)
The Size Distribution in the Atmosphere	187	(3)
The Size Distribution in Rainwater	190	(2)
The Size Distribution in Cloud Water	192	(1)
Conclusions	193	(3)
In-Situ Measurements of the Cloud Microphysical Structure Using Holography	196	(14)
Stephan Borrmann
Hermann-Josef Vossing
Eva-Maria Uhlig
Ruprecht Jaenicke
Introduction	196	(2)
Methodology	198	(2)
Analyses and Selected Results	200	(6)
Discussion and Conclusions	206	(4)
Phase Partitioning of Ammonia and Nitric Acid in the Atmospheric Multiphase System	210	(28)
Jens Peter Dierssen
Wolfgang Jaeschke
Werner Haunold
Martin Schumann
Introduction	210	(2)
Experimental	212	(8)
Investigations of the System Gas-Particle Phase	220	(9)
Investigations of the System Gas-Liquid Phase	229	(9)
Development and Application of a Mobile Measuring Technique for the Estimation of Empirical S(IV)-Oxidation Rates in Natural Orographic Clouds	238	(23)
Udo Krischke
Wolfgang Jaeschke
Introduction	238	(1)
Experimental	239	(5)
Kinetic Studies	244	(6)
Results	250	(6)
General Conclusion	256	(5)
Particle Distribution, Composition, and Processing during Cloud, Fog, and Rain Cycles	261	(24)
Jutta Brinkmann
Eva-Maria Hackenthal
Martina Kramer
Matthias Schule
Lothar Schutz
Cornelia Sprengard-Eichel
Introduction	261	(1)
Activation of Aerosol Particles in Convective and Cap Clouds	262	(6)
Distribution and Composition of Particulate Matter in the Liquid Phase	268	(5)
Water-Soluble and Insoluble Fractions of Atmospheric Aerosol Particles	273	(5)
Cloud Processing of Water-Soluble and Insoluble Substances	278	(7)
Cloud Condensation Nuclei	285	(13)
Hans-Walter Georgii
Stefan Burgermeister
Regina Staubes-Diederich
Bettina Schafer
Peter Otto
Markus Rex
Heinz Bingemer
Introduction	285	(1)
The Formation and Distribution of CCN in the Marine Atmosphere	286	(1)
Experimental	287	(1)
Results and Discussion	287	(9)
Summary	296	(2)
Airborne Measurements of Condensation Nuclei and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Above the Alpine Foothills	298	(8)
Bettina Schafer
Hans-Walter Georgii
Introduction	298	(1)
Instrumentation	299	(1)
Measurements	300	(4)
Conclusion	304	(2)
Development and First Application of a 3-Stage Continuous Flow CCN Counter	306	(9)
Peter Otto
Hans-Walter Georgii
Heinz Bingemer
Introduction	306
The New CCN Spectrometer	303	(7)
CCN Measurements during NORDEX	310	(5)
Part IV Laboratory Experiments	315	(214)
Photochemical Processes in the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase: Quantum Yields and Photodissociation Frequencies	317	(14)
Peter Warneck
Introduction	317	(1)
Experimental Techniques	318	(1)
Quantum Yields	319	(9)
Photodissociation Coefficients	328	(3)
Pathways for the Oxidation of SO2 and NO2 in Continental Fair Weather Clouds	331	(15)
Peter Warneck
Introduction	331	(1)
Model Description	332	(4)
Results and Discussion	336	(7)
Conclusions	343	(3)
Photochemical Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide in Atmospheric Droplets: The Role of Iron, Oxalate, and Trace Metals on the H2O2-Production	346	(17)
Jorg Wohlgemuth
Dagmar Pfafflin
Wolfgang Jaeschke
Felix Deutsch
Peter Hoffmann
Hugo M. Ortner
Introduction	346	(3)
Experimental	349	(2)
Results and Discussion	351	(9)
Summary and Conclusion	360	(3)
Phase Partitioning and Photochemical Degradation of Pesticides in Hydrometeors	363	(24)
Wolfgang Jaeschke
Bettina Gath
Dagmar Pfafflin
Introduction	363	(4)
Phase Partitioning	367	(10)
Photochemical Degradation	377	(10)
Mechanistic Studies on the Metal Catalyzed Autoxidation of Sulfur(IV) Oxides	387	(14)
Rudi van Eldik
Introduction	388	(1)
Iron Catalyzed Autoxidation of Sulfur(IV) Oxides	388	(6)
Manganese Catalyzed Autoxidation of Sulfur(IV) Oxides	394	(1)
Other Metals and Synergistic Effects	395	(1)
Other Metal Catalyzed Reactions	396
Conclusions	391	(10)
Mechanism of the Formation of Organic Acids in the Gas Phase	401	(39)
Geert K. Moortgat
Osamu Horie
Peter Neeb
Introduction	402	(1)
Ozonolysis of Alkenes	403	(26)
Peroxy Radical Reactions	429	(4)
Field Measurement Campaigns	433	(1)
Conclusions and Atmospheric Relevance	434	(6)
Iron in the Atmosphere	440	(28)
Peter Hoffmann
Anatolii Nikolai Dedik
Felix Deutsch
Martin Ebert
Martin Hein
Helmut Hofmann
Karl Heinrich Lieser
Hugo Manfred Ortner
Marina Schwanz
Thomas Sinner
Sigrid Weber
Matthias Weidenauer
Stefan Weinbruch
Introduction	440	(1)
Experimental	441	(6)
Results	447	(6)
Discussion	453	(7)
Conclusion	460	(8)
Contribution to the Chemistry in Clouds: A Laboratory Study on the Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds by Hydroperoxides in Aqueous Phase	468	(61)
Klaus J. Wannowius
Introduction	468	(2)
Preparation and Properties of the Hydroperoxides Applied	470	(17)
Kinetics and Mechanism of Sulfur(IV) Oxidation by Hydroperoxides	487	(19)
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide by Hydroperoxides	506	(5)
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Nitrous Acid by Hydroperoxides	511	(2)
Kinetic Measurements on the Oxidation of Sulfur(IV) by Nitrous Acid	513	(3)
General Reaction Pattern for the Oxidation of Sulfur(IV) and Nitrogen(III) Compounds by Hydroperoxides in Aqueous Solution	516	(3)
Atmospheric Relevance of the Laboratory Studies	519	(10)
Part V Organization, Structure, Members and Participants of the Collaborative Research Centre 233	529	(39)
Speakers	531	(1)
Employees and Members	532	(9)
Employees from 1986 until 1997	532	(8)
Members from 1986 until 1997	540	(1)
Involved Institutes	541	(1)
Research Projects	542	(6)
Reporters and Reviewers	548	(2)
Guest Scientists	550	(6)
Cooperate Studies with other Research Institutes	556	(7)
Field Experiments	563	(5)
Financial Support by Means of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft	568