Early Childhood Development: A Multicultural Perspective

by Trawick-Smith, Jeffrey

• ISBN13: 9780131198050
• ISBN10: 013119805X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

While arranged in the conventional ages-and-stages format, the 4th edition ofEarly Childhood Development: A Multicultural Perspective by Jeffrey Trawick-Smith diverges from convention to take a multicultural approach to all facets of development in children from birth to age 8. Every topic is examined through the lens of diversityfrom intellectual development to attachment patterns, from peer relations to motor skillswhich is essential for our increasingly diverse student population. Coverage of atypical development and the challenges of special education is woven seamlessly through each chapter. Case studies and examples provide future teachers with a hands-on guide to how children develop, how children's skills develop, and how that development should inform sensitive, successful teaching practice. Key changes to this edition include: an expanded discussion of play and literacy in every developmental level, an expanded discussion on social policy issues (poverty, government initiatives, etc.), and a new featureAdvocacy and Public Policy Boxfound in Chapters 2-17.

Table of Contents

PART 1 Young Children in Multicultural Perspective: An Introduction
Studying Early Childhood Development in a Diverse World	2	(12)
What Is Early Childhood Development?	4	(2)
Why Study Early Childhood Development?	6	(4)
A Guide to Interactions with Children
A Guide to Curriculum Planning
A Guide to Observing Children and Identifying Special Needs
A Guide to Understanding and Appreciating Diversity
A Guide to Advocacy and the Shaping of Public Policy
Why Study Early Childhood Development from a Multicultural Perspective?	10	(2)
Summary	12	(1)
Research into Practice	13	(1)
Historical Perspectives and Research in Early Childhood Development	14	(20)
Historical Perspectives on Childhood	16	(6)
Western Perspectives
Non-Western Perspectives
Research on Young Children	22	(10)
A History of Child Study
Correlational Studies
Experimental Studies
Multicultural Critique of Traditional Research
Qualitative/Ethnographic Studies
Action Research in the Classroom
Summary	32	(1)
Research into Practice	33	(1)
Theories of Child Development	34	(28)
Maturationist Theory	37	(3)
Working with Adam
Critique and Multicultural Analysis
Behaviorist Theory	40	(4)
Classical and Operant Conditioning
Social Learning Theory
Working with Adam
Critique and Multicultural Analysis
Psychoanalytic Theory	44	(4)
Erikson's Ages of Emotional Development
Working with Adam
Critique and Multicultural Analysis
Cognitive-Developmental Theory	48	(3)
Working with Adam
Critique and Multicultural Analysis
Sociocultural Theory	51	(4)
Working with Adam
Critique and Multicultural Analysis
Ecological Systems Theory	55	(5)
Working with Adam
Critique and Multicultural Analysis
Summary	60	(1)
Research into Practice	60	(2)
PART 2 Prenatal Development, Childbirth, and Infancy
Genetics, Prenatal Development, and Birth	62	(22)
Genetics: The Biological Steps to Becoming a Unique Human Being	64	(5)
Genes and Chromosomes
Hereditary Diseases
Genetics from a Multicultural Perspective
Becoming Human
Becoming an Individual
Becoming an Individual Within a Cultural Group
Prenatal Development	69	(7)
Environmental Influences on Prenatal Development
Teen Pregnancy
Childbirth	76	(6)
Western Childbirth Procedures
Childbirth Across Cultures
Summary	82	(1)
Research into Practice	82	(2)
The Newborn	84	(20)
Physical Characteristics of Newborns	85	(2)
Newborn Psychological States	87	(9)
Sleeping
Alert and Waking Activity States
Crying
Breastfeeding
Reflexes
Exploration and Habituation
Newborns with Special Needs	96	(4)
Genetic Disorders
Environmental Risk Factors
Poor Health Status and Prematurity
Summary	100	(1)
Research into Practice	101	(3)
Infant Physical Growth and Brain Development	104	(22)
Physical Growth and Motor Development	105	(7)
Trends in Physical Growth
Motor Abilities
Toddler Motor Development and Self-Help Skills
Perceptual Development	112	(4)
Vision
Hearing
Taste and Smell
Touch
Brain Growth	116	(7)
How the Brain Works
The Super-Dense Infant Brain
Promoting Infant Brain Growth
Prime Time for Brain Growth
Visual Impairment
Hearing Impairment
Other Conditions That Affect Perception and Motor Ability
Summary	123	(1)
Research into Practice	124	(2)
Cognitive Development in Infancy	126	(24)
Piaget's View of Infant Intelligence	127	(6)
Piaget's Substages
A Multicultural Critique of Piaget's Theory
Other Cognitive Abilities in Infancy	133	(5)
Memory
Attention
Infant Play and Cognitive Development
Variations in Infant Cognitive Development	138	(3)
Culture and Infant Cognition
Poverty
Challenging Conditions and Infant Cognition	141	(6)
Families, Culture, and Infants with Special Needs
Early Intervention
Summary	147	(1)
Research into Practice	147	(3)
Infant Language and Literacy	150	(20)
Receptive Communication	151	(1)
Speech Perception
Understanding Words
Productive Communication	152	(8)
Crying
Noises and Gestures
Babbling
First Words
Two-Word Utterances
Toddler Literacy	160	(6)
Hearing Impairment and Infant Language
Down Syndrome and Infant Language
General Language Delay
Summary	166	(1)
Research into Practice	167	(3)
Infant Social and Emotional Development	170	(28)
Trust and Attachment	172	(12)
Attachment Formation
Separation Anxiety and Stranger Anxiety
Types of Attachment
Cultural Variations in Infant Attachment
Parenting Behaviors, Attachment, and Culture
Attachment and Infants with Special Needs
Attachment and Family Stress
Attachment Interventions
Infant Care and Attachment
Autonomy	184	(2)
Cultural Variations in Autonomy
Temperament	186	(3)
Temperament and Attachment
Temperament and Culture
Early Emotions	189	(2)
Emotions and Culture
Infant Relationships and Egocentrism	191	(3)
Summary	194	(1)
Research into Practice	195	(3)
PART 3 Development in the Preschool Years
Preschool Physical and Motor Development	198	(28)
Physical Growth	200	(1)
Gross Motor Development	201	(2)
Cultural Variations in Motor Skills
Cultural Variations in Activity Level
Motor Play and Culture	203	(5)
Running and Walking
Climbing and Jumping Down
Catching and Throwing
Balancing
Rough-and-Tumble Play
Fine Motor Development	208	(2)
Artistic Development	210	(4)
Drawing Development: A Traditional View
Drawing Development: The Reggio Emilia Perspective
Gender and Motor Development	214	(1)
Personal and Family Life Skills	215	(8)
Neurological and Perceptual Disorders
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Malnutrition
Effects of Early Intervention
Summary	223	(1)
Research into Practice	223	(3)
Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years	226	(30)
Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years: Piaget's Theory	228	(8)
Characteristics of Preoperational Thought
Piagetian Tasks
Criticisms of Piaget's Theory	236	(2)
Cultural Variations
Flaws in Research
Vygotsky's Perspective on Cognitive Development	238	(2)
Culture and Social and Language Interactions
New Perspectives on Preschool Cognition	240	(11)
Attention
Theories of the Mind
Variations in Theories of the Mind
Summary	251	(1)
Research into Practice	251	(5)
Symbolic Thought: Play, Language, and Literacy in the Preschool Years	256	(40)
Sociodramatic Play	258	(10)
Sociodramatic Play and Cognition
Components of Sociodramatic Play
Sociodramatic Play Intervention
Sociodramatic Play, Class, and Culture
Play and Visual Impairments
Play and Hearing Impairments
Play and Cognitive Disabilities
Play and Autism
First-and Second-Language Acquisition	268	(16)
Phonology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics
Bilingual Preschools
Literacy Development	284	(7)
Writing
Reading
Promoting Early Literacy
Cultural Variations in Emergent Literacy
Summary	291	(1)
Research into Practice	292	(4)
Social and Emotional Development of Preschoolers	296	(36)
Emotional Growth in the Preschool Years	298	(2)
Initiative versus Guilt
Social Initiative
Initiative and Self-Concept
Initiative and Culture
Social Competence	300	(15)
Peer Status: Children Who Are Popular, Rejected, and Neglected
Friendships
Social Participation
Positive and Negative Social Behaviors
Culture and Social Competence	315	(4)
Culture and Prosocial Behaviors
Play
Access to Peers
Friendliness and Shyness
Rough Play and Teasing
Social Interactions and Second-Language Acquisition
Peer Acceptance and Culture
Other Sources of Variation in Social Competence	319	(8)
Poverty and Family Stressors
Siblings
Child Care
Gender and Social Development
Summary	327	(1)
Research into Practice	328	(4)
PART 4 The Primary Years in Cultural Context
Physical Growth and Motor Development in the Primary Years	332	(26)
Physical Appearance and Stature	333	(1)
Cultural Variations in Physical Growth
Poverty and Health Status of Primary-Age Children	334	(6)
Illness
Nutrition
Injury
Violence
Homelessness
Motor Development in the Primary Years	340	(1)
The Body-Brain Connection
Motor Play and Culture	341	(7)
Functional Play
Rough-and-Tumble Play
Pretend Play
Games with Rules
Teasing Play
Rituals
Modern Threats to Motor Play	348	(7)
Television
School Policy
Cerebral Palsy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Spina Bifida
Meeting Special Motor Needs in School
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Summary	355	(1)
Research into Practice	355	(3)
Cognition and Schooling	358	(36)
Schooling Across Cultures	360	(2)
Intelligence Tests	362	(4)
Uses of IQ Tests in School
Analysis and Multicultural Critique of IQ Testing
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development	366	(9)
Assimilation and Accommodation
The Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget's Theory and Traditional School Subjects
Analysis and Multicultural Critique of Piaget's Theory	375	(3)
Underestimates of Competence
Culture and Cognitive Abilities
Vygotsky's View of Language and Social Interaction	378	(1)
Memory, Metacognition, and Schooling	379	(3)
Types of Memory
Metacognition and Memory
Memory and Culture
Culture and School Success	382	(8)
Clashes in Cognitive Style
Poor Schools and Teaching
Family Attitudes Toward School
Learning Disabilities
Children Who Are Gifted and Talented
Meeting Diverse Cognitive Needs in One Classroom
Summary	390	(1)
Research into Practice	390	(4)
Language, Literacy, and Schooling	394	(34)
First- and Second-Language Acquisition	396	(15)
Phonology
Semantics
Syntax
Metalinguistic Awareness
Pragmatics
Bilingual Education
Literacy Development	411	(13)
Writing in the Primary Years
Reading Development
Literacy and Culture
Biliteracy
Summary	424	(1)
Research into Practice	424	(4)
Social and Emotional Development in the Primary Years	428	(36)
A Sense of Competence	430	(3)
Development of Feelings of Competence
A Sense of Competence in Schools
Types of Self-Esteem	433	(2)
Competence versus Social Acceptance
Feelings of Control
Feelings of Moral Self-Worth
Integrating the Types of Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem and Culture	435	(6)
Inclusive Views of Self
Cultural Competencies and Criteria for Self-Evaluation
Culture and Feelings of Control
Culture and Feelings of Moral Self-Worth
Self-Esteem, Prejudice, and the Myth of Self-Hatred
Early Identity Formation	441	(4)
Gender Identity
Ethnic Identity
Peer Relationships	445	(6)
The Peer Group
Peer Rejection and Reputation
Children Who Are Neglected
Friendships
Peer Relations, Culture, and Class
Moral Development	451	(9)
Critiques of Kohlberg
Social Emotional Disturbance
Autism and Social Competence
ADHD and Social Competence
Invisible Handicaps and Peer Acceptance
Summary	460	(1)
Research into Practice	460	(4)
PART 5 Families in Cultural Context
Parents, Families, and Children: A Multicultural Perspective	464	(19)
Parent Beliefs About Child Development	465	(5)
Poverty and Beliefs About Children
Oppression and Beliefs About Children
Parenting Beliefs and Professional Practice
Adult--Child Interactions	470	(4)
Parent Communication
Responses to Crying
Teaching Behaviors
Carrying and Holding Practices
Extended Families: Grandparents, Siblings, Friends, and Fathers	474	(6)
Grandparents
Siblings
Friends Who Are Like Family
Fathers
Foster Parents
Summary	480	(1)
Research into Practice	481	(2)
Glossary	483	(11)
References	494	(29)
Author Index	523	(12)
Subject Index	535