Educating Exceptional Children

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9780395961377
• ISBN10: 0395961378
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-02
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
Educating the Exceptional Child	1	(31)
The Exceptional Child	2	(4)
Who Is an Exceptional Child?	2	(1)
Categories of Exceptional Children	3	(1)
Prevalence	4	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	5	(1)
The Context of the Exceptional Child	6	(4)
Family, School, Peer Culture, and Community	6	(2)
The Ecological Approach	8	(1)
The Interaction of Heredity and Environment	8	(1)
Intra-Individual Differences	9	(1)
Developmental Profiles	9	(1)
The Unique Influence of the Family	10	(7)
Child-Family Interaction	12	(1)
Parental Response	12	(1)
Family Responsibilities	13	(2)
Changing Family Roles	15	(1)
Working Mothers	15	(1)
Parent Empowerment	15	(2)
Ecology of The Child: Family	17	(5)
Parents as Collaborators	19	(1)
Parents as Advocates	19	(1)
Siblings	20	(2)
The Influence of School, Peer Culture, and the Community	22	(10)
The Influence of Culture	23	(1)
Families from Diverse Cultures	24	(2)
Culture and Assessment	26	(1)
Parents of Children Who Are Gifted and Talented	27	(5)
Exceptional Children and Their Environment	32	(50)
A Historical Perspective	34	(1)
Residential Schools	34	(1)
Public Schools	34	(1)
The Exceptional Child and the School	35	(1)
Ecology of The Child: Family, School, and Community	36	(6)
Lifespan Perspective	39	(1)
Transition	39	(1)
Referral and Assessment	40	(2)
Educational Adaptations for Exceptional Children	42	(7)
Prereferral: Teacher-Assistance Teams	48	(1)
Peer Collaboration for Teachers	48	(1)
Assessment	49	(1)
Individual Differences	49	(13)
Individual Differences and the Classroom	50	(1)
The Role of Assessment	50	(1)
Inter-Individual Differences	50	(4)
Culture-Bound Assessment Measures	54	(2)
Developmental Profile	56	(1)
The Individualized Education Program	56	(1)
Case Study: Frank	57	(1)
Educational Restructuring in Special Education	58	(1)
The Inclusion Movement	58	(2)
Inclusion and the General Education Teacher	60	(2)
Ecology of The Child: School	62	(4)
Social Relationships in the General Education Classroom	63	(1)
How Much Inclusion Is ``Included''?	63	(3)
Restructuring in General Education: America 2000	66	(1)
Some Results of Restructuring General Education	66	(11)
Middle Schools	66	(1)
Cooperative Learning	66	(1)
Site-Based Management	67	(1)
The Academic Standards Movement versus the Inclusion Movement	68	(1)
Effective Assessment Tools	69	(1)
Accountability	70	(1)
State and Federal Legislation	70	(1)
An Overview	71	(1)
Public Law 88-164	71	(1)
Public Law 94-142	71	(2)
Public Law 99-457 and IDEA (Public Law 105-17)	73	(1)
Federal Actions for Students Who Are Gifted	74	(1)
The Role of the Courts	74	(3)
Conclusion	77	(5)
Early Intervention: Priorities and Programs	82	(33)
Overview of Early Intervention	84	(3)
Definitions and Goals	84	(1)
Origins of Early Intervention	84	(1)
Legislative Support for Early Intervention	85	(2)
Why Early Intervention?	87	(2)
Avoiding Developmental Delays	87	(1)
Preventing Additional Deficits	87	(1)
Are Early Childhood Intervention Programs Effective?	88	(1)
What Puts Children at Risk?	89	(2)
Genetic Disorders	89	(1)
Events During Pregnancy and Birth	89	(1)
Environmental Risks	90	(1)
Child Abuse	90	(1)
Lower Socioeconomic Conditions (Poverty)	90	(1)
Substance Abuse	91	(1)
Prevention Before Birth	91	(2)
Genetic Counseling	91	(1)
Prenatal Care	92	(1)
Alpha-Fetoprotein Test	92	(1)
Sonography (Ultrasound)	93	(1)
Amniocentesis	93	(1)
Chorionic Villus Biopsy	93	(1)
Detecting Disabilities After Birth	93	(2)
Screening at Birth	94	(1)
Medical Intervention	94	(1)
Developmental Screening	94	(1)
Early Intervention Programs	95	(11)
The Individualized Family Services Plan (IFSP)	96	(1)
IDEA, Part C: Legal Requirements of the IFSP	96	(1)
The Multidisciplinary Team	97	(3)
Settings and Strategies	100	(1)
In a Hospital	100	(1)
Home and Family	101	(1)
Education Programs	102	(1)
Early Childhood Intervention Center	102	(1)
Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP)	103	(1)
Regular Day-Care and Early Childhood Centers	104	(1)
Assessment and Curriculum	104	(2)
Ecology of the Child: School	106	(2)
Family and Lifespan Issues	108	(7)
Culture	109	(1)
Coping with Stress	109	(1)
Transition	110	(5)
Children Who Are Gifted and Talented	115	(50)
Definitions	117	(1)
Components of Intellectual Competence	118	(1)
One Gift or Many?	119	(2)
Factors That Contribute to Giftedness and Talent	121	(1)
Heredity and Environment	121	(1)
Studies of Students Who Are Gifted	122	(3)
The Challenges Associated with Giftedness	125	(2)
Developmental Profiles	127	(1)
Ecology of the Child: School	128	(3)
Identification	131	(2)
Special Groups of Children Who Are Gifted	133	(8)
Girls Who Are Gifted	133	(2)
Children of Extraordinary Ability	135	(1)
Underachievers Who Are Gifted	136	(2)
Culturally Diverse Children Who Are Gifted	138	(2)
Children with Disabilities Who Are Gifted	140	(1)
Education Reform and Its Effects	141	(2)
Educational Adaptations for Children Who Are Gifted and Talented	143	(17)
Adapting the Learning Environment	143	(1)
Flexible Pacing	143	(2)
Grouping	145	(1)
Special Courses	146	(1)
Inclusion	147	(1)
Adapting Curriculum	147	(1)
Effective Education Programs	147	(1)
Curriculum Compacting	147	(1)
Content Acceleration and Enrichment	148	(1)
Content Sophistication	149	(1)
Content Novelty	150	(1)
Adapting Cognitive Strategies	150	(1)
Enrichment Triad Experiences	151	(1)
Problem Finding and Problem Solving	151	(2)
Problem-Based Learning	153	(1)
Creativity	154	(4)
Instructional Technology	158	(1)
Time	158	(1)
Student Acceleration	159	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	160	(5)
Children with Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities	165	(53)
Definition	166	(5)
Intellectual Subnormality	166	(1)
Adaptive Behavior	167	(2)
Levels of Mental Retardation	169	(2)
Biological Factors That Contribute to Mental Retardation	171	(5)
Chromosomal Abnormalities	171	(1)
Down Syndrome	172	(1)
Phenylketonuria	173	(1)
Fragile X Syndrome	174	(1)
Toxic Agents	174	(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	174	(1)
Heavy Metals	175	(1)
Infections	176	(1)
Environmental Factors That Affect Mental Retardation	176	(1)
Characteristics of Children with Mental Retardation or Developmental Disabilities	177	(3)
Ability to Process Information	177	(2)
Ability to Acquire and Use Language	179	(1)
Emotional Problems and Social Acceptance	179	(1)
Developmental Profiles	180	(1)
Prevention of Mental Retardation	181	(1)
Ecology of the Child: Family	182	(3)
Educational Adaptations for Children with Mental Retardation or Developmental Disabilities	185	(24)
Adapting the Learning Environment	185	(1)
Identifying Students with MR/DD	185	(2)
Issues of Inclusion	187	(1)
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs)	188	(1)
General Education Classroom	188	(2)
Teacher Consultants or Facilitators	190	(1)
How to Use the Resource Room	190	(2)
Special Classes	192	(1)
Adapting Curriculum	192	(1)
What Are the Goals?	192	(1)
Educational Reform and Students with MR/DD	193	(1)
Differential Instruction	194	(1)
Basic Academic Skills	194	(1)
Language and Communication	195	(1)
Socialization	196	(2)
Prevocations and Work-Study Skills	198	(2)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	200	(1)
Behavior Modification	200	(2)
Fading and Self-Instruction	202	(1)
Intrinsic Motivation	203	(1)
Cooperative Learning	203	(1)
Skills Mastery	204	(1)
Technology	205	(1)
Can Special Education Make a Difference?	205	(1)
Transition	206	(1)
From School to Work	206	(2)
Adulthood	208	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	209	(9)
Family Support	209	(3)
Interaction with the Community: The Special Olympics	212	(6)
Children with Learning Disabilities	218	(41)
A Historical Overview	219	(1)
Definitions	220	(2)
Prevalence	222	(1)
Is There a Single Cause?	223	(1)
Characteristics of Children with Learning Disabilities	224	(1)
Classification of Learning Disabilities	225	(6)
Neuropsychological/Developmental Learning Disabilities	225	(1)
Biological and Genetic Explanations	226	(1)
Perceptual-Motor Problems	227	(1)
Visual Processing Deficits	227	(1)
Auditory Processing Deficits	227	(1)
Memory Disorders	228	(1)
Attentional Deficits and Hyperactivity	228	(1)
Academic Achievement Learning Disabilities	229	(1)
Language and Reading Disorders	229	(1)
Dyslexia	229	(1)
Writing Disorders	230	(1)
Spelling Disorders	230	(1)
Mathematics Disorders	230	(1)
Ecology of the Child: School	231	(2)
Deficits in Executive Function or Cognitive Strategies	233	(1)
Social Disabilities	233	(1)
Developmental Profile	233	(1)
Identification and Assessment	234	(5)
Diagnosis	235	(1)
Early Intervention	236	(1)
Language Disabilities	237	(1)
Perceptual-Motor Disabilities	237	(1)
Attentional and Other Disabilities	238	(1)
Educational Adaptations for Children with Learning Disabilities	239	(14)
Adapting the Learning Environment	239	(1)
Issues of Achievement	239	(1)
Collaboration and Inclusion	240	(1)
Adapting Curriculum	240	(1)
Supportive Inclusion	241	(2)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	243	(1)
Applied Behavioral Analysis	243	(2)
Diagnostic Prescriptive Model	245	(2)
Mnemonic Devices	247	(1)
Cooperative Learning	247	(1)
Mastery Learning	247	(1)
Cognitive Instruction	247	(1)
Approaches to Content Instruction	248	(3)
Instructional Technology	251	(1)
Transition	252	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	253	(6)
Children with Emotional and Behavior Disorders	259	(47)
Definition	260	(3)
Factors Related to Behavior Problems	263	(5)
Biological Risk Factors	263	(1)
The Influence of Genes	264	(1)
Interaction Between Genes and Environment	264	(1)
The Influence of Drugs	265	(1)
The Interaction of Factors	265	(1)
Family Risk Factors	265	(1)
School Risk Factors	266	(1)
Social Risk Factors	266	(1)
Violence in the Schools	266	(1)
Family and Culture	267	(1)
The Challenge of Substance Abuse	268	(1)
Classifications and Characteristics	268	(5)
Conduct Disorders	269	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	270	(1)
Anxiety-Withdrawal	271	(2)
Developmental Profiles	273	(2)
Identification and Placement	275	(2)
Ecology of the Child: Family and Community	277	(1)
Intervention Strategies	278	(6)
Positive Reinforcement	278	(1)
Functional Assessment	279	(1)
Ecological Strategies	280	(1)
Project Re-Ed	281	(1)
Time-Out	281	(2)
Drug Treatment	283	(1)
Treatment Combinations	283	(1)
Educational Adaptations for Children with Emotional and Behavior Disorders	284	(14)
Adapting the Learning Environment	284	(1)
Understanding Emotional and Behavior Disorders	284	(1)
Collaboration: The Role of the Multidisciplinary Team	284	(2)
The Helping Teacher	286	(1)
The Wraparound Approach	286	(1)
Inclusion	286	(3)
Adapting Curriculum	289	(1)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	290	(1)
Skills Mastery Techniques	290	(8)
Technology	298	(1)
Computers: Aiding Content Mastery and Avoiding Negative Response	298	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	298	(8)
Transition from School to Work	299	(1)
Adulthood	299	(7)
Children with Communication Disorders in Speech and Language	306	(38)
Definitions	307	(1)
Differences Between Speech Disorders and Language Disorders	308	(1)
The Elements of Verbal Language	309	(1)
Prevalence of Communication Disorders	310	(3)
Language Development: A Brief Overview	313	(3)
Characteristics of Language Development	314	(1)
The Sequence of Language Development	314	(2)
Classification of Communication Disorders	316	(3)
Disorders of Articulation-Phonology	316	(1)
The Nature of Articulation-Phonology Disorders	317	(1)
Disabilities Associated with Articulation-Phonology Disorders	317	(1)
Disorders of Fluency and Speech Timing	317	(1)
Disorders of Voice	318	(1)
Disorders of Language	318	(1)
Developmental Delay in Communication	319	(1)
Developmental Profile	319	(2)
Identification and Assessment	321	(5)
Preschool Children and Early Intervention	321	(2)
School-Age Children	323	(1)
Screening	323	(1)
Evaluation and Diagnosis	323	(1)
Developing the IEP	324	(1)
Linguistic Diversity	324	(1)
Assessment of Non-English-Speaking Children	324	(2)
Education Adaptations for Children with Communication Disorders in Speech and Language	326	(12)
Adapting the Learning Environment	326	(1)
Inclusion	326	(1)
Consultative Service	326	(1)
Itinerant Service	326	(1)
Intensive-Cycle Scheduling	326	(1)
Educational Setting	327	(1)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	327	(1)
Speech and Language Therapy	327	(4)
Interactive Approaches	331	(1)
Intervention for Fluency Disorders	331	(1)
Focused Stimulation	332	(1)
Phonological Training	332	(1)
Slow Anditory Processing	333	(1)
Augmented and Alternative Communication	333	(1)
Adapting Curriculum	334	(1)
Intervention Priorities	334	(1)
Dialects	334	(1)
Technology	335	(1)
Instructional Technology	335	(2)
Transition	337	(1)
Ecology of the Child: Community	338	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	339	(5)
Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearning	344	(45)
Definitions	345	(4)
Degree of Hearing Loss	346	(1)
Age of Onset of Loss	346	(1)
The Structure of the Ear and Types of Hearing Loss	346	(3)
Prevalence of Hearing Loss	349	(1)
Causes of Hearing Loss	349	(5)
Genetic Causes	350	(1)
Environmental Causes	351	(3)
Characteristics of Children with Hearing Loss	354	(7)
Cognitive Development	354	(1)
Language Development	355	(2)
Social and Personal Adjustment	357	(2)
Interpreters	359	(1)
The Deaf Community	360	(1)
Some Special Services	360	(1)
Developmental Profiles	361	(1)
The School's Role in Identification	362	(2)
The General Education Teacher	363	(1)
The Audiologist	364	(1)
Means of Testing Hearing Loss	364	(2)
Audiometry	364	(1)
Pure-Tone Audiometry	364	(1)
Behavioral Observation Audiometry	364	(1)
Play Audiometry	365	(1)
Auditory Brainstem Response	365	(1)
Bone-Conductor Test	365	(1)
Cochlear Implants	365	(1)
Ecology of the Child: Community	366	(2)
Educational Adaptations for Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing	368	(14)
Adapting the Learning Environment	368	(1)
Parent Involvement and Early Intervention	368	(2)
Inclusion in Elementary School	370	(1)
Inclusion in Secondary School	370	(1)
The Education Team	371	(1)
Adapting Curriculum	371	(1)
Academic Achievement	371	(1)
Components of Successful Programs	372	(1)
Encouraging Academic Achievement at Home	372	(1)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	373	(1)
Communication Skills	373	(2)
Communication Methods	375	(2)
Approaches to Teaching Communication	377	(2)
Teacher Strategies	379	(1)
Technology	379	(1)
Assistive Technology	379	(2)
Instructional Technology	381	(1)
Transition
Postsecondary Programs	381	(1)
National Information Center on Deafness	382	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	382	(7)
Children with Visual Impairments	389	(50)
Definitions	390	(1)
Visual Interpretation of the Human Eye	390	(3)
The Human Eye	391	(1)
Causes of Visual Impairments	392	(1)
Characteristics of Children with Visual Impairments	393	(5)
Intellectual Development	393	(1)
Language Development	394	(1)
Sensory Compensation and Perception	394	(1)
Personal and Social Adjustment	395	(3)
Developmental Profiles	398	(2)
Early Intervention	400	(2)
Identification	402	(2)
Ecology of the Child: School	404	(1)
Educational Adaptations for Children with Visual Impairments	405	(28)
Adapting the Learning Environment	408	(1)
Inclusion	408	(5)
Individualized Education Program	413	(1)
Special Schools	413	(2)
Adapting Curriculum	415	(1)
Literacy	415	(1)
Mathematics	416	(1)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	416	(1)
Communication Skills	417	(4)
Environment Skills	421	(4)
Skills in the Learning Environment	425	(1)
Additional Skills Training	426	(1)
Technology	426	(1)
Assistive Technology	426	(4)
Transition	430	(1)
From School to Work	430	(1)
Program Evaluation	431	(1)
A National Agenda	432	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	433	(1)
A Final Word	433	(6)
Children with Multiple and Severe Disabilities	439	(45)
A Note About Terminology	441	(1)
Definition	441	(2)
Prevalence of Multiple and Severe Disabilities	443	(1)
Causes of Multiple and Severe Disabilities	443	(1)
Characteristics of Children with Multiple and Severe Disabilities	444	(9)
Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD), and Pervasive Developmental Disorders Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS)	444	(1)
Autism	445	(1)
Rhett Disorder	446	(1)
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder	446	(1)
Asperger's Disorder	446	(1)
Autism and PDDNOS	446	(1)
Treatment Programs	446	(1)
Lovaas's Young Autism Program	446	(1)
TEECH	447	(1)
Other Programs	448	(1)
Deafblind Impairment	448	(1)
The Education Program	448	(1)
Early Intervention	449	(1)
Behavior Disturbance and Hearing Impairment	450	(1)
Mental Retardation with Another Disability	451	(1)
Mental Retardation and Cerebral Palsy	452	(1)
Early Intervention	453	(3)
Identification of Children with Multiple and Severe Disabilities	456	(1)
Educational Adaptations for Children with Multiple and Severe Disabilities	457	(16)
Adapting the Learning Environment	457	(2)
Inclusion: Integrated Settings	459	(2)
Adapting Curriculum	461	(1)
Data Collecting	461	(1)
Functional Age-Appropriate Skills	462	(2)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	464	(1)
Teaching and Assessing	464	(2)
Preschool	466	(1)
Primary and Secondary School	467	(2)
Teaching Strategies for Nonvocal Students	469	(1)
Technology for Nonvocal Students	469	(1)
Technology	470	(1)
Instructional Technology	470	(1)
Assistive Technology	470	(1)
Transition	470	(1)
From Home and School to Community and Work	470	(3)
Family and Lifespan Issues	473	(3)
Living Arrangements	473	(1)
Vocational Opportunities	474	(1)
Day Treatment Programs	474	(1)
Day Habilitation Programs	474	(1)
Sheltered Workshops	474	(2)
Ecology of the Child: Family	476	(8)
Supportive Competitive Employment	478	(6)
Children with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	484	(43)
Definitions	485	(1)
Prevalence of Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	486	(1)
Causes of Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	487	(1)
Congenital Disabilities	487	(1)
Acquired Disabilities	488	(1)
Classification and Characteristics	488	(4)
Children with Physical Disabilities	488	(1)
Neurological Conditions	489	(3)
Ecology of the Child: School	492	(13)
Musculoskeletal Conditions	494	(2)
Children with Health Impairments	496	(1)
Metabolic Disorders	496	(1)
Cardiopulmonary Conditions	496	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	497	(2)
Cooley's Anemia and Sickle Cell Anemia	499	(1)
Substance Abuse	499	(1)
Other Health-Related Conditions	500	(1)
Technology-Dependent Health Conditions	501	(1)
A Home-Care Success Story	501	(1)
Tube Feeding	502	(1)
Intravenous Feeding	503	(1)
Catheterization and Colostomy	503	(1)
Oxygen-Dependent Children	503	(1)
Child Abuse	503	(1)
Traumatic Brain Injury and Accidents	504	(1)
Developmental Profiles	505	(2)
Early Intervention	507	(1)
Identification of Children with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	507	(1)
Educational Adaptations for Children with Physical Disabilities and Health Impairments	508	(13)
Adapting the Learning Environment	508	(1)
Inclusion	508	(4)
Instructional Materials and Classroom Equipment	512	(1)
Accessibility of Facilities	512	(1)
Adapting Curriculum	513	(1)
Skill Development	513	(3)
Adapting Teaching Strategies	516	(1)
Increasing the Understanding of the Disabling Condition	516	(1)
Emphasizing the Quality of Life	516	(1)
Increasing the Sense of Control	517	(1)
Physical Education	517	(1)
Technology	517	(1)
Assistive Communication	517	(3)
Transition	520	(1)
Family and Lifespan Issues	521	(6)
Length of Life	521	(1)
Discrimination	521	(6)
Afterword: New Millennium, New Opportunities	527	(5)
Glossary	532	(7)
References	539	(24)
Author/Source Index	563	(8)
Subject Index	571