Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for Polluted Soils, Sediments and Groundwater

by Reddy, Krishna R.; Cameselle, Claudio

• ISBN13: 9780470383438
• ISBN10: 0470383437
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-09-08
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book covers the fundamentals, current assessment, and future directions of electrochemical remediation, a volume in high demand from researchers and practitioners alike. It provides an overview of available electrochemical remediation technologies, modeling, regulatory considerations, and field studies. Case studies highlight the field equipment, their installation procedures, and performance monitoring requirements. This title serves as a valuable resource to all environmental engineers, scientists, regulators and policy makers to consider electrochemical technologies as potential candidate technologies to remediate contaminated sites.

Author Biography

Krishna R. Reddy is Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC). Dr. Reddy received his PhD in Civil Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. He received gold medals for being first in his class of BS (Civil Engineering) at Osmania University and MS (Civil Engineering) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. His teaching and research expertise includes remediation of contaminated sites, waste containment systems, and beneficial reuse of waste/recycled materials. His research contributed to the understanding of fundamental geochemical processes and development of integrated electrochemical technologies to remediate contaminant mixtures. He is the coauthor of Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site Remediation, Waste Containment, and Emerging Waste Management Technologies, also published by Wiley.

Claudio Cameselle is Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Vigo, Spain. He received his undergraduate degree and his PhD in chemistry at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. He then moved to the University of Vigo, where he has been working as a faculty member for the last fourteen years. He spent a sabbatical year as visiting professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2008. His teaching activities are in the areas of chemical engineering and environmental engineering. In recent years, his research activity has focused on the development of electrokinetic remediation for the treatment of soils and sludges polluted with heavy metals and organics.

Table of Contents

Preface

Contributors

Introduction and Basic Principles

Overview of Electrochemical Remediation Technologies

Introduction

Electrochemical Technologies for Site Remediation

Electrochemical Transport, Transfer, and Transformation Processes

Electrochemical Removal of Inorganic Pollutants

Electrochemical Removal of Organic Pollutants

Electrochemical Removal of Contaminant Mixtures

Special Considerations in Remediating Polluted Sediments

Electrokinetic Barriers for Pollution Containment

Coupled (or Integrated) Electrochemical Remediation Technologies

Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Remediation

Economic and Regulatory Considerations

Field Applications and Lessons Learned

Future Directions

References

Electrochemical Transport and Transformations

Introduction

Overview

Electrochemical Transport in Bulk Fluid

Electrochemical Transport in Clays in the Direction of Applied Electric Field

Electrochemical Transformations

Summary

References

Geochemical Processes Affecting Electrochemical Remediation

Introduction

Soil-Fluid-Chemical System as Active Electrochemical System

Generation of pH Gradient

Change of Zeta Potential of Soil Particle Surfaces

Change in Direction of Electroosmotic Flow

Sorption and Desorption of Contaminants onto/from Soil Particle Surfaces

Buffer Capacity of Soil

Complexation

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

Interactions of Geochemical Processes

Summary

References

Remediation of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Pollutants

Electrokinetic Removal of Heavy Metals

Introduction

Principle of EK Removal of Heavy Metals from Soils

Heavy Metal and Soil Type

Enhancement Methods

Remediation of Mine Tailings, Ashes, Sediments, and Sludge

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Removal of Radionuclides

Introduction

Electrokinetic Localization of Radioactive Nuclide Pollution

Electrokinetic Cleaning of Ground from Radioactive Nuclides

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Removal of Nitrate and Fluoride

Introduction

Pollution and Health Effects of Anionic Pollutants

Removal of Anionic Pollutants by Electrokinetics

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Treatment of Contaminated Marine Sediments

Introduction

Contaminated Sediment Treatment Options

Electrokinetic Treatment of Sediments

Case Study: Tests on Electrokinetic Remediation of Sea Harbor Sediments

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Stabilization of Chromium (VI)-Contaminated Soils

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Experimental Results

Discussion

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Remediation of Organic Pollutants

Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs

Introduction

Backgrounds

Electrokinetic Removal of PAHs Using Facilitating Agents

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds

Introduction

Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorophenols

Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorobenzenes

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Transport of Chlorinated Organic Pesticides

Introduction

Electrokinetic Removal of Chlorinated Pesticides

Surfactant-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides

Cosolvent-Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Chlorinated Pesticides

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Removal of Herbicides from Soils

Introduction

Herbicides

Case Study

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Electrokinetic Removal of Energetic Compounds

Introduction

Chemistry of Clay-Energetic Compound Complexes

Remediation Strategies

Electrokinetics to Enhance Remediation Strategies

Summary

References

Remediation of Mixed Contaminants

Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metal Contaminants

Introduction

General Principle for Mixed Metal Contaminants

Representative Studies on Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Heavy Metals

Specific Insight for Removal of Mixed Heavy Metals, Including Cr, As, and Hg

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Remediation of Mixed Metals and Organic Contaminants

Challenge in Remediation of Mixed Contaminated Soils

Application of Electrokinetic Phenomena to the Removal of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants from Soils

Summary

References

Electrokinetic Barriers

Electrokinetic Barriers for Preventing Groundwater Pollution

Introduction

History of Electrokinetic Barrier Development

Recent Studies

Use With Other Technologies

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Electrokinetic Biofences

Introduction

Application in the Field

Case Study

Summary

Reference

Integrated (Coupled) Technologies

Coupling Electrokinetics to the Bioremediation of Organic Contaminants Principles and Fundamental Interactions

Introduction

Principles and Fundamental Interactions of Electrobioremediation

Research Needs

Acknowledgments

References

Coupled Electrokinetic-Bioremediation Applied Aspects

Bioremediation of Soils

Combination of Electrokinetics and Bioremediation

Practical Considerations and Limitations for Coupled Bio-Electro

Processes

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Influence of Coupled Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation on Soil Remediation

Soil Contamination Legislation

What is the Limit of the Remediation Soil Recovery

Influence of the Electrokinetic Technology on Soil Properties

Phytoremediation

Use of the Electrokinetic Process to Improve Phytoremediation

Phytoremediation after Electrokinetic Process

Summary

References

Electrokinetic-Chemical Oxidation/Reduction

Introduction

General Principles

Representative Studies

Electrokinetic Treatment Coupled with Injection of Nanomaterials

Prospective

References

Electrosynthesis of Oxidants and Their Electrokinetic Distribution

Oxidants for Soil Remediation

Production of Oxidants

Distribution of Oxidants

References

Coupled Electrokinetic-Permeable Reactive Barriers

Introduction

Design of Reactive Barrier in the EK-PRB Process

Implementation of EK-PRB to Polluted Soil

Perspectives

References

Coupled Electrokinetic-Thermal Desorption

Fundamental Principles

Thermal Principles

Physical and Chemical Principles

Fluid and Energy Transport

Hydraulic Principles

Biological Processes at Elevated Temperatures

Summary

References

Mathematical Modeling

Electrokinetic Modeling of Heavy Metals

Introduction

One-Dimensional EKR Simple Model

Two-Dimensional Model

Notation

References

Electrokinetic Barriers Modeling and Validation

Introduction

Electrokinetic Phenomena

Direct and Coupled Flow and Transport of Ions

Model Development

Model Validation

Field Application Scenarios

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Economic and Regulatory Considerations

Cost Estimates for Electrokinetic Remediation

Introduction

Cost Factors

Cost Breakdown

Summary

References

Regulatory Aspects of Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation

Introduction

Overview of Environmental Regulation in the USA

Regulatory Considerations for Implementing Electrokinetic Remediation

Summary

References

Field Applications and Performance Assessment

Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals

Introduction

Description of Processes Involved in Field Applications

Electrokinetic Remediation Setup in Field Applications

Outcome of Field-Scale Experiments

Factors that Limit the Applicability of Electrokinetic Technology

Prerequisites and Site Information Needed

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Technology

Summary

References

Field Studies Organic-Contaminated Soil Remediation with Lasagna Technology

Introduction

Field Implementation Considerations

Case Studies

Summary and Future Activities

References

Coupled Electrokinetic PRB for Remediation of Metals in Groundwater

Introduction

Electrokinetic (EK) Extraction System

Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) System

Combined System of Electrokinetics and Permeable Reactive Barrier

Field Application

Summary

References

Field Studies on Sediment Remediation

Introduction

Background on the Need for Remediation and the Duluth Project

What is ECGO Technology?

The Remediation of Minnesota Slip Sediments at the Erie Pier CDF in Duluth, Minnesota

Summary

Reference

Experiences With Field Applications of Electrokinetic Remediation

Introduction

ER

Investigation and Design of ER

Some Project Results

Summary

Index

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