Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Systems

by Lattarulo

• ISBN13: 9780080452616
• ISBN10: 0080452612
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780080452616
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780080467610
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-12-21
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

A large amount of operators, involved in power systems such as researchers, designers and technicians, are becoming more and more demanding in terms of the supplementary reference material available to them. This is because much more attention is now facing power quality issues and this in turn highlights the EMC problems regarding transient and steady state disturbances. Quality issues in turn are connected to the production processes which are becoming increasingly susceptible to power supply perturbations.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
1 A Combined Electrostatic—Electrodynamic Approach to Lightning Pre-Stroke Phenomena and Related EMC Problems	1
1.1 Preliminary Remarks	1
1.2 Thundercloud Electrostatic Modelling	3
1.3 Electric Field at the Plane	5
1.4 On-Axis Electric Field	10
1.5 Pre-Stroke Electrostatics	12
1.6 Pre-Stroke Electrodynamics	19
1.7 Concluding Remarks	22
Appendix A	24
A.1 On-ground field	27
A.2 On-axis field (below the cell bottom)	28
Appendix B	28
Appendix C	32
C.1 Space-charge-free electrostatic solution	32
C.2 Space-charge-free electrodynamic solution	33
C.3 E-field solution including corona	34
Appendix D	37
References	40
2 A Reasoned Approach to Lightning Electromagnetics and Coupling to Nearby Power Transmission Lines	43
2.1 Introduction	43
2.2 Remarks on the Pre-Stroke and Stroke-in-Progress Phases	46
2.2.1 Corona activity	46
2.2.2 Surge current velocity	48
2.2.3 Earth performances	49
2.3 Antenna Model	50
2.4 Discussion	53
2.5 Return-Stroke Current	57
2.6 Induced Voltage on a Nearby Line	60
2.6.1 Actual excitation field	60
2.6.2 Coupling to a nearby line	62
2.6.3 Example of application and discussion	66
2.7 Concluding Remarks	69
Appendix A	73
Appendix B	74
References	76
3 Effects of Geomagnetic Storms on Long Distance AC Transmission Systems	79
3.1 Introduction	79
3.2 System Representation	80
3.2.1 Power transformer and autotransformer representation	81
3.2.2 Static VAR compensator representation	83
3.3 Coordinated Compensation Strategy	84
3.4 Test Results	87
3.5 Conclusions	90
References	90
4 Evaluation of the AC Interferences between Transmission Lines and Metallic Underground Structures	93
4.1 Introduction	93
4.2 System Representation	97
4.3 Test Results	102
4.4 Conclusions	107
References	107
5 The Crucial Case of Quasistatic Magnetic Field Penetration into Metallic Enclosures: An Unexplored Model	109
5.1 Introduction	109
5.2 Unloaded Short Aperture	113
5.2.1 Preliminary remarks	113
5.2.2 Concentrated magnetic flux penetration	114
5.2.3 Distributed magnetic field penetration	114
5.3 Loaded Short Aperture and Perforated Sheet	120
Appendix A Flux linking a short elliptic aperture	124
Appendix B Resistance and inductance of an elliptic aperture when resulting unfilled, or filled by a continuous sheet	127
Appendix C Flux penetration into an aperture blocked by a sheet of different material	129
Appendix D Some remarks on the notion of flux linkage applied to a hole	130
References	131
6 Diakoptic Approach to EMC Problems Involving the Human Body	133
6.1 Introduction	133
6.2 Diakoptic Approach Applied to ELF Electric Field Exposure of HB	135
6.2.1 Evaluation of equivalent capacitances to earth	135
6.2.2 Effective electrostatic heights and evaluation of the junction currents	140
6.2.3 Earthed person on the plane	141
6.2.4 Person suspended above the earth	145
6.3 Improved HB Model for ESD Applications	146
6.3.1 Preliminary remarks	146
6.3.2 Evaluation of the serial parameters Ri and Li	147
6.3.3 Transient analysis	149
6.3.4 Contact discharge mode	153
6.3.5 Air discharge mode	159
6.4 Conclusions	160
Appendix A Sphere above a plane	161
References	162
7 New Power Quality Assessment Criteria for Harmonic Disturbances	165
7.1 Introduction about Power Quality	166
7.1.1 Different kinds of disturbances	167
7.1.2 Frequency variations	168
7.1.3 Voltage amplitude variations	168
7.1.4 Waveform variation	170
7.2 Electromagnetic Compatibility: Standards	171
7.2.1 IEC harmonic standards	172
7.2.2 IEEE Harmonic standards	175
7.2.3 Comparison of IEC and IEEE standards harmonic limits	175
7.3 Harmonic Distortion Level Monitoring	176
7.3.1 Evaluation of the voltage and current distortion	176
7.3.2 The need for new indices	177
7.4 New Power Quality Assessment Criteria for Supply Systems under Non-Sinusoidal Conditions	179
7.4.1 Basic assumptions	179
7.4.2 New criterion for harmonic distortion evaluation	180
7.4.3 Simulation results	181
7.4.4 Experimental results	183
7.5 Conclusions	188
References	188
8 Design of Line Front-End Converter Systems under Real Line Conditions	191
8.1 Introduction	191
8.2 Basic Function, Operating Limits and Mathematical Models	194
8.3 Basic Control	198
8.3.1 Phase control	198
8.3.2 AC current control	199
8.3.3 Two axis-based current control	199
8.3.4 Use of averaging and linearisation	200
8.3.5 The voltage oriented control	201
8.4 Advanced Control Techniques	202
8.4.1 Sensorless control techniques	202
8.4.2 Direct power control	204
8.5 Design Criteria for PI-Based Current Controller	204
8.5.1 PI-based current control design example	211
8.6 Design Criteria for DC Voltage Control	215
8.6.1 PI-based voltage control	215
8.6.2 PI-based voltage control design example	217
8.7 Non-Ideal Operating Conditions	219
8.7.1 Delays	220
8.7.2 Grid unbalance	220
8.7.3 Position of the grid sensors	222
8.7.4 Passive damping of the LCL filter	222
8.8 Conclusions	223
References	223
9 Adjoint Network Theory to Analyse the Power Converters with Respect to their Line-side Behaviour	225
9.1 Introduction	225
9.2 VSC Power Converters Connected to the Line	227
9.3 Modelling of the Current Controlled Voltage Source Converter with the "Virtual Circuit" Approach	229
9.4 Sensitivity Analysis in the Frequency Domain	233
9.4.1 Basic definitions	233
9.4.2 Application of the adjoint network	234
9.5 Sensitivity Analysis Based on the Adjoint Circuit: Case Study	236
9.5.1 Sensitivity of the line current with respect to the transformer inductance	236
9.5.2 Sensitivity of the line current with respect to the number of sample delays	237
9.5.3 Sensitivity analysis with respect to the LCL filter	239
9.6 Conclusions	243
References	244
10 Harmonic Load Flow Applications for Industrial Power Systems Design	245
10.1 Introduction	245
10.2 Power System Response to Harmonics	247
10.3 Probabilistic Formulation	253
10.4 Case Study	256
10.5 Passive Harmonic Filters	261
10.6 Minimal Cost Design for Harmonic Reduction	262
10.7 Optimisation Algorithm	264
10.8 Case Study	265
References	266
11 Shunt Active Filters to Mitigate Harmonic Propagation in Distribution Lines	269
11.1 Introduction	269
11.2 Active Filters	270
11.3 Identification of the Polluting Load	272
11.4 Shunt Active Filters (SAFs)	274
11.4.1 Reference current generation	276
11.4.2 p–q method	278
11.4.3 APF AC current control	280
11.5 Optimisation Methods for SAFs	283
11.5.1 Introduction to fuzzy control	283
11.5.2 The fuzzy logic applied to the current control of SAFs	285
11.5.3 Introduction to the use of Nelder–Mead optimisation	285
11.5.4 The Nelder–Mead optimisation of the third harmonic compensated by an AF	290
11.6 Real-Time Control Implementation	291
11.6.1 Control code sections	291
11.6.2 Fuzzy algorithm software implementation	294
11.7 Conclusions	296
References	296
Index	299