Elementary Fluid Mechanics

by Street, Robert L.; Watters, Gary Z.; Vennard, John K.

• ISBN13: 9780471013105
• ISBN10: 0471013102
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-06-29
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This edition retains the basic approach and style that has appealed to readers for over fifty years. The first half focuses on fundamental physical and analytical principles. The second half covers applications of those principles to flow in pipes and open channels, lift and drag, fluid machinery, and compressible flow. The final chapter is an introduction to an array of fluid measurements and the instruments for making them.

Author Biography

Robert L. Street (Stanford Univ.)
Gary Z. Watters (California State Univ., Chico)
John K. Vennard

Table of Contents

Fundamentals	1	(34)
The Scope of Fluid Mechanics	1	(1)
Historical Perspective	2	(1)
Physical Characteristics of the Fluid State	3	(3)
Units, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity	6	(6)
Compressibility, Elasticity	12	(4)
Viscosity	16	(10)
Surface Tension, Capillarity	26	(3)
Vapor Pressure	29	(6)
References	30	(1)
Films	31	(1)
Problems	31	(4)
Fluid Statics	35	(56)
Pressure Variation with Elevation	35	(7)
Absolute and Gage Pressures	42	(3)
Manometry	45	(4)
Pressure Forces on Plane Surfaces	49	(8)
Pressure Forces on Curved Surfaces	57	(7)
Buoyancy and Stability of Floating Bodies	64	(4)
Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration	68	(23)
Problems	76	(15)
Kinematics of Fluid Motion	91	(16)
Steady and Unsteady Flow Streamlines, and Streamtubes	91	(3)
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows---Streamlines and Flowfields	94	(2)
Velocity and Acceleration	96	(5)
Circulation, Vorticity, and Rotation	101	(6)
Films	105	(1)
Problems	105	(2)
Systems, Control Volumes, Conservation of Mass, and The Reynolds Transport Theorem	107	(18)
The System vis-a-vis the Control Volume	107	(1)
Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation---One-Dimensional Steady Flow	108	(5)
Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation---Two-Dimensional Steady Flow	113	(6)
The Reynolds Transport Theorem	119	(6)
Problems	122	(3)
Flow of an Incompressible Ideal Fluid	125	(64)
One-Dimensional Flow	126	(1)
Euler's Equation	126	(1)
Bernoulli's Equation with Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines	127	(1)
The One-Dimensional Assumption for Streamtubes of Finite Cross Section	128	(2)
Applications of Bernoulli's Equation	130	(11)
The Work-Energy Equation	141	(5)
Two-Dimensional Flow	146	(1)
Euler's Equations	146	(2)
Bernoulli's Equation	148	(1)
Applications of Bernoulli's Equation	149	(13)
Stream Function and Velocity Potential	162	(27)
References	168	(1)
Films	168	(1)
Film Loops	169	(1)
Problems	169	(20)
The Impulse-Momentum Principle	189	(40)
Principles and Elementary Applications	190	(1)
The Linear Impulse-Momentum Equation	190	(2)
Pipe Flow Applications	192	(4)
Open Channel Flow Applications	196	(8)
The Angular Impulse-Momentum Principle	204	(3)
Flow Machines	207	(1)
Jet Propulsion	207	(3)
Propellers and Windmills	210	(5)
Rocket Propulsion	215	(14)
References	217	(1)
Problems	217	(12)
Flow of a Real Fluid	229	(62)
Qualitative Views	231	(1)
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow	231	(3)
Turbulent Flow and Eddy Viscosity	234	(5)
Fluid Flow Past Solid Boundaries	239	(2)
External Flows	241	(1)
Characteristics of the Boundary Layer	241	(6)
The Laminar Boundary Layer---Incompressible Flow	247	(3)
The Turbulent Boundary Layer---Incompressible Flow	250	(4)
Separation	254	(3)
Secondary Flow	257	(1)
Internal Flows	257	(1)
Flow Establishment---Boundary Layers	258	(1)
Shear Stress and Head Loss	259	(4)
The First Law of Thermodynamics and Shear Stress Effects	263	(5)
Velocity Distribution and Its Significance	268	(4)
Separation	272	(1)
Secondary Flow	273	(2)
The Navier-Stokes Equations for Incompressible Flow	274	(1)
Derivation of the Navier-Stokes Equations for Two-Dimensional Flow	275	(5)
Applications of the Navier-Stokes Equations	280	(11)
References	285	(1)
Films	285	(1)
Problems	285	(6)
Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Normalization of Equations of Motion	291	(32)
Similitude and Physical Models	293	(13)
Dimensional Analysis	306	(8)
Normalization of Equations	314	(9)
References	316	(1)
Films	317	(1)
Problems	317	(6)
Flow in Pipes	323	(110)
Steady Flow	323	(1)
Fundamental Equations	323	(2)
Laminar flow	325	(4)
Turbulent Flow---Smooth Pipes	329	(9)
Turbulent Flow---Rough Pipes	338	(2)
Classification of Smoothness and Roughness---Impact on Friction Factor	340	(4)
Pipe Friction Factors	344	(7)
Pipe Friction in Noncircular Pipes---The Hydraulic Radius	351	(2)
Pipe Friction---Empirical Formulas	353	(5)
Local Losses in Pipelines	358	(9)
Pipeline Problems---Single Pipes	367	(13)
Pipeline Problems---Multiple Pipes	380	(9)
Unsteady Flow	388	(1)
Unsteady Flow and Water Hammer in Pipelines	389	(3)
Rigid Water Column Theory	392	(8)
Elastic Theory (Water Hammer)	400	(33)
References	411	(1)
Films	412	(1)
Problems	412	(21)
Flow in Open Channels	433	(56)
Fundamentals	433	(2)
Uniform Flow---The Chezy Equation	435	(2)
The Chezy Coefficient and the Manning n	437	(4)
Uniform Laminar Flow	441	(1)
Hydraulic Radius Considerations	442	(5)
Specific Energy, Critical Depth, and Critical Slope---Wide Rectangular Channels	447	(9)
Specific Energy, Critical Depth, and Critical Slope---Nonrectangular Channels	456	(2)
Controls and the Occurrence of Critical Depth	458	(3)
The Hydraulic Jump	461	(1)
Varied Flow	462	(27)
References	476	(1)
Films	476	(1)
Problems	476	(13)
Lift and Drag---Incompressible Flow	489	(46)
Fundamentals	490	(1)
Definitions	490	(3)
Dimensional Analysis	493	(4)
Drag and Lift	497	(1)
Profile Drag	497	(6)
Lift and Circulation	503	(5)
Applications	506	(2)
Airfoils---Finite Length	508	(4)
Airfoils---Lift and Drag Diagrams	512	(3)
Some Aerodynamics of Baseballs	515	(3)
Forces on Structures	518	(7)
Some Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles	525	(10)
References	530	(1)
Film	531	(1)
Problems	531	(4)
Introduction to Fluid Machinery	535	(38)
Analysis and Characteristics of Turbomachines	535	(9)
Deflectors and Blades---The Impulse Turbine	544	(7)
Reaction Turbine and Centrifugal Pump	551	(7)
Practical Applications	558	(15)
References	566	(1)
Problems	566	(7)
Flow of Compressible Fluids	573	(54)
The Laws of Thermodynamics	574	(5)
One-Dimensional Ideal Flow	579	(1)
Euler's Equation and the Energy Equation	579	(2)
Integration of the Euler Equation	581	(2)
The Stagnation Point	583	(2)
The One-Dimensional Assumption	585	(1)
Subsonic and Supersonic Velocities	586	(1)
The Convergent Nozzle	586	(3)
Constriction in a Streamtube	589	(2)
The Convergent-Divergent Nozzle	591	(4)
Two-Dimensional Ideal Flow	594	(1)
Euler's Equations and Their Integration	595	(1)
Application of the Equations	596	(4)
Shock Waves	599	(1)
The Normal Shock Wave	600	(3)
The Oblique Shock Wave	603	(3)
Real Fluid Flow in Pipes	606	(1)
Pipe Friction	606	(2)
Isothermal Pipe Flow	608	(3)
Adiabatic Pipe Flow with Friction	611	(3)
Drag and Lift	613	(1)
The Mach Wave	614	(1)
Phenomena and Definitions	615	(2)
Drag	617	(3)
Lift	620	(7)
References	622	(1)
Films	623	(1)
Problems	623	(4)
Fluid Measurements	627	(58)
Fluid Properties Measurement	630	(1)
Density	630	(2)
Viscosity	632	(3)
Pressure Measurement	635	(1)
Static Pressure	635	(2)
Surface Elevation	637	(2)
Stagnation Pressure	639	(1)
Velocity Measurement	640	(1)
Pitot-Static Tube---Incompressible Flow	640	(3)
Pitot-Static Tube---Compressible Flow	643	(2)
Mechanical Anemometers and Current Meters	645	(2)
Hot-Wire, Hot-Film, Sonic, and Laser-Doppler Anemometers	647	(5)
Shear Measurement	652	(1)
Shear Determined By Inference	652	(1)
Wall Probes	652	(2)
Flowrate Measurement	654	(1)
Venturi Meters	654	(3)
Nozzles	657	(2)
Orifices	659	(6)
Elbow Meters	665	(1)
Weirs	666	(7)
Current-Meter Measurements	673	(12)
References	675	(1)
Films	675	(1)
Problems	676	(9)
APPENDIX 1 SYMBOLS, UNITS, AND DIMENSIONS	685	(4)
APPENDIX 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS	689	(8)
APPENDIX 3 PROPERTIES OF AREAS AND VOLUMES	697	(2)
APPENDIX 4 CAVITATION	699	(6)
References	703	(1)
Film	703	(2)
APPENDIX 5 THE EXPANSION FACTOR, Y	705	(2)
APPENDIX 6 BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS	707	(6)
References	711	(2)
APPENDIX 7 COMPUTER PROGRAMS	713	(28)
APPENDIX 8 ANSWERS TO SELECTED EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS	741	(10)
Index	751