Environmental Ethics An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy

by Des Jardins, Joseph R.

• ISBN13: 9780534520847
• ISBN10: 0534520847
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-23
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Part I: BASIC CONCEPTS. 1. Science, Ethics and the Environment. Discussion: Technological Solutions to Environmental Problems. 1.1. Introduction: Why Philosophy? 1.2. Science and Ethics. 1.3. What Is Environmental Ethics? 1.4. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. 2. Ethical Theory and the Environment. Discussion. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Why Ethical Theory? 2.3. Ethical Relativism. 2.4. The Natural Law Tradition Teleology and Virtues. 2.5. Contemporary Perspectives on Teleology. 2.6. The Utilitarian Tradition. 2.7. Contemporary Perspectives on Utilitarianism. 2.8. Deontology: An Ethics of Duty and Rights. 2.9. Contemporary Perspectives on Deontological Ethics. 2.10. Religious Environmental Ethics. 2.11. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. Part II: ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AS APPLIED ETHICS. 3. Ethics and Economics: Managing Public Lands. Discussion: Development versus Preservation. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Forests: Conservation or Preservation? 3.3. Managing the National Forests. 3.4. Pollution and Economics. 3.5. Ethical Issues in Economic Analysis. 3.6. Cost-Benefit Analysis. 3.7. Ethical Analysis and Environmental Economics. 3.8. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. 4. Responsibilities to Future Generations: Sustainable Development. Discussion: Population and Consumption. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2. Population, Consumption, and Environmental Ethics. 4.3. Do We Have Responsibilities to Future Generations? 4.4. What Do We Owe Future Generations? 4.5. Sustainable Development: Economics and Consumption. 4.6. Conclusion: Sustainable Living: Now and in the Future. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. 5. Responsibilities to the Natural World: From Anthropocentric to Nonanthropocentric Ethics. Discussion: Animal Research and Factory Farming. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Moral Standing in the Western Tradition. 5.3. Early Environmental Ethics: Passmore and Blackstone. 5.4. Moral Standing. 5.5. Do Trees Have Standing? 5.6. Peter Singer and the Animal Liberation Movement. 5.7. Tom Regan and Animal Rights. 5.8. Ethical Implications of Animal Welfare. 5.9. Critical Challenges. 5.10. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. Part III: THEORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS. 6. Biocentric Ethics and the Inherent Value of Life. Discussion: Biodiversity. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Instrumental Value and Intrinsic Value. 6.3. Biocentric Ethics and the Reverence for Life. 6.4. Ethics and Character. 6.5. Taylor''s Biocentric Ethics. 6.6. Practical Implications. 6.7. Challenges and Developments. 6.8. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. 7. Wilderness, Ecology, and Ethics. Discussion: Wilderness Management: The Cases of Yellowstone and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. 7.1. Introduction. 7.2. The Wilderness Ideal. 7.3. The Wilderness "Myth": The Contemporary Debate. 7.4. From Ecology to Philosophy. 7.5. From Ecology to Ethics. 7.6. Varieties of Holism. 7.7. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. 8. The Land Ethic. Discussion: A Place for Predators. 8.1. Introduction. 8.2. The Land Ethic. 8.3. Leopold''s Holism. 8.4. Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Facts and Values. 8.5. Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Holistic Ethics. 8.6. Callicott''s Revisions. 8.7. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. 9. Deep Ecology. Discussion: Eco-philosophy as religion. 9.1. Introduction. 9.2. The Deep Ecology Platform. 9.3. Ecology and Ecophilosophy. 9.4. Metaphysical Ecology. 9.5. From Metaphysics to Ethics. 9.6. Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality. 9.7. Criticisms. 9.8. Summary and Conclusions. Notes. Discussion Questions. Further Reading. 10. Environmental Justice and Social Ecology. Discussion: Exporting Toxic Wastes: The World Bank Memo. 10.1. Introduction. 10.2. Theories of Social Justice. 10.3. Property Rights and Justice. 10.4. Environmental Justi

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
I BASIC CONCEPTS	1	(42)
Science, Ethics, and the Environment	3	(14)
Discussion: Technological Solutions to Environmental Problems	3	(2)
Introduction: Why Philosophy?	5	(3)
Science and Ethics	8	(4)
What is Environmental Ethics?	12	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	14	(3)
Notes	14	(1)
Discussion Questions	15	(1)
Further Reading	15	(2)
Ethical Theory and the Environment	17	(26)
Discussion: Why Protect Endangered Species?	17	(1)
Introduction	18	(3)
Why Ethical Theory?	21	(1)
Ethical Relativism	22	(1)
The Natural Law Tradition---Teleology and Virtues	23	(3)
Contemporary Perspectives on Teleology	26	(4)
The Utilitarian Tradition	30	(2)
Contemporary Perspectives on Utilitarianism	32	(1)
Deontology: An Ethics of Duty and Rights	33	(2)
Contemporary Perspectives on Deontological Ethics	35	(1)
Religious Environmental Ethics	36	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	39	(4)
Notes	40	(1)
Discussion Questions	40	(1)
Further Reading	41	(2)
II ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AS APPLIED ETHICS	43	(80)
Ethics and Economics: Managing Public Lands	45	(25)
Discussion: Development versus Preservation	45	(1)
Introduction	46	(1)
Forests: Conservation or Preservation?	47	(3)
Managing the National Forests	50	(5)
Pollution and Economics	55	(3)
Ethical Issues in Economic Analysis	58	(2)
Cost--Benefit Analysis	60	(2)
Ethical Analysis and Environmental Economics	62	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	66	(4)
Notes	67	(1)
Discussion Questions	68	(1)
Further Reading	69	(1)
Responsibilities to Future Generations: Sustainable Development	70	(24)
Discussion: Population and Consumption	70	(2)
Introduction	72	(1)
Population, Consumption, and Environmental Ethics	73	(1)
Do We Have Responsibilities to Future Generations?	74	(4)
What do We Owe Future Generations?	78	(8)
Consumption and Sustainable Development	86	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	90	(4)
Notes	91	(1)
Discussion Questions	92	(1)
Further Reading	93	(1)
Responsibilities to the Natural World: From Anthropocentric to Nonanthropocentric Ethics	94	(29)
Discussion: Animal Research and Factory Farming	94	(1)
Introduction	95	(1)
Moral Standing in the Western Tradition	96	(3)
Early Environmental Ethics	99	(4)
Moral Standing	103	(3)
Do Trees Have Standing?	106	(3)
Peter Singer and the Animal Liberation Movement	109	(2)
Tom Regan and Animal Rights	111	(2)
Ethical Implications of Animal Welfare	113	(1)
Critical Challenges	114	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	118	(5)
Notes	119	(2)
Discussion Questions	121	(1)
Further Reading	122	(1)
III THEORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS	123	(150)
Biocentric Ethics and the Inherent Value of Life	125	(23)
Discussion: Biodiversity	125	(1)
Introduction	126	(2)
Instrumental Value and Intrinsic Value	128	(3)
Biocentric Ethics and the Reverence for Life	131	(3)
Ethics and Character	134	(2)
Taylor's Biocentric Ethics	136	(3)
Practical Implications	139	(3)
Challenges and Developments	142	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	145	(3)
Notes	145	(2)
Discussion Questions	147	(1)
Further Reading	147	(1)
Wilderness, Ecology, and Ethics	148	(28)
Discussion: Wilderness Management: The Cases of Yellowstone and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness	148	(3)
Introduction	151	(1)
The Wilderness Ideal	152	(4)
The Wilderness ``Myth'': The Contemporary Debate	156	(6)
From Ecology to Philosophy	162	(6)
From Ecology to Ethics	168	(2)
Varieties of Holism	170	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	172	(4)
Notes	172	(2)
Discussion Questions	174	(1)
Further Reading	174	(2)
The Land Ethic	176	(26)
Discussion: A Place for Predators	176	(3)
Introduction	179	(1)
The Land Ethic	180	(4)
Leopold's Holism	184	(2)
Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Facts and Values	186	(3)
Criticisms of the Land Ethic: Holistic Ethics	189	(6)
Callicott's Revisions	195	(4)
Summary and Conclusions	199	(3)
Notes	199	(2)
Discussion Questions	201	(1)
Further Reading	201	(1)
Deep Ecology	202	(22)
Discussion: Eco-philosophy as Religion	202	(2)
Introduction	204	(2)
The Deep Ecology Platform	206	(1)
Ecology and Ecophilosophy	207	(2)
Metaphysical Ecology	209	(3)
From Metaphysics to Ethics	212	(3)
Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality	215	(3)
Criticisms	218	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	221	(3)
Notes	221	(1)
Discussion Questions	222	(1)
Further Reading	223	(1)
Environmental Justice and Social Ecology	224	(19)
Discussion: Exporting Toxic Wastes: The World Bank Memo	224	(1)
Introduction	225	(1)
Theories of Social Justice	226	(2)
Property Rights and Justice	228	(3)
Environmental Justice and Environmental Racism	231	(3)
Murray Bookchin's Social Ecology	234	(3)
Critical Reflections	237	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	240	(3)
Notes	240	(2)
Discussion Questions	242	(1)
Further Reading	242	(1)
Ecofeminism	243	(15)
Discussion: The Chipko Movement	243	(1)
Introduction	244	(3)
Ecofeminism: Making Connections	247	(4)
Ecofeminism: Recent Developments	251	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	254	(4)
Notes	255	(1)
Discussion Questions	256	(1)
Further Reading	257	(1)
Pluralism, Pragmatism, and Sustainability	258	(15)
Discussion: Community-Based Conservation	258	(3)
Introduction: Agreement and Disagreement in Environmental Ethics	261	(1)
Moral Pluralism and Moral Monism	262	(3)
Environmental Pragmatism	265	(4)
Conclusion: Sustainability Revisited	269	(4)
Notes	271	(2)
Glossary	273	(4)
Index	277