Environmental Law and Policy in India Cases, Materials and Statutes

by Divan, Shyam; Rosencranz, Armin

• ISBN13: 9780195661736
• ISBN10: 0195661737
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-05-23
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This is the second edition of a classic first published in 1991. The updated edition contains concise extracts of landmark judgements and policy documents relating to environmental law and policy in India. Each section is interlaced with notes, questions and comments, to further critical thinking.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Acknowledgements	ix
Summary of Contents	xi
Table of Cases	xxi
Introduction	1	(22)
Environmental Regulation in the 1990s: An Overview	1	(3)
The Nature of Ecosystems	4	(4)
Population Growth and Economic Incentives: Two Causes of Environmental Disruption	8	(4)
Common Property and Ecosystem Services	12	(9)
Courts and the Environment	21	(2)
Environmental Policy in India	23	(17)
Readings from Ancient Indian Law	24	(1)
Readings on Forest Policy and Legislation	25	(5)
Early Environmental Legislation	30	(1)
Readings on India's Environmental Policy in the 1970s	31	(4)
Policy Since the Mid-1980s	35	(2)
Liberalization and Economic Approaches	37	(3)
Constitutional and Legislative Provisions	40	(47)
Constitutional Provisions and the Environment	41	(8)
Fundamental Norms	41	(1)
Division of Legislative Authority	42	(2)
The Forty-Second Amendment Act	44	(1)
The Directive Principles of State Policy	45	(1)
Article 253 and Environmental Legislation	46	(1)
Federalism: Some Issues	47	(2)
Environmental Protection and Fundamental Rights	49	(9)
The Right to a Wholesome Environment	49	(2)
The Right to Livelihood	51	(2)
The Right to Equality	53	(1)
IV Freedom to Trade Vis-a-Vis Environmental Protection	54	(4)
Digest of Environmental Legislation	58	(8)
Interpretation of Environmental Statutes	59	(1)
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981	60	(1)
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974	60	(1)
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act of 1977	61	(1)
The Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972	61	(1)
The Public Liability Insurance Act of 1991	62	(1)
The National Environment Tribunal Act of 1995	62	(1)
The National Environment Appellate Authority Act of 1997	63	(1)
The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act of 1957	63	(1)
The Indian Forest Act of 1927	63	(1)
The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980	64	(1)
The Insecticides Act of 1968	64	(1)
The Atomic Energy Act of 1962	65	(1)
The Factories Act of 1948	65	(1)
The Environment (Protection) Act of 1986	66	(21)
The Scope of the Act	66	(2)
Delegated Legislation	68	(5)
Sections 3 and 5 of the EPA	73	(8)
Violations and Penalties under the Act	81	(1)
Enforcement of the Act	82	(3)
The National Environment Appellate Authority Act of 1997	85	(2)
Judicial Remedies and Procedures	87	(80)
Tort Law	88	(24)
Damages and Injunction	88	(3)
Nuisance, Negligence, Strict Liability and Absolute Liability	91	(21)
Public Nuisance	112	(10)
The Writ Jurisdiction	122	(10)
Source of the Writ Jurisdiction	122	(1)
Writs of Mandamus, Prohibition and Certiorari	123	(4)
Limitations on the Writ Jurisdiction	127	(2)
Articles 32 and 226	129	(1)
Judicial Review and Special Considerations	130	(2)
Statutory Remedies	132	(1)
Public Interest Litigation	133	(20)
Expanded Standing and the Emergence of PIL in India	134	(5)
Locus Standi Today: Scope and Restrictions	139	(2)
The Relaxation of Procedures	141	(2)
The New Challenges: Facts, Expertise and Supervision	143	(2)
Directions and Relief	145	(8)
Class Actions	153	(4)
Order 1 Rule 8	154	(1)
Class Actions and the Environment	155	(1)
Class Suits and PIL Writs	156	(1)
Freedom of Information and the Right to Know	157	(10)
Jasanoff; The Bhopal Disaster and the Right to Know	158	(2)
Executive Misuse of the Official Secrets Act	160	(1)
Judicial Recognition of the Right to Know	161	(1)
Judicial Developments	162	(3)
Environmental Laws and Access to Official Information	165	(2)
Water Pollution Control	167	(75)
Water Pollution: Scope of the Problem	172	(4)
The Water Act	176	(29)
Framework of the Water Act	176	(7)
Scope of Judicial Relief Under the Water Act	183	(4)
Constitutional Challenges to Section 33 Restraining Orders	187	(2)
Criminal Liability	189	(8)
The Water Cess Act	197	(8)
The Environment (Protection) Act	205	(1)
Nuisance Law and Water Pollution	206	(1)
Public Nuisance Actions Under the Code of Criminal Procedure	206	(1)
Injunctive Relief Under Common Law	206	(1)
Riparian Rights and Water Pollution	207	(1)
The Ganga Action Plan	208	(2)
The Ganga Pollution Cases	210	(15)
Judicial Initiatives in Gujarat	225	(10)
Lakes	235	(4)
Groundwater	239	(3)
Air Pollution Control	242	(46)
Scope of the Problem	242	(2)
The Statutes	244	(2)
Air Act Cases	246	(8)
Stone Quarrying	254	(7)
Preserving the Taj Mahal	261	(8)
Vehicular Pollution	269	(10)
Noise Pollution	279	(9)
Forests	288	(40)
Forest Laws and Policy	289	(5)
The Forest Conservation Case	294	(14)
The Dehradun Valley Litigation Forest Conservation and National Needs	308	(8)
Sustainable Development, Forest Dwellers and Common Property	316	(12)
Wildlife Protection	328	(38)
The Wild Life Act: Scope and Implementation	329	(6)
People versus Parks	335	(8)
Industry versus Parks	343	(19)
The Sariska Case	343	(6)
Jamnagar Marine Park Case	349	(5)
The Nagarahole Hotel Case	354	(8)
De-reservation of Protected Areas	362	(4)
Sanghi Cement Case	362	(4)
Urban Problems	366	(50)
Sanitation	366	(7)
Solid Waste Management	373	(2)
Public Spaces, Parks and Pavements	375	(14)
Zoning and Town Planning	389	(13)
Development Stopped	389	(6)
Development Allowed	395	(6)
Costs and Benefits	401	(1)
Building Regulations	402	(8)
Translocation of Industries	410	(6)
Large Projects	416	(58)
Introduction	416	(1)
Environmental Impact Assessment	417	(5)
Land Acquisition	422	(2)
The Silent Valley Project	424	(7)
The Tehri Dam Project	431	(10)
The Narmada Valley Project	441	(18)
International Funding	442	(5)
Resettlement and Rehabilitation	447	(6)
Human Rights Violations	453	(2)
Recent Supreme Court Orders and Developments	455	(4)
Thermal Power Projects	459	(10)
Konkan Railway Case	469	(5)
The Coast, Wetlands and Heritage	474	(40)
Protecting the Coastal Region	474	(29)
Marine Pollution	475	(1)
Ocean Resources	476	(1)
Coastal Development	477	(26)
Wetlands	503	(4)
Heritage	507	(7)
Regulation of Hazardous Substances	514	(33)
Legislative Framework	514	(6)
The Shriram Gas Leak Case	520	(22)
Pesticide and Radiation Cases	542	(5)
The Bhopal Gas Leak Case	547	(16)
Introduction	547	(3)
Who was to Blame?	550	(2)
The Forum	552	(2)
The Government	554	(2)
The Settlement	556	(4)
The Compensation Machinery	560	(3)
Transnational Environmental Policies	563	(16)
The Indus River Basin	564	(7)
The Ganga-Brahmaputra River Basin System	571	(8)
International Environmental Law and Global Issues	579	(241)
Introduction	579	(2)
India's International Obligations	581	(2)
Established Norms of International Environmental Law	583	(7)
Conflicts Between the Environment and Free Trade	590	(1)
Human Rights, Indigenous People and the Environment	591	(2)
Environmental Justice	593	(1)
Environmental Poverty Law	593	(1)
North-South Tensions	593	(1)
Air Pollution and Protection of the Atmosphere	594	(4)
Protecting Endangered Species	598	(2)
Protecting the Global Commons	600	(1)
Protecting Forest Ecosystems	601	(6)
APPENDICES
A. The Air Act	607	(28)
B. The Water Act	635	(37)
C. The Environment Act	672	(11)
D. The Environment Rules	683	(105)
E. Coastal Regulations	788	(12)
F. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations	800	(13)
G. The Forest (Conservation) Act	813	(3)
H. The Noise Rules	816	(4)
Index	820