Environmental Soil Chemistry

by Sparks

• ISBN13: 9780126564464
• ISBN10: 0126564469
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780126564464
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780443140341, 9781493301966
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-11-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Environmental Soil Chemistry illustrates fundamental principles of soil chemistry with respect to environmental reactions between soils and other natural materials and heavy metals, pesticides, industrial contaminants, acid rain, and salts. Timely and comprehensive discussions of applications to real-world environmental concerns are a central focus of this established text. Provides students with both sound contemporary training in the basics of soil chemistry and applications to real-world environmental concerns Timely and comprehensive discussion of important concepts including: sorption/desorption, oxidation-reduction of metals and organics, and effects of acidic deposition and salinity on contaminant reacions Boxed sections focus on sample problems and explanations of key terms and parameters Extensive tables on elemental composition of soils, rocks and sediments, pesticide classes, inorganic minerals, and methods of decontaminating soils Clearly written for all students and professionals in environmental science and environmental engineering as well as soil science

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Environmental Soil Chemistry: An Overview	1	(42)
Evolution of Soil Chemistry	2	(1)
The Modern Environmental Movement	3	(1)
Contaminants in Water and Soils	4	(15)
Water Quality	5	(2)
Pesticides	7	(4)
Acid Deposition	11	(2)
Trace Elements	13	(6)
Hazardous Wastes	19	(1)
Case Study of Pollution of Soils and Waters	19	(4)
Soil Decontamination	23	(5)
In Situ Methods	23	(4)
Non-in-Situ Methods	27	(1)
Molecular Environmental Soil Chemistry	28	(13)
Electromagnetic Spectrum of Light	29	(2)
Synchrotron Radiation	31	(2)
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy	33	(4)
Other Molecular-Scale Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques	37	(4)
Suggested Reading	41	(2)
Inorganic Soil Components	43	(32)
Introduction	43	(1)
Pauling's Rules	44	(6)
Primary Soil Minerals	50	(1)
Secondary Soil Minerals	51	(11)
Phyllosilicates	51	(8)
Oxides, Hydroxides, and Oxyhydroxides	59	(2)
Carbonate and Sulfate Minerals	61	(1)
Specific Surface of Soil Minerals	62	(2)
External Surface Area Measurement	62	(1)
Total Surface Area Measurement	63	(1)
Surface Charge of Soil Minerals	64	(4)
Types of Charge	64	(1)
Cation Exchange Capacities of Secondary Soil Minerals	64	(4)
Identification of Minerals by X-Ray Diffraction Analyses	68	(3)
Clay Separation and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis	69	(2)
Use of Clay Minerals to Retain Organic Contaminants	71	(1)
Suggested Reading	72	(3)
Chemistry of Soil Organic Matter	75	(40)
Introduction	75	(2)
Effect of Soil Formation Factors on SOM Contents	77	(2)
Carbon Cycling and Sequestration	79	(3)
Composition of SOM	82	(6)
Fractionation of SOM	88	(3)
Molecular and Macromolecular Structure of SOM	91	(7)
Functional Groups and Charge Characteristics	98	(3)
Humic Substance--Metal Interactions	101	(8)
Factors Affecting Metal-Complexant (Ligand) Interactions	102	(4)
Determination of Stability Constants of Metal-HS Complexes	106	(2)
Effect of HS--Metal Complexation on Metal Transport	108	(1)
Effect of HS--Al3+ Complexes on Plant Growth	108	(1)
Effect of HS on Mineral Dissolution	109	(1)
SOM--Clay Complexes	109	(2)
Mechanisms of Interactions	110	(1)
Retention of Pesticides and Other Organic Substances by Humic Substances	111	(1)
Suggested Reading	112	(3)
Soil Solution-Solid Phase Equilibria	115	(18)
Introduction	115	(1)
Measurement of the Soil Solution	116	(2)
Speciation of the Soil Solution	118	(6)
Ion Activity and Activity Coefficients	124	(3)
Dissolution and Solubility Processes	127	(5)
Stability Diagrams	128	(4)
Suggested Reading	132	(1)
Sorption Phenomena on Soils	133	(54)
Introduction and Terminology	133	(8)
Surface Functional Groups	141	(1)
Surface Complexes	142	(5)
Adsorption Isotherms	147	(3)
Equilibrium-based Adsorption Models	150	(22)
Freundlich Equation	150	(1)
Langmuir Equation	151	(2)
Double-Layer Theory and Models	153	(9)
Surface Complexation Models	162	(10)
Deficiencies of Double-Layer and Surface Complexation Models	172	(1)
Sorption of Metal Cations	172	(2)
Sorption of Anions	174	(3)
Surface Precipitation	177	(4)
Speciation of Metal-Contaminated Soils	181	(2)
Points of Zero Charge	183	(2)
Definition of Terms	183	(2)
Suggested Reading	185	(2)
Ion Exchange Processes	187	(20)
Introduction	187	(1)
Characteristics of Ion Exchange	188	(2)
Cation Exchange Equilibrium Constants and Selectivity Coefficients	190	(2)
Kerr Equation	190	(1)
Vanselow Equation	190	(2)
Other Empirical Exchange Equations	192	(1)
Thermodynamics of Ion Exchange	192	(11)
Theoretical Background	192	(6)
Experimental Interpretations	198	(5)
Relationship Between Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Ion Exchange	203	(1)
Suggested Reading	204	(3)
Kinetics of Soil Chemical Processes	207	(38)
Rate-Limiting Steps and Time Scales of Soil Chemical Reactions	207	(3)
Rate Laws	210	(1)
Determination of Reaction Order and Rate Constants	211	(3)
Kinetic Models	214	(4)
Elovich Equation	214	(1)
Parabolic Diffusion Equation	215	(1)
Fractional Power or Power Function Equation	216	(1)
Comparison of Kinetic Models	216	(2)
Multiple Site Models	218	(4)
Chemical Nonequilibrium Models	218	(3)
Physical Nonequilibrium Models	221	(1)
Kinetic Methodologies	222	(5)
Batch Methods	222	(1)
Flow Methods	223	(2)
Relaxation Techniques	225	(2)
Choice of Kinetic Method	227	(1)
Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates	227	(1)
Kinetics of Important Soil Chemical Processes	228	(16)
Sorption-Desorption Reactions	228	(4)
Kinetics of Metal Hydroxide Surface Precipitation/Dissolution	232	(5)
Ion Exchange Kinetics	237	(1)
Kinetics of Mineral Dissolution	238	(6)
Suggested Reading	244	(1)
Redox Chemistry of Soils	245	(22)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions and Potentials	245	(4)
Eh vs pH and pe vs pH Diagrams	249	(4)
Measurement and Use of Redox Potentials	253	(1)
Submerged Soils	254	(1)
Redox Reactions Involving Inorganic and Organic Pollutants	255	(9)
Mechanisms for Reductive Dissolution of Metal Oxides/Hydroxides	257	(1)
Oxidation of Inorganic Pollutants	258	(2)
Reductive Dissolution of Mn Oxides by Organic Pollutants	260	(1)
Reduction of Contaminants by Iron and Microbes	261	(3)
Suggested Reading	264	(3)
The Chemistry of Soil Acidity	267	(18)
Introduction	267	(3)
Environmental Aspects of Acidification	268	(2)
Historical Perspective of Soil Acidity	270	(1)
Solution Chemistry of Aluminum	271	(3)
Monomeric Al Species	271	(2)
Polymeric Al Species	273	(1)
Exchangeable and Nonexchangeable Aluminum	274	(3)
Soil Acidity	277	(4)
Forms of Soil Acidity	277	(1)
Effect of Adsorbed Aluminum on Soil Chemical Properties	278	(1)
Titration Analyses	279	(2)
Liming Soils	281	(1)
Suggested Reading	282	(3)
The Chemistry of Saline and Sodic Soils	285	(16)
Introduction	285	(2)
Causes of Soil Salinity	287	(1)
Soluble Salts	287	(1)
Evapotranspiration	287	(1)
Drainage	287	(1)
Irrigation Water Quality	287	(1)
Sources of Soluble Salts	288	(1)
Important Salinity and Sodicity Parameters	288	(6)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)	289	(1)
Electrical Conductivity (EC)	290	(2)
Parameters for Measuring the Sodic Hazard	292	(2)
Classification and Reclamation of Saline and Sodic Soils	294	(1)
Saline Soils	294	(1)
Sodic Soils	294	(1)
Saline-Sodic Soils	295	(1)
Effects of Soil Salinity and Sodicity on Soil Structural Properties	295	(1)
Effects of Soil Salinity on Plant Growth	296	(2)
Effects of Sodicity and Salinity on Environmental Quality	298	(1)
Suggested Reading	299	(2)
Appendix A: Periodic Table of the Elements	301	(2)
References	303	(42)
Index	345